Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 12: 8575 - 8584

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.698

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Diet Supplemented with Glycerol Monolaurate on Growth Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Biochemical Indices and Immune Function of Growing Male Minks

  • LI Menghao , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Beibei 1 ,
  • XU Yanhong 2 ,
  • GONG Yu 1 ,
  • WANG Xiaolong 1 ,
  • HAN Xingzhuang 1 ,
  • LI Wenli , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Laiyang Tuanwang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Laiyang 265217, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-05-07

  Online published: 2025-12-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diet supplemented with glycerol monolaurate (GML) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical indices and immune function of growing male minks. A total of 96 red-eyed white male minks aged approximately 80 days were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 8 replicates per group and 2 minks per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 300, 600, 900, 1 200 and 1 500 mg/kg GML, respectively. The experimental period lasted for 8 weeks, which was divided into period Ⅰ (weeks 1 to 4) and period Ⅱ (weeks 5 to 8). The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the 1 200 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) in period Ⅰ, FBW in period Ⅱ as well as ADG during the whole experimental period and fresh pelt length (P<0.05), the 900 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher ADG during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the 900 and 1 200 mg/kg GML groups had significantly higher apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in period Ⅰ and apparent digestibility of ether extract and crude protein in period Ⅱ (P<0.05), the 600 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher apparent digestibility of crude protein in period Ⅰ (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the 1 200 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher serum albumin (ALB) content, globulin (GLB) content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P<0.05), the 900 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher serum GLB content and ALP activity (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the 1 200 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content (P<0.05), the 900 mg/kg GML group had significantly higher serum IgM content (P<0.05). In conclusion, diet supplemented with appropriate amount of GML can improve the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and immune function of growing male minks. Considering comprehensively, it is recommended that the dietary GML supplemental level for growing male minks is 900 mg/kg.

Key words： glycerol monolaurate; minks; growth performance; apparent nutrient digestibility; immune function

Cite this article

LI Menghao , ZHANG Beibei , XU Yanhong , GONG Yu , WANG Xiaolong , HAN Xingzhuang , LI Wenli . Effects of Diet Supplemented with Glycerol Monolaurate on Growth Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Biochemical Indices and Immune Function of Growing Male Minks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(12) : 8575 -8584 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.698

育成期是水貂生长发育的关键阶段。在夏季高温环境下,饲粮中的新鲜鱼虾及动物副产品易因高温发生腐败变质,加之幼貂消化系统和免疫机能尚未健全,极易诱发肠道疾病,直接影响养殖效益[1-2]。月桂酸单甘油酯(glycerol monolaurate,GML)是一种亲脂性中链脂肪酸甘油酯,具有多种生物学活性和营养作用,其安全性已获美国食品药品监督管理局认可,可作为食品添加剂在10~2 000 mg/kg剂量范围内使用[3]。GML的碳链较短,易被消化吸收,经肝门静脉转运至肝脏后,能通过肝脏中的β-氧化途径迅速为机体供能[4]。研究表明,中链脂肪酸甘油酯能有效提升仔猪对营养物质的吸收效率,满足断奶仔猪的能量需求,促进其生长发育[5]。此外,GML还具有抗菌、抗病毒和免疫调节特性,能够改善肠道形态结构,促进肠道屏障发育,调节肠道免疫性能,从而提高机体抗病能力[6-7]。更值得注意的是,GML相较于传统抗生素具有多个细胞靶点,使用过程中不易导致细菌产生耐药性[8]。由于GML具有动物友好、免疫调节和促进生长等优点,目前已广泛应用于动物生产中。研究表明,饲料中添加GML可提高凡纳滨对虾[9]和草鱼[10]的生长性能和免疫功能。Lan等[11]报道,GML能够调节肉鸡肠道菌群,促进有益菌定植,从而提高其生长性能和免疫功能。也有研究表明,GML可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,调节肠道结构,改善仔猪健康状况[12]。
目前,GML在畜禽与水产动物领域的研究已较为丰富,但在特种经济动物领域仍缺乏相关研究报道。因此,本试验以育成期公貂为研究对象,探究饲粮中添加不同水平GML对其生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响,旨在明确GML对水貂生长发育与免疫机能的作用效果,为其在水貂养殖中的科学应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

