Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 1: 468 - 482

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.037

RESEARCH PAPER

A Study on Energy Requirement of Yunshang Black Goats during Lactation

  • FU Runqi , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHAO Peng 1, 2 ,
  • FU Binlong 1, 2 ,
  • YU Ye 1, 2 ,
  • LI Qian 1, 2 ,
  • LENG Jing , 1, 2, **
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 2 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201, China
** professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-06-06

  Online published: 2026-01-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the energy requirement of Yunshang black goats during lactation. Fifty healthy Yunshang black goats in early lactation with good body condition, body weight of (61.03±1.92) kg and second parity were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 10 replicates per group and 1 goat per replicate. The dietary metabolic energy (ME) levels in 5 groups (groups 1 to 5) were: pre-lactation (days 1 to 30), 7.55, 8.00, 8.45, 8.90 and 9.35 MJ/kg; mid-lactation (days 31 to 60), 7.49, 7.98, 8.49, 8.98 and 9.46 MJ/kg; late-lactation (days 61 to 90), 7.70, 8.20, 8.70, 9.20 and 9.70 MJ/kg. The pre-experimental period lasted for 10 days, and the experimental period lasted for 90 days. The digestive and metabolic experiments were carried out on days 16 to 20, days 46 to 50 and days 66 to 70 of lactation, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) with the dietary energy level increased, the average daily gain (ADG) during pre-lactation, mid-lactation, late-lactation and whole lactation was significantly linearly increased (P<0.05), and the final body weights (FBW) during mid-lactation and late-lactation was significantly linearly increased (P<0.05). 2) With the dietary energy level increased, the milk yield (MY) and fat and protein corrected milk yield (FPCM) during pre-lactation, mid-lactation, late-lactation and whole lactation were significantly linearly increased (P<0.05), and the contents of total solids, milk protein and lactose in milk during pre-lactation, mid-lactation and late-lactation were significantly linearly increased (P<0.05). 3) With the dietary energy level increased, the gross energy of ingestion, methane energy, apparent digestible energy, apparent metabolizable energy, milk energy, gross energy digestibility and gross energy metabolic rate during pre-lactation and late-lactation were significantly linearly increased (P<0.05). 4) The regression formulas of maintenance metabolic energy (MEm) requirement during pre-lactation, mid-lactation and late-lactation were as follows: MEm = 0.511W0.75 + 0.037ADG + 1.805MY(R2 = 0.930), MEm = 0.439W0.75 + 0.053ADG + 0.746MY(R2 = 0.918), MEm = 0.400W0.75 + 0.030ADG + 3.451MY(R2 = 0.958). In conclusion, increasing dietary energy level can improve the growth performance and milk quality of Yunshang black goats during lactation, and increase the energy metabolism efficiency; the MEm requirement during pre-lactation, mid-lactation and late-lactation are 0.51, 0.44 and 0.40 MJ/kg W0.75, respectively, and the metabolic energy required per kilogram of milk production are 1.81, 1.86 and 3.45 MJ, respectively.

Key words： Yunshang black goats; lactation; energy requirement; milk quality

Cite this article

FU Runqi , ZHAO Peng , FU Binlong , YU Ye , LI Qian , LENG Jing . A Study on Energy Requirement of Yunshang Black Goats during Lactation[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(1) : 468 -482 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.037

