1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 尾菜发酵工艺优化试验
1.2.1.1 单因素试验设计
1.2.1.2 响应面试验设计
表1 响应面试验的因素及水平设计Table 1 Design of factors and levels for response surface experiments |
| 水平 Levels | 因素Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵基质含水量 Fermentation substrate moisture content (A)/% | 复合菌剂添加量 Compound bacteria addition (B)/(g/kg) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (C)/d | |
| -1 | 50 | 1 | 7 |
| 0 | 60 | 2 | 14 |
| 1 | 70 | 3 | 21 |
1.2.2 发酵尾菜在仔猪上饲喂效果试验
表2 仔猪全价料组成(风干基础)Table 2 Composition of complete feed for piglets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 膨化玉米Extruded corn | 47.62 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 13.40 | ||
| 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal | 10.00 | ||
| 麸皮Bran | 7.17 | ||
| 碎米Broken rice | 6.80 | ||
| 全脂大豆粉Full-fat soybean flour | 3.00 | ||
| 蔬菜颗粒Vegetable granules | 3.00 | ||
| 乳清粉Whey powder | 1.60 | ||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.30 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.50 | ||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.20 | ||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.20 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.20 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.22 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.27 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.03 | ||
| 预混料Premix | 3.49 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
表3 各组饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 3 Diet composition and nutrient levels of different groups (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trail group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trail group Ⅱ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 仔猪全价料Complete feed for piglets | 100 | 90 | 70 |
| 发酵尾菜Fermented vegetable residue | 10 | 30 | |
| 合计Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.25 | 19.34 | 19.51 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.52 | 4.67 | 4.97 |
| 粗纤维CF | 3.60 | 5.52 | 9.35 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.75 | 5.43 | 6.79 |
| 钙Ca | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
| 总磷TP | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.44 |
表中各营养指标均为实测值。 | |
All nutrient indicators in the table are actual measured values. |
1.3 指标检测
1.3.1 常规营养成分
1.3.2 仔猪生长性能和体尺指标
1.3.3 仔猪腹泻率和腹泻指数
表4 腹泻判定评分标准Table 4 Diarrhea evaluation and scoring criteria |
| 粪便状态State of feces | 腹泻程度Diarrhea degree | 评分Score |
|---|---|---|
| 液状,水样粪便Liquid, watery feces | 重度Heavy | 3 |
| 糊状,水分含量高Pasty, high moisture content | 中度Intermediate | 2 |
| 稀软,能成形Soft, shapeable | 轻度Mild | 1 |
| 干便,成形Dry stool, formed | 正常Normal | 0 |
1.3.4 仔猪血清生化和免疫指标
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 尾菜发酵工艺优化单因素试验结果
2.1.1 适宜发酵基质含水量的确定
表5 发酵基质含水量对粗蛋白质含量和粗纤维降解率的影响(干物质基础)Table 5 Effects of fermentation substrate moisture content on crude protein content and crude fiber degradation rate (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 发酵基质含水量 Fermentation substrate moisture content/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45 | 55 | 65 | 70 | ||
| 发酵前粗纤维 Crude fiber before fermentation | 47.19±0.01Cc | 46.16±0.43Dd | 58.46±0.07Bb | 63.81±0.29Aa | <0.001 |
| 发酵后粗纤维 Crude fiber after fermentation | 45.74±0.23Cc | 42.43±0.01Dd | 53.50±0.20Bb | 59.96±0.37Aa | <0.001 |