试验于2024年7月12日至2024年9月5日在山东省海阳市水貂养殖示范基地进行。动物试验程序已获得青岛农业大学动物科技学院试验动物管理及伦理委员会批准,批准编号为DKY20240517。

1.2 试验设计及饲养管理

试验选取96只80日龄左右的红眼白色公貂,随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复2只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加300、600、900、1 200和1 500 mg/kg GML(有效成分含量90%)。试验期共8周,分为Ⅰ期(第1~4周)和Ⅱ期(第5~8周)。试验前已对养殖环境进行彻底消毒,并对所有动物完成免疫程序。试验期间,每个重复的2只公貂饲养于同一笼内,自由采食与饮水。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
第1~4周
Weeks
1 to 4		 第5~8周
Weeks
5 to 8
原料Ingredients
膨化玉米Expanded corn 5.0 5.0
膨化大豆粕
Expanded soybean meal		 3.0 3.0
猪血球蛋白粉
Pork blood globulin powder		 1.0
海杂鱼Sea fish 12.0 12.0
鳕鱼排Cod steak 10.0 10.0
安康鱼头Monkfish head 5.0 5.0
鸡架Chicken rack 15.0 15.0
鸡头Chicken head 15.0 15.0
鸡肝Chicken liver 8.0 8.0
毛蛋Unhatched fertilized egg 23.0 23.0
大豆油Soybean oil 2.0 3.0
预混料Premix1) 1.0 1.0
合计Total 100.0 100.0
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 17.79 17.96
粗蛋白质CP 36.35 33.87
粗脂肪EE 24.34 25.24
钙Ca 4.03 3.99
磷P 1.00 1.05

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 540 IU,VE 37.5 mg,VK3 0.72 mg,VB1 11.4 mg,VB2 7.2 mg,VB6 3.6 mg,VB12 19.5 μg,VC 30 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 14.7 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 5.7 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 150 mg,Fe 30 mg,Cu 12.6 mg,Mn 15 mg,Zn 30 mg。

2)代谢能为参照《水貂配合饲料》(LS/T 3403—1992)所得计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value according to Compound Feed of Mink (LS/T 3403—1992), while the others were measured values.

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 生长性能

在试验开始及Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期结束时,分别对水貂进行称重,记录始重(IBW)及Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期末重(FBW),每周选择3 d记录给料量与剩料量,计算试验Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期及全期平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。试验结束后,从每个重复中随机选取1只水貂,屠宰取皮后测定鲜皮长(从鼻尖到尾根的长度)和鲜皮重。

1.3.2 营养物质表观消化率

在试验的第4周和第8周,从每个重复中随机选取1只水貂,采用内源指示剂法进行消化试验,连续3 d收集粪便及相应饲粮样品。样品于65 ℃烘箱中烘至恒重,经研磨机粉碎后过40目筛,保存备用。测定粪便和饲粮中粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)、盐酸不溶灰分(GB/T 23742—2009)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和磷(GB/T 6437—2018)的含量。营养物质表观消化率的计算公式如下:
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=[1-(饲粮中盐酸不溶灰分含量/粪便中盐酸不溶灰分含量)×(粪便中该营养物质含量/饲粮中该营养物质含量)]×100。

1.3.3 血清生化和免疫指标

对每个重复中随机选取的1只水貂,在屠宰前经心脏采集10 mL血液,经2 025×g离心15 min后收集上清液,分装于1.5 mL离心管中,-80 ℃保存备用。采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒测定血清生化和免疫指标,所有操作均严格按照试剂盒说明书流程执行。血清生化指标包括总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(UN)含量及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性;血清免疫指标包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量。

1.3.4 脏器指数和肠体比(I/B)