能量是一切生命活动的基础,饲料摄入后经一系列酶促反应,将化学能转化为生物能,用于维持生命活动和生产需要[1]。能量摄入过高或过低都会对动物产生影响,当能量摄入过低时,动物会出现体况和免疫力下降、生长发育迟缓等症状;能量摄入过高时,会导致身体肥大、内脏器官负担增加、代谢紊乱,严重时会造成代谢疾病。对泌乳期母羊而言,整个泌乳期羔羊所需的营养物质几乎只来源于母羊的羊乳,乳中的营养成分含量均离不开适宜能量水平的供给[2]。因此,适宜能量水平供给对母羊充分发挥生产性能尤为重要。目前,国内外围绕泌乳期能量需要量已在不同品种羊上开展试验,并获得适宜的能量需要参数[3-7]。然而,云上黑山羊作为我国第一个自主培育的肉用黑山羊新品种,尚缺适宜的能量需要参数,在养殖生产过程中其生产性能的发挥受到一定限制。
云上黑山羊母羊可2年产3胎,初产母羊产羔率为182%,经产母羊产羔率为232%,断奶羔羊成活率达90%以上[8];该品种主要采用放牧与补饲相结合的饲养模式,放牧环境下其采食行为表现出对多种牧草的广泛适应性,在圈养条件下,常用玉米、豆粕等作为精料补充料。此外,云上黑山羊生长特性呈现出早期生长迅速的特点,3月龄断奶体重可达12~15 kg,6月龄体重可达25~30 kg,但随着生长阶段推进,饲料转化率逐渐降低。在关键的泌乳期,养殖实践中多参考普通山羊的营养标准进行饲料配制,缺乏针对云上黑山羊的专属参数。在养殖过程中,妊娠前期与后期的营养供给未实现精准化区分,存在前期过度饲喂造成饲料浪费,后期营养不足影响胎儿发育的现象。除此之外,国内外相关研究成果仅能为泌乳期云上黑山羊的饲养需求提供参考借鉴,对集约化、标准化养殖模式的发展形成了限制。因此,本研究开展饲养试验与消化代谢试验,致力于明确泌乳期云上黑山羊维持代谢能(metabolic energy,ME)需要量,为泌乳期云上黑山羊饲养标准的制定提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本研究中采用的所有动物试验方案经云南农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,动物试验伦理批准编号为202221013。
试验选取50只体况良好、体重(61.03±1.92) kg、经产2胎的泌乳初期云上黑山羊母羊,采用单因素设计,随机分为5个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只羊。试验期100 d,包括预试期10 d,正试期90 d。母羊产羔后泌乳第1~30天、第31~60天、第61~90天依次划分为泌乳前期、中期和后期。5组(1~5组)饲粮代谢能水平分别设定为:泌乳前期,7.55、8.00、8.45、8.90、9.35 MJ/kg;泌乳中期,7.49、7.98、8.49、8.98、9.46 MJ/kg;泌乳后期,7.70、8.20、8.70、9.20、9.70 MJ/kg。饲粮除代谢能外,其他营养水平保持基本一致。泌乳期试验饲粮参考我国《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2021)进行设计配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 泌乳中期Mid-lactation 泌乳后期Late-lactation
1组
Group 1		 2组
Group 2		 3组
Group 3		 4组
Group 4		 5组
Group 5		 1组
Group 1		 2组
Group 2		 3组
Group 3		 4组
Group 4		 5组
Group 5		 1组
Group 1		 2组
Group 2		 3组
Group 3		 4组
Group 4		 5组
Group 5
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 10.50 13.50 15.50 17.50 18.00 10.00 11.00 17.00 15.00 19.00 12.00 17.00 18.00 20.00 25.00
玉米淀粉Corn starch 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 10.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 6.00 10.00 0.00 2.00 6.00 9.00 10.00
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 2.00 3.00 5.00 8.00 13.00 0.00 1.00 5.00 7.00 14.00 0.00 2.00 6.00 10.00 15.00
麦麸Wheat bran 13.00 11.00 7.00 4.00 0.00 12.00 13.00 7.00 8.00 0.00 15.00 10.00 6.00 2.00 0.00
豆粕Soybean meal 15.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 14.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00
青贮玉米Silage corn 23.00 25.00 30.00 34.50 35.00 23.00 27.00 31.00 39.00 38.00 25.00 24.00 35.00 40.00 37.00
小麦秸Wheat straw 33.00 27.00 20.00 12.50 7.00 35.00 27.00 19.00 9.00 3.00 32.00 29.00 14.00 5.00 0.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
碳酸钙CaCO3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
预混料Premix1) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
食盐NaCl 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 7.55 8.00 8.45 8.90 9.35 7.49 7.98 8.49 8.98 9.46 7.70 8.20 8.70 9.20 9.70
粗蛋白质CP 13.63 13.70 13.84 13.81 13.73 13.79 13.93 13.80 13.84 13.74 12.81 12.85 12.85 12.84 12.83
中性洗涤纤维NDF 50.88 47.50 44.10 41.01 36.58 51.63 49.25 45.24 44.82 35.55 52.20 48.35 43.51 39.01 33.35
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 27.40 25.49 24.34 23.78 20.87 28.33 26.21 24.17 24.80 20.44 27.21 25.56 24.54 22.59 18.65
钙Ca 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.97 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.96
磷P 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.41 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.41

