1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 40.00 |
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 20.00 |
| 玉米Corn | 20.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 10.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 5.00 |
| 膨化大豆Puffed soybean | 2.00 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.50 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.86 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 34.19 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 19.61 |
| 钙Ca | 0.36 |
| 磷P | 0.31 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 6.48 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 14 000 IU,VD3 2 800 IU,VE 40 IU,Cu 15 mg,Fe 50 mg,Zn 30 mg,Mn 50 mg,Se 0.4 mg,I 0.9 mg,Co 0.4 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,根据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)计算,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, according to Standards for Raising Beef Cattle (NY/T 815—2004), while the others were measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集与指标测定
1.5.1 生长性能
1.5.2 养分消化率
1.5.3 瘤胃发酵参数
1.5.4 瘤胃微生物区系
1.6 数据整理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛生长性能和养分消化率的影响
表2 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛生长性能和养分消化率的影响Table 2 Effects of bile acids on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | DL | DH | |||
| 生长性能Growth performance | |||||
| 初重IBW/kg | 70.00 | 72.92 | 73.75 | 1.083 | 0.353 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 99.33b | 104.58ab | 112.25a | 2.087 | 0.028 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 488.89b | 527.78b | 641.67a | 22.866 | 0.008 |
| 平均干物质采食量ADMI/(kg/d) | 5.34b | 5.75ab | 6.69a | 0.249 | 0.046 |
| 料重比F/G | 11.17 | 12.69 | 10.35 | 0.794 | 0.536 |
| 养分消化率Nutrient digestibility/% | |||||
| 干物质DM | 67.67 | 68.81 | 68.66 | 0.345 | 0.389 |
| 有机物OM | 70.79 | 71.04 | 70.87 | 0.090 | 0.578 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 71.93 | 72.21 | 72.57 | 0.140 | 0.175 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 80.93 | 81.50 | 82.11 | 0.288 | 0.273 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 62.82b | 63.88ab | 64.89a | 0.370 | 0.043 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 53.91 | 54.08 | 54.25 | 0.179 | 0.796 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P≥0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P≥0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表3 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of bile acids on ruminal fermentation parameters in yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | DL | DH | |||
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 10.94 | 9.97 | 10.86 | 0.384 | 0.585 |
| 乙酸AA/% | 60.31b | 61.11b | 62.74a | 0.418 | 0.020 |
| 丙酸PA/% | 23.68 | 23.83 | 22.94 | 0.702 | 0.889 |
| 丁酸BA/% | 12.13 | 11.54 | 11.27 | 0.337 | 0.633 |
| 异丁酸IBA/% | 1.69 | 1.63 | 1.31 | 0.084 | 0.135 |
| 异戊酸IVA/% | 2.19 | 1.98 | 1.74 | 0.158 | 0.580 |
| 乙丙比A/P | 2.55 | 2.57 | 2.74 | 0.043 | 0.131 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 69.28b | 78.84a | 83.29a | 2.278 | 0.006 |
2.3 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性分析
表4 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛Alpha多样性指数的影响Table 4 Effects of bile acids on alpha diversity indexes in yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | DL | DH | |||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 5.65b | 6.07a | 6.17a | 0.168 | 0.006 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.388 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 2 520.90b | 3 207.10a | 3 359.10a | 245.073 | 0.009 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 2 488.70b | 3 158.40a | 3 287.01a | 232.580 | 0.006 |
| 覆盖度Coverage | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.001 | 0.062 |
2.3.2 瘤胃微生物Beta多样性分析
2.3.3 瘤胃微生物分类学分析
2.3.4 瘤胃微生物相对丰度
表5 胆汁酸对牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物相对丰度的影响Table 5 Effects of bile acids on relative abundance of rumen microbiota in yak calves % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | DL | DH | |||
| 门水平Phylum level | |||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 55.31 | 55.58 | 58.19 | 1.595 | 0.743 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 37.16 | 37.12 | 37.42 | 1.735 | 0.997 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 1.50 | 2.08 | 2.78 | 0.268 | 0.150 |
| 髌骨细菌门Patescibacteria | 1.36 | 2.02 | 2.72 | 0.336 | 0.269 |
| 未分类菌门 | 0.16b | 0.21b | 0.33a | 0.029 | 0.036 |
| Unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria | |||||
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.013 | 0.981 |
| 互养菌门Synergistetes | 0.008b | 0.020b | 0.048a | 0.006 9 | 0.041 |
| 其他Others | 0.011 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.005 0 | 0.732 |
| 属水平Genus level | |||||
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 12.50 | 10.17 | 15.70 | 1.138 | 0.136 |
| 未明确科的F082 Norank_f_F082 | 9.76 | 10.01 | 10.15 | 0.922 | 0.987 |
| 克里斯腾森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 8.36 | 7.68 | 8.68 | 0.544 | 0.767 |
| 草酸杆菌属Oxalobacter | 7.99 | 8.93 | 7.45 | 1.528 | 0.937 |
| NK4A214群NK4A214_group | 6.55 | 6.27 | 7.58 | 0.359 | 0.311 |
| 毛螺菌科NK3A20群 Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group | 2.65 | 2.01 | 2.21 | 0.237 | 0.566 |
| 产乙酸糖发酵菌属 Saccharofermentans | 1.94 | 2.43 | 1.92 | 0.147 | 0.286 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 1.39b | 1.66b | 3.81a | 0.443 | 0.037 |
| 其他Others | 31.06 | 32.11 | 32.87 | 0.707 | 0.604 |
2.3.5 瘤胃微生物代谢途径和功能预测分析
2.3.6 生长性能相关性状和瘤胃发酵参数与瘤胃微生物及代谢通路的相关性分析
表6 KEGG功能通路和COG功能通路Table 6 KEGG functional pathway and COG functional pathway |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | DL | DH | |||
| KEGG通路富集分析KEGG pathway enrichment analysis | |||||
| 脂质代谢Lipid metabolism | 0.17b | 0.19b | 0.23a | 0.010 | 0.020 |
| 氨基酸代谢Amino acid metabolism | 0.48b | 0.49b | 0.52a | 0.007 | 0.019 |
| 碳水化合物代谢Carbohydrate metabolism | 0.66b | 0.69a | 0.75a | 0.015 | 0.025 |
| 能量代谢Energy metabolism | 0.23b | 0.29a | 0.30a | 0.011 | 0.013 |
| COG通路富集分析COG pathway enrichment analysis | |||||
| 脂质转运和代谢 Lipid transport and metabolism | 2.56b | 3.02a | 2.93a | 0.082 | 0.023 |
| 复制、重组和修复 Replication, recombination and repair | 6.16 | 6.13 | 6.14 | 0.271 | 0.314 |
图2 生长性能相关性状、瘤胃VFA与瘤胃微生物区系相关性分析ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;ADMI:平均干物质采食量 average dry matter intake;AA:乙酸 acetic acid;TVFA:总挥发性脂肪酸 total volatile fatty acid;F/G:料重比 feed to gain ratio;PA:丙酸 propionic acid;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类菌门;Lipid metabolism:脂质代谢;Synergistetes:互养菌门;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;Lipid transport and metabolism:脂质转运和代谢。 *表示显著相关(P<0.05)。* indicates significant correlation (P<0.05). Fig.2 Correlation analysis of growth performance-related traits, rumen VFA and rumen microbiota |