将每个重复中随机选取的1只水貂处死后,测量鼻尖到尾根的长度作为体长。屠宰后采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏,称重并记录,计算脏器指数;完整分离肠道,测定全肠(小肠+大肠)长度,计算I/B。计算公式如下:
脏器指数(%)=(器官重量/宰前活体重)×100;
I/B=全肠长度/体长。

1.4 数据处理

试验数据利用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅰ期,ADG和FBW随饲粮GML添加水平的增加先升高后降低,其中以1 200 mg/kg GML组最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05),ADFI和F/G在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ期,各组间ADFI、ADG和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05),但1 200 mg/kg GML组FBW显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验全期,各组间ADFI和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05),但900和1 200 mg/kg GML组ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。1 200 mg/kg GML组鲜皮长显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各GML添加组鲜皮重较对照组虽有不同程度的提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of diet supplemented with GML on growth performance of growing male minks

项目
Items		 月桂酸单甘油酯添加水平GML supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 300 600 900 1 200 1 500
Ⅰ期Period Ⅰ
始重
IBW/g		 1 443.75
±49.84		 1 436.88
±61.58		 1 436.25
±49.84		 1 435.31
±53.31		 1 440.00
±44.80		 1 442.50
±82.81		 0.991
末重
FBW/g		 1 934.17
±35.13b		 1 928.33
±21.60b		 1 955.00
±26.46ab		 1 955.00
±34.50ab		 1 977.50
±22.75a		 1 928.33
±30.77b		 0.038
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 285.18
±13.62		 276.66
±31.04		 268.05
±15.17		 269.15
±19.39		 275.62
±12.66		 254.23
±10.77		 0.118
平均日增重
ADG/g		 17.53
±0.70b		 17.56
±0.95b		 18.54
±1.56ab		 18.56
±1.19ab		 19.20
±1.00a		 17.35
±0.85b		 0.031
料重比
F/G		 16.07
±2.19		 17.97
±4.71		 15.42
±2.3		 15.37
±2.01		 15.96
±3.15		 15.84
±2.64		 0.535
Ⅱ期Period Ⅱ
末重
FBW/g		 2 260.17
±33.88b		 2 261.67
±28.23b		 2 270.83
±18.28b		 2 296.67
±27.51ab		 2 314.17
±38.39a		 2 290.83
±23.54ab		 0.016
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 287.93
±11.91		 307.15
±26.12		 290.08
±16.95		 296.93
±13.06		 297.99
±11.56		 286.84
±19.11		 0.232
平均日增重
ADG/g		 11.52
±2.89		 11.57
±3.01		 11.40
±1.95		 13.25
±2.58		 12.59
±1.40		 12.44
±3.42		 0.816
料重比
F/G		 26.10
±5.47		 24.12
±5.19		 25.32
±2.93		 22.44
±4.21		 22.23
±3.17		 25.18
±7.56		 0.707
全期Whole period
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 284.62
±17.78		 291.38
±29.29		 276.74
±11.39		 284.32
±22.37		 283.69
±10.48		 267.18
±13.05		 0.180
平均日增重
ADG/g		 14.58
±0.73c		 14.73
±0.53bc		 14.90
±0.44abc		 15.37
±0.37ab		 15.61
±0.75a		 15.14
±0.58abc		 0.040
料重比
F/G		 18.74
±1.84		 19.13
±2.89		 19.34
±1.48		 18.16
±1.94		 18.10
±1.03		 17.51
±1.70		 0.388
鲜皮长
Fresh pelt length/cm		 60.67
±2.07b		 62.17
±3.97b		 62.67
±1.86ab		 63.17
±1.72ab		 65.67
±2.42a		 63.33
±2.07ab		 0.042
鲜皮重
Fresh pelt weight/g		 610.00
±47.96		 676.00
±55.50		 678.00
±21.68		 682.00
±19.24		 658.00
±51.67		 674.00
±70.92		 0.198

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,试验Ⅰ期,与对照组相比,900和1 200 mg/kg GML组干物质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),600、900和1 200 mg/kg GML组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);各组间粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ期,与对照组相比,900和1 200 mg/kg GML组粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);各组间干物质、粗灰分、钙和磷表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of diet supplemented with GML on nutrient apparent digestibility of growing male minks %