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD 1 000 IU,VE 50 IU,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 140 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 58 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 2.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg,Co (as cobalt sulfate) 0.65 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

试验于2022年7—10月在云南省红河州弥勒市云南立新羊业有限公司试验舍进行。试验前,用高压水枪对试验舍进行全面清洗,确保环境干净安全;之后采用5%的氢氧化钠溶液喷雾消毒和熏蒸,保证试验舍的生物安全;每天打扫1次,每5 d消毒1次,注意通风。试验期间羊只采用单栏饲养,每天08:00、17:00各饲喂1次,期间保障羊只自由采食和饮水,根据前1 d采食量对次日饲喂量进行调整,以保证槽内有10%左右的剩料。

1.3 消化代谢试验

在泌乳期第16~20天、第46~50天和第66~70天,分别从各个组随机挑选5只试验羊,开展消化代谢试验。在消化代谢试验期间,每天记录每只试验羊采食量、排粪量和排尿量,收集的新鲜且未被污染的粪样经混匀后记录重量,取每只羊当日总排粪量20%的鲜样,于-20 ℃保存,用于测定能量。采集乳样时,母羊与羔羊分饲(母羊置于代谢笼内,羔羊于羊舍饲养),每日09:00、15:00、20:00母羊自由哺乳,哺乳前后羔羊体重差值为单次哺乳量,日哺乳量总和即母羊日产奶量(milk yield,MY)。每次羔羊哺乳前人工挤取50 mL奶样,当日3次奶样混合后分装至2管50 mL离心管中:一管添加适量重铬酸钾,于-4 ℃冰箱保存,用于乳成分测定;另一管于-20 ℃保存,用于乳能(milk energy,Milk-E)检测。