| 粗纤维降解率 Crude fiber degradation rate | 3.09±0.46Cc | 8.08±0.87Aa | 8.49±0.45Aa | 6.03±0.10Bb | <0.001 |
| 发酵前粗蛋白质 Crude protein before fermentation | 34.30±0.40Dd | 36.13±0.58Cc | 44.95±0.52Bb | 48.20±0.23Aa | <0.001 |
| 发酵后粗蛋白质 Crude protein before fermentation | 37.14±0.12Dd | 38.98±0.12Cc | 47.36±0.02Bb | 49.37±0.31Aa | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letters indicated significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.1.2 适宜复合菌剂添加量的确定
表6 复合菌剂添加量对粗蛋白质含量和粗纤维降解率的影响(干物质基础)Table 6 Effects of compound bacteria addition on crude protein content and crude fiber degradation rate (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 复合菌剂添加量 Compound bacteria addition/(g/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 发酵前粗纤维 Crude fiber before fermentation | 58.64±0.05 | 58.58±0.07 | 58.60±0.03 | 58.60±0.02 | 0.494 |
| 发酵后粗纤维 Crude fiber after fermentation | 56.19±0.08Aa | 49.90±0.18Dd | 51.73±0.11Cc | 53.55±0.27Bb | <0.001 |
| 粗纤维降解率 Crude fiber degradation rate | 4.18±0.06D | 14.81±0.20A | 11.73±0.14B | 8.62±0.48C | <0.001 |
| 发酵前粗蛋白质 Crude protein before fermentation | 42.84±0.50c | 43.70±0.38a | 43.56±0.13ab | 43.00±0.08bc | 0.030 |
| 发酵后粗蛋白质 Crude protein before fermentation | 42.25±0.50Bc | 47.01±0.12Aa | 45.80±0.68Ab | 41.91±0.65Bc | <0.001 |
2.1.3 适宜发酵时间的确定
表7 发酵时间对粗蛋白质含量和粗纤维降解率的影响(干物质基础)Table 7 Effects of fermentation time on crude protein content and crude fiber degradation rate (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | ||
| 粗纤维含量CF content | 58.63±0.07Aa | 58.54±0.07Aa | 55.10±0.13Bb | 52.33±0.11Cc | 51.73±0.13Dd | <0.001 |
| 粗纤维降解率 Crude fiber degradation rate | 0.00±0.00Dd | 0.15±0.00Dd | 5.88±0.11Aa | 5.04±0.43Bb | 1.14±0.03Cc | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质含量CP content | 43.99±0.05Cc | 43.60±0.32Cc | 46.30±0.70Bb | 46.71±0.02Bb | 47.78±0.03Aa | <0.001 |
2.2 尾菜发酵工艺优化响应面试验结果
2.2.1 响应面试验结果及回归模型方差分析
表8 响应面试验结果Table 8 Response surface test results |
| 试验号 Test No. | 发酵基质含水量 Fermentation substrate moisture content (A)/% | 复合菌剂添加量 Compound bacteria addition (B)/(g/kg) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (C)/d | 粗纤维降解率 Crude fiber degradation rate (Y1)/% | 粗蛋白质含量 Crude protein content (Y2)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 1 | 14 | 2.77 | 18.50 |
| 2 | 70 | 1 | 14 | 3.65 | 18.46 |
| 3 | 50 | 3 | 14 | 4.16 | 18.70 |
| 4 | 70 | 3 | 14 | 4.23 | 18.81 |
| 5 | 50 | 2 | 7 | 4.63 | 18.62 |
| 6 | 70 | 2 | 7 | 5.89 | 18.58 |
| 7 | 50 | 2 | 21 | 6.11 | 19.27 |
| 8 | 70 | 2 | 21 | 7.01 | 19.34 |
| 9 | 60 | 1 | 7 | 6.25 | 19.12 |
| 10 | 60 | 3 | 7 | 6.95 | 19.64 |
| 11 | 60 | 1 | 21 | 7.69 | 20.19 |
| 12 | 60 | 3 | 21 | 8.54 | 20.26 |
| 13 | 60 | 2 | 14 | 8.65 | 20.09 |
| 14 | 60 | 2 | 14 | 8.74 | 20.11 |
表中粗蛋白质含量及粗纤维降解率为风干基础下的数据。 | |
The data of crude protein content and the crude fiber degradation rate in the table are based on air-dry basis. |
C-0.020 250×AB-0.001 286×AC+0.005 357×
BC-0.032 200×A2-1.772 50×B2+0.008 878×C2。
0.053 214×C+0.003 750×AB+0.000 393×AC-
0.016 071×BC-0.011 663×A2-0.316 250×
B2+0.000 383×C2。
表9 粗纤维降解率回归模型的方差分析Table 9 Variance analysis of regression model for crude fiber degradation rate |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 49.850 0 | 9 | 5.540 0 | 95.41 | 0.000 3 | ** |
| A | 1.210 0 | 1 | 1.210 0 | 20.82 | 0.010 3 | * |
| B | 1.550 0 | 1 | 1.550 0 | 26.68 | 0.006 7 | ** |
| C | 3.960 0 | 1 | 3.960 0 | 68.25 | 0.001 2 | ** |