项目
Items		 月桂酸单甘油酯添加水平GML supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 300 600 900 1 200 1 500
Ⅰ期Period Ⅰ
干物质DM 70.64±5.07c 72.17±1.79abc 72.57±3.32abc 74.86±3.63ab 76.16±2.32a 71.12±1.95bc 0.040
粗脂肪EE 96.74±1.29 96.91±0.59 97.33±1.05 97.38±0.66 97.46±0.57 96.95±1.45 0.757
粗蛋白质CP 80.99±1.33c 81.66±1.15bc 82.60±1.09ab 83.25±1.50a 82.96±1.11ab 82.34±0.86abc 0.026
粗灰分Ash 26.55±5.49 29.04±8.63 30.28±8.82 33.93±8.26 36.80±9.32 28.95±4.89 0.250
钙Ca 23.69±4.15 24.98±5.17 25.95±7.32 27.41±6.81 26.66±4.41 25.59±5.05 0.895
磷P 25.96±8.44 26.82±4.27 29.44±5.00 30.71±3.20 29.27±7.51 26.54±5.96 0.686
Ⅱ期Period Ⅱ
干物质DM 67.65±5.73 68.73±4.61 69.80±4.12 70.41±4.37 71.61±4.22 68.31±4.65 0.702
粗脂肪EE 97.60±0.77c 97.89±0.24abc 98.12±0.33abc 98.40±0.31a 98.24±0.12ab 97.72±0.45bc 0.018
粗蛋白质CP 80.27±1.23c 81.06±1.27bc 82.78±2.06abc 83.32±2.98ab 83.79±1.58a 82.19±2.11abc 0.032
粗灰分Ash 26.67±5.52 30.67±8.69 26.84±7.36 25.14±4.46 29.83±6.23 23.18±5.54 0.360
钙Ca 25.44±8.78 27.84±7.08 25.30±9.09 28.87±6.74 30.52±8.80 26.48±6.90 0.844
磷P 24.68±9.35 24.24±4.72 27.38±7.85 25.46±9.79 26.52±8.56 25.66±8.97 0.988

2.3 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,1 200 mg/kg GML组血清ALB含量显著提高(P<0.05),900和1 200 mg/kg GML组血清GLB含量及ALP活性显著提高(P<0.05);各组间血清TP、UN含量及ALT、AST活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of diet supplemented with GML on serum biochemical indices of growing male minks

项目
Items		 月桂酸单甘油酯添加水平GML supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 300 600 900 1 200 1 500
总蛋白
TP/(g/L)		 76.03±4.61 81.99±2.76 78.02±1.31 81.84±5.44 83.69±5.47 80.85±5.67 0.062
白蛋白
ALB/(g/L)		 33.28±2.78b 36.03±2.18b 35.59±4.17b 36.33±2.18b 40.71±1.32a 33.78±4.17b 0.012
球蛋白
GLB/(g/L)		 40.50±3.63b 43.91±2.77ab 43.97±3.04ab 44.85±2.41a 48.03±4.85a 43.97±1.98b 0.017
碱性磷酸酶
ALP/(金氏
单位/dL)		 10.70±1.23b 12.49±1.27ab 12.64±2.62ab 14.11±2.33a 14.70±2.45a 12.03±2.40ab 0.036
尿素氮
UN/(mmol/L)		 5.86±0.64 5.44±1.76 5.39±0.94 4.94±0.93 4.09±1.00 5.03±1.77 0.252
谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L)		 47.88±7.51 45.31±10.62 43.33±9.63 38.91±9.58 35.92±8.52 45.23±9.16 0.245
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 48.18±16.30 44.25±13.41 39.39±9.97 34.85±12.00 35.20±7.31 36.57±7.64 0.284

2.4 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂血清免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,1 200 mg/kg GML组血清IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),900和1 200 mg/kg GML组血清IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05);各组间血清IgA含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂血清免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of diet supplemented with GML on serum immune indices of growing male minks