1.4 指标测定方法及公式

饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014[9]、GB/T 6432—2018[10]、NY/T 1459—2022[11]、GB/T 20806—2022[12]、GB/T 6436—2018[13]和GB/T 6437—2018[14]中方法测定。
分别在正试期第1天、第31天、第61天和第91天对羊只空腹称重,计算终末体重(final body weight,FBW)和平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)。记录每只试验羊每天的饲喂量和剩料量,计算干物质采食量(dry matter intake,DMI)。
乳成分采用乳品分析仪(MilkoScan FT3,FOSS,丹麦)测定,测定指标包括总固形物、乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖含量和比率。
饲粮样、乳样、粪样和尿样中总能(gross energy,GE)、粪能(fecal energy,FE)、尿能(urinary energy,UE)和乳能采用氧弹测热法测定。粪样中甲烷能(methane energy,CH4-E)采用Blaxter等[15]的甲烷能估测方程式计算。
食入总能(gross energy of ingestion,GEI)、表观消化能(apparent digestive energy,ADE)、表观代谢能(apparent metabolic energy,AME)、总能消化率(gross energy digestibility,GED)、总能代谢率(gross energy metabolic rate,GEM)、消化能代谢率(digestive energy metabolism,DEM)和脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量(fat and protein corrected milk yield,FPCM)[16]分别通过以下公式计算:
GEI(MJ/d)=ADG×GE;
ADE(MJ/d)=GEI-FN;
AME(MJ/d)=GEI-FE-UE-CH4-E;
GED(%)=100×(GE-FE)/GE;
GEM(%)=100×(GE-FE-UE-Milk-E-CH4-E)/GE;
DEM(%)=100×(GE-FE-UE-Milk-E-CH4-E)/(GE-FE);
FPCM(kg/d)=MY×(0.26+0.135 2×乳脂率+0.079×乳蛋白率)。
式中:GEI为食入总能;ADG为平均日增重;GE为总能;AME为表观代谢能;FE为粪能;AME为表观代谢能;UE为尿能;CH4-E为甲烷能;GED为总能消化率;Milk-E为乳能;DEM为消化能代谢率;FPCM为蛋白质矫正乳产量;MY为产奶量。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据首先用Excel 2021进行初步整理。基于SAS 9.4软件的PROC MIXED模型对生长性能、产奶量、蛋白质和脂肪矫正乳产量及能量代谢数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏法多重比较;此外,利用正交多项式回归(orthogonal polynomial regression)对以上数据进行线性(linear)和二次(quadratic)分析。利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行线性回归分析获得回归方程。试验数据均表示为平均值和均值标准误(SEM),P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳中期和后期FBW呈显著线性提高(P<0.05);与1组相比,3组、4组和5组泌乳中期和后期云上黑山羊FBW均显著提高(P<0.05),且以4组最高。随着饲粮能量水平提高,云上黑山羊泌乳全期DMI呈显著二次变化(P<0.05);3组泌乳全期DMI显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期ADG呈显著线性提高(P<0.05);与1组相比,5组泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期ADG均显著提高(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance of Yunshang black goats during lactation

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
初始体重IBW/kg 61.00 60.88 61.07 60.93 60.50 0.603 0.972 0.620 0.704
终末体重FBW/kg 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 61.38 61.94 63.06 62.86 62.56 0.535 0.441 0.090 0.919
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 63.06b 64.06b 65.76a 65.86a 66.06a 0.508 0.009 0.001 0.383
泌乳后期Late-lactation 65.75b 66.31b 68.44a 68.50a 68.19a 0.540 <0.001 <0.001 0.463
干物质采食量DMI/(g/d) 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 1 779.00 1 856.50 1 930.20 1 834.10 1 818.53 37.836 0.097 0.497 0.025
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 1 812.00 1 841.20 1 965.10 1 824.50 1 863.01 40.326 0.118 0.788 0.126
泌乳后期Late-lactation 1 760.00b 1 762.60b 1 941.80a 1 792.29b 1 808.67b 41.727 0.040 0.451 0.140
泌乳全期Whole lactation 1 784.00b 1 820.10b 1 945.70a 1 816.99b 1 830.07b 39.219 0.042 0.563 0.037
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 39.48b 35.42b 66.67a 64.58a 68.75a 6.834 0.006 0.001 0.639
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 56.25c 70.80bc 87.58ab 87.50ab 95.83a 8.596 0.008 0.001 0.086
泌乳后期Late-lactation 69.35b 75.00b 89.58ab 88.10ab 104.17a 7.674 0.007 0.009 0.903
泌乳全期Whole lactation 55.03b 60.41b 81.28a 80.06a 89.58a 5.305 <0.001 <0.001 0.233

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊产奶量及脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量的影响

由表3可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期产奶量呈显著线性提高(P<0.05),泌乳后期产奶量呈显著二次变化(P<0.05);与1组相比,3组、4组和5组泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期产奶量均显著提高(P<0.05),且以5组最高。随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量呈显著线性提高(P<0.05);与1组相比,4组和5组泌乳前期、中期、后期和全期脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量均显著提高(P<0.05),且以5组最高。
表3 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊产奶量及脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary energy level on milk yield and fat and protein corrected milk yield of Yunshang black goats during lactation kg/d