| AB | 0.164 0 | 1 | 0.164 0 | 2.83 | 0.168 1 | |
| AC | 0.032 4 | 1 | 0.032 4 | 0.56 | 0.496 6 | |
| BC | 0.005 6 | 1 | 0.005 6 | 0.10 | 0.771 1 | |
| A2 | 33.180 0 | 1 | 33.180 0 | 571.50 | <0.000 1 | ** |
| B2 | 10.050 0 | 1 | 10.050 0 | 173.17 | 0.000 2 | ** |
| C2 | 0.605 5 | 1 | 0.605 5 | 10.43 | 0.032 0 | * |
| 残差Residual | 0.232 2 | 4 | 0.058 1 | |||
| 误差Error | 0.004 0 | 1 | 0.004 0 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.228 2 | 3 | 0.076 1 | 18.78 | 0.167 7 | |
| 合计Total | 50.080 0 | 13 |
表10 粗蛋白质含量回归模型的方差分析Table 10 Variance analysis of regression model for crude protein content |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 6.040 0 | 9 | 0.671 3 | 258.20 | <0.000 1 | ** | |||||||
| A | 0.001 2 | 1 | 0.001 2 | 0.48 | 0.526 2 | ||||||||
| B | 0.162 4 | 1 | 0.162 4 | 62.48 | 0.001 4 | ** | |||||||
| C | 1.200 0 | 1 | 1.200 0 | 462.02 | <0.000 1 | ** | |||||||
| AB | 0.005 6 | 1 | 0.005 6 | 2.16 | 0.215 3 | ||||||||
| AC | 0.003 0 | 1 | 0.003 0 | 1.16 | 0.341 5 | ||||||||
| BC | 0.050 6 | 1 | 0.050 6 | 19.47 | 0.011 6 | * | |||||||
| A2 | 4.350 0 | 1 | 4.350 0 | 1 647.02 | <0.000 1 | ** | |||||||
| B2 | 0.320 0 | 1 | 0.320 0 | 123.09 | 0.000 4 | ** | |||||||
| C2 | 0.001 1 | 1 | 0.001 1 | 0.43 | 0.546 6 | ||||||||
| 残差Residual | 0.010 4 | 4 | 0.002 6 | ||||||||||
| 误差Error | 0.000 2 | 1 | 0.000 2 | ||||||||||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.010 2 | 3 | 0.003 4 | 17.00 | 0.176 0 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 6.050 0 | 13 |
表11 粗纤维降解率回归模型的可信度分析Table 11 Reliability analysis of regression model for crude fiber degradation rate |
| 参数Parameters | 数值Numerical value |
|---|---|
| 平均值Mean | 6.090 0 |
| 变异系数Variable coefficient | 3.960 0 |
| 决定系数Determination coefficient | 0.995 4 |
| 调整决定系数Adjusted coefficient of determination | 0.984 9 |
| 预测相关系数Predicted correlation coefficient | 0.926 8 |
| 信噪比Signal to noise ratio | 29.580 6 |
表12 粗蛋白质含量的回归模型可信度分析Table 12 Reliability analysis of regression model for crude protein content |
| 参数Parameters | 数值Numerical value |
|---|---|
| 平均值Mean | 19.260 0 |
| 变异系数Variable coefficient | 0.264 7 |
| 决定系数Determination coefficient | 0.998 3 |
| 调整决定系数Adjusted coefficient of determination | 0.994 4 |
| 预测相关系数Predicted correlation coefficient | 0.972 9 |
| 信噪比Signal to noise ratio | 41.072 5 |
2.2.2 响应面试验中各因素交互作用对粗纤维降解率和粗蛋白质含量的影响
2.2.3 模型验证结果
表13 尾菜发酵底物发酵前后营养成分含量对比(风干基础)Table 13 Comparison of nutritional contents of vegetable waste fermentation substrate before and after fermentation (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 发酵前Before fermentation | 发酵后After fermentation | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 18.780±0.230B | 20.130±0.001A | <0.001 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 5.200±0.130B | 6.030±0.080A | <0.001 |
| 粗纤维CF/% | 25.110±0.030A | 22.760±0.060B | <0.001 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 11.670±0.090 | 11.550±0.010 | 0.083 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.590±3.540 | 16.410±0.710 | 0.935 |
| pH | 6.740±0.030A | 4.340±0.040B | <0.001 |
| 亚硝酸盐Nitrite/(mg/kg) | 0.673±0.078A | 0.301±0.001B | 0.001 |
2.3 发酵尾菜在仔猪上的饲喂效果
2.3.1 发酵尾菜对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响