项目
Items		 月桂酸单甘油酯添加水平GML supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 300 600 900 1 200 1 500
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 227.36±76.59 261.63±38.67 271.01±41.38 286.64±32.28 299.34±59.48 259.52±44.10 0.242
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(g/L)		 29.51±1.79b 30.69±1.52b 30.81±1.65ab 31.71±0.52ab 33.02±2.58a 31.71±1.78ab 0.035
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(g/L)		 2.29±0.13b 2.31±0.18b 2.36±0.24ab 2.59±0.23a 2.61±0.27a 2.45±0.19ab 0.046

2.5 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

由表6可知,各组间心脏指数、肝脏指数、脾脏指数、肺脏指数和肾脏指数及I/B均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

Table 6 Effects of diet supplemented with GML on organ indices and I/B of growing male minks

项目
Items		 月桂酸单甘油酯添加水平GML supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 300 600 900 1 200 1 500
心脏指数
Cardiac index/%		 0.63±0.06 0.70±0.15 0.72±0.07 0.71±0.03 0.67±0.04 0.77±0.08 0.226
肝脏指数
Liver index/%		 2.18±0.13 2.37±0.32 2.76±0.67 2.67±0.21 2.37±0.36 2.26±0.43 0.161
脾脏指数
Spleen index/%		 0.32±0.09 0.36±0.08 0.38±0.06 0.47±0.10 0.41±0.08 0.39±0.09 0.181
肺脏指数
Lung index/%		 1.18±0.08 1.22±0.37 1.30±0.38 1.12±0.10 1.34±0.22 1.15±0.20 0.698
肾脏指数
Kidney index/%		 0.49±0.06 0.54±0.08 0.58±0.09 0.63±0.14 0.54±0.07 0.60±0.15 0.347
肠体比I/B 4.28±0.17 4.33±0.17 4.30±0.19 4.34±0.15 4.44±0.23 4.41±0.25 0.748

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

水貂在育成期的不同阶段具有不同的生理特点与营养需求。试验Ⅰ期处于快速生长期,水貂体重和体长增长速率高,对蛋白质的需要量较高,因此本试验在饲粮配方中添加了猪血球蛋白粉以满足该时期水貂的高蛋白质需求;试验Ⅱ期时水貂生长速率逐步放缓,脂肪沉积和毛皮发育成为重点,能量需求相对较高。GML在机体内具有独特的代谢特性,其可通过高效酶解途径快速分解,即便未经过酶解过程,也可经由小肠黏膜上皮细胞直接吸收,从而迅速为肠道细胞及肝脏的中间代谢过程提供能量[13]。研究表明,在仔猪饲粮中添加中链脂肪酸可有效提高仔猪日增重并改善饲料转化率[14]。Liu等[15]研究发现,饲粮中添加600 mg/kg GML能够提高黄羽肉鸡的ADG和体重。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加1 200 mg/kg GML可显著提高试验Ⅰ期水貂的ADG,但对试验Ⅱ期水貂的生长性能指标无显著影响。这说明GML对处于快速生长期的水貂促生长效果较好,而在生长速率减慢时对水貂的作用效果不显著。从试验全期来看,900和1 200 mg/kg GML组ADG均显著高于对照组,且1 200 mg/kg GML组鲜皮长最高,与900 mg/kg GML组差异不显著。这与朱靖等[16]报道的饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg GML可以改善肉仔鸡的平均体重和ADG的结果相似。综合以上研究结果可知,饲粮中添加GML能够提高水貂的ADG,对生长性能具有促进作用。考虑到饲粮成本,建议育成期公貂饲粮中GML的添加水平为900 mg/kg。