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
产奶量Milk yield 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 1.03c 1.12bc 1.22ab 1.22ab 1.32a 0.038 <0.001 <0.001 0.574
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 1.34c 1.49b 1.52ab 1.62a 1.60ab 0.042 <0.001 <0.001 0.094
泌乳后期Late-lactation 0.88c 1.04b 1.16a 1.20a 1.22a 0.026 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
泌乳全期Whole lactation 1.09c 1.21b 1.30ab 1.35a 1.38a 0.031 <0.001 <0.001 0.050
脂肪和蛋白质矫正乳产量
Fat and protein corrected
milk yield		 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 0.95c 1.18b 1.20b 1.14b 1.38a 0.056 <0.001 <0.001 0.852
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 1.44c 1.56bc 1.59abc 1.87a 1.74ab 0.104 0.035 0.009 0.518
泌乳后期Late-lactation 0.96c 1.12b 1.24ab 1.27a 1.31a 0.052 <0.001 <0.001 0.106
泌乳全期Whole lactation 1.12c 1.29bc 1.35ab 1.43ab 1.48a 0.066 0.004 <0.001 0.412

2.3 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊乳品质的影响

由表4可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期乳脂率呈显著线性提高(P<0.05);与1组相比,2组和5组泌乳前期乳脂率显著提高(P<0.05)。随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期、中期和后期总固形物、乳蛋白和乳糖含量均呈显著线性提高(P<0.05),泌乳前期和后期乳脂含量呈显著线性提高(P<0.05),泌乳后期乳糖含量呈显著二次变化(P<0.05);与1组相比,5组泌乳前期、后期总固形物和乳脂含量显著提高(P<0.05),泌乳前期、中期和后期乳蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),泌乳中期和后期乳糖含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊乳品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary energy level on milk quality of Yunshang black goats during lactation

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
乳汁成分组成Milk component composition/%
总固形物率Total solids ratio 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 12.33 13.34 13.17 12.66 12.75 0.403 0.610 0.874 0.445
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 13.06 13.57 12.77 13.47 13.00 0.339 0.299 0.362 0.862
泌乳后期Late-lactation 13.83 13.80 13.96 14.03 13.82 0.403 0.994 0.956 0.901
乳脂率Milk fat ratio 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 3.08b 3.85a 3.45b 3.23b 3.81a 0.137 <0.001 0.021 0.683
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 4.07 3.94 3.67 4.28 4.07 0.231 0.366 0.717 0.803
泌乳后期Late-lactation 4.05 4.17 3.70 4.07 4.05 0.142 0.741 0.278 0.503
乳蛋白率Milk protein ratio 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 3.20 3.29 3.36 3.16 3.20 0.064 0.358 0.701 0.217
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 3.49 3.47 3.35 3.50 3.49 0.198 0.240 0.059 0.879
泌乳后期Late-lactation 3.40 3.51 3.59 3.56 3.40 0.121 0.741 0.429 0.600
乳糖率Lactose ratio 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 5.31 5.46 5.30 5.28 5.31 0.165 0.802 0.373 0.593
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 5.02 5.00 5.37 5.08 5.02 0.135 0.077 0.823 0.117
泌乳后期Late-lactation 4.88 5.34 5.10 5.03 4.88 0.140 0.135 0.974 0.162
乳汁成分含量Milk component content/(g/d)
总固形物含量
Total solids content		 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 130.59b 148.01ab 161.07a 153.13ab 168.90a 8.893 0.044 0.006 0.469
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 176.73 201.31 190.84 214.26 205.66 10.096 0.103 0.032 0.395
泌乳后期Late-lactation 122.23c 141.56bc 161.00ab 165.78a 167.56a 7.527 <0.001 <0.001 0.084
乳脂