表14 发酵尾菜对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响Table 14 Effects of fermented vegetable waste on growth performance and diarrhea rate of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trail group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trail group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初重IBW/kg | 11.68±2.64 | 12.01±0.81 | 11.87±1.24 | 0.947 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 29.50±6.74 | 29.82±0.91 | 29.15±2.72 | 0.964 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 593.90±66.16 | 593.30±12.47 | 576.13±9.19 | 0.825 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 1.22±0.01Bb | 1.24±0.02ABb | 1.27±0.01Aa | 0.007 |
| 料重比F/G | 2.07±0.23 | 2.09±0.05 | 2.20±0.02 | 0.492 |
| 腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% | 12.22±1.72a | 9.72±1.26b | 11.95±1.64a | 0.026 |
| 腹泻指数Diarrhea index | 0.74±0.03Aa | 0.62±0.03Bb | 0.72±0.02Aa | 0.005 |
2.3.2 发酵尾菜对仔猪体尺指标的影响
表15 发酵尾菜对仔猪体尺指标的影响Table 15 Effects of fermented vegetable waste on body size indexes of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trail group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trail group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 体高Body height/cm | 50.00±3.28 | 49.17±1.72 | 49.33±2.73 | 0.850 |
| 体长Body length/cm | 76.25±5.76 | 76.92±3.56 | 77.50±5.33 | 0.910 |
| 胸宽Chest width/cm | 23.50±2.37 | 23.33±1.33 | 22.33±1.54 | 0.495 |
| 胸围Chest circumference/cm | 72.50±5.39 | 74.50±3.83 | 72.33±4.46 | 0.670 |
| 胸深Chest deep/cm | 35.25±6.39 | 37.42±1.63 | 33.33±5.50 | 0.384 |
| 管围Tube circumference/cm | 12.17±2.82 | 13.00±0.89 | 13.00±1.05 | 0.674 |
| 体长指数Body length index/% | 152.57±7.95 | 156.68±10.57 | 157.30±10.92 | 0.674 |
| 体躯指数Body cmpactness index/% | 95.11±1.77 | 96.90±3.87 | 93.43±3.58 | 0.207 |
| 胸围指数Chest circumference index/% | 145.09±7.95 | 151.78±11.13 | 146.93±11.13 | 0.517 |
| 管围指数Tube circumference index/% | 24.12±4.40 | 26.48±2.19 | 26.34±1.37 | 0.323 |
2.3.3 发酵尾菜对仔猪血清生化和免疫指标的影响
表16 发酵尾菜对仔猪血清生化和免疫指标的影响Table 16 Effects of fermented vegetable waste on serum biochemical and immunological indicators of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trail group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trail group Ⅱ | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 39.88±3.46Aa | 37.88±3.27Aa | 31.47±4.99Bb | <0.001 | |||||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 4.72±1.53Bb | 6.80±1.73Aa | 7.35±1.04Aa | <0.001 | |||||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/mL) | 53.46±11.73 | 51.37±6.33 | 48.12±12.93 | 0.552 | |||||
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/mL) | 49.01±7.22Aa | 47.90±9.56Aa | 39.70±4.31Bb | 0.007 | |||||
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/mL) | 229.65±41.01a | 206.80±22.76ab | 190.56±43.03b | 0.044 | |||||
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.51±0.05a | 0.36±0.07b | 0.54±0.31a | 0.040 | |||||
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.47±0.38Aa | 2.36±0.17Aa | 2.01±0.36Bb | 0.003 | |||||
| 尿素UREA/(mmol/L) | 4.21±0.58A | 2.36±0.72C | 3.47±1.07B | <0.001 | |||||
| 肌酐CREA/(mmol/L) | 154.79±71.99 | 147.28±76.26 | 169.57±68.73 | 0.867 | |||||
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 0.37±0.07 | 0.40±0.09 | 0.39±0.09 | 0.584 | |||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 3.11±0.78Aa | 1.22±1.16Bb | 1.86±1.19Bb | 0.003 | |||||
| 补体3 C3/(g/L) | 0.006±0.005 | 0.006±0.005 | 0.008±0.004 | 0.345 | |||||
| 补体4 C4/(g/L) | 0.026±0.011 | 0.022±0.007 | 0.020±0.003 | 0.220 |