3.2 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

研究表明,饲粮中添加中链脂肪酸甘油酯可以改善断奶仔猪的干物质和总能表观消化率[17]。Li等[18]研究发现,在基础饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg α-GML能改善仔猪肠道形态,提高干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率。本试验中,饲粮中添加900和1 200 mg/kg GML显著提高了试验Ⅰ期水貂的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率及试验Ⅱ期水貂的粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率。其原因可能包括以下两方面:一方面,GML在体内代谢生成的月桂酸可发挥酸化剂作用,降低胃肠道pH,增强胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,GML还可减少大肠杆菌等有害菌定植,提高乳酸菌等有益菌数量,从而改善肠道健康[19-20];另一方面,GML能够上调G蛋白偶联受体84(GPR84)及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)通路相关蛋白的表达,调节肠黏膜损伤修复过程并增强肠道屏障功能,促进肠道发育[21],进而提高机体对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和干物质的表观消化率。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加GML有助于改善水貂对营养物质的消化利用率。

3.3 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂血清生化指标的影响

ALB由肝脏合成,其核心功能包括运输代谢物质、维持胶体渗透压稳态及协同GLB发挥生理作用[22]。GLB是机体重要的免疫活性分子,其含量可反映机体的免疫功能状态。研究表明,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg GML能够提高肉鸡血浆TP和GLB含量[23]。本试验中,饲粮中添加900和1 200 mg/kg GML提高了水貂血清ALB和GLB含量。这可能与粗蛋白质表观消化率的提高为ALB和GLB的合成提供了更充足的氨基酸底物有关。ALP是一种参与代谢调控的关键酶,其活性增强常与机体抗应激及免疫应答能力提升相关[24]。本试验中,饲粮中添加900和1 200 mg/kg GML显著提高了水貂血清ALP活性。该结果与Amer等[25]报道的饲粮中添加3 g/kg α-GML可提高肉鸡血清ALP活性的结果一致。综上所述,饲粮中添加GML可对水貂血清生化指标产生积极影响,有助于增强机体健康状态。

3.4 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂免疫功能的影响

作为介导特异性体液免疫应答的关键分子,IgA、IgM和IgG凭借其独特的抗体活性在机体免疫防御中发挥核心作用。汤佳宁[26]研究发现,饲粮中添加500和1 000 mg/kg GML可显著提高肉鸡血清IgM和IgG含量。Kong等[27]研究表明,饲粮中添加600、900和1 200 mg/kg GML能够提高肉鸡血清IgG含量。本试验中,饲粮中添加900和1 200 mg/kg GML显著提高了水貂血清IgG和IgM含量。这可能与GML抑制细菌生长、减轻免疫刺激有关,表明GML的添加有助于调控机体免疫状态。IgA可通过多种抗体介导的细胞机制阻止病原体入侵[28],通常在应激或细菌感染状态下其含量会升高[29]。本试验中,各GML添加组水貂血清IgA含量相较于对照组未出现显著变化,该结果与Kong等[30]报道的饲粮中添加GML可提高肉仔鸡血清IgA含量的结果有所差异,可能是动物物种以及健康状况不同造成的。综上所述,饲粮中添加GML可在一定程度上改善机体的免疫功能。

3.5 饲粮中添加GML对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

脏器指数是反映动物器官功能状态及机体生长发育情况的重要生物学指标,通常以器官重量与体重的比值表示[31]。孟帅等[6]研究发现,饲粮中添加GML对麻黄仔鸡的胸腺指数和脾脏指数无显著影响,但可促进其肠道发育。刘梦芸等[32]的研究则表明,饲粮中添加GML可提高蛋鸡的脾脏指数和胸腺指数。本试验中,GML的添加虽未显著影响水貂各主要器官的脏器指数及I/B,但一定程度上提高了心脏指数、肝脏指数和肾脏指数。这一现象可能与GML在体内的代谢特性有关:其衍生的月桂酸可直接进入肝脏线粒体,通过β-氧化迅速降解,过量部分则可转化为乙酰辅酶A并进一步合成酮体。酮体可作为高效能量底物输送至心脏、肾脏等肝外器官直接氧化供能,从而促进这些器官的发育[4,33]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加适量GML可以提升育成期公貂的生长性能,同时改善其营养物质表观消化率与机体免疫功能。结合各项研究指标及饲粮成本,建议育成期公貂饲粮中GML的添加水平为900 mg/kg。

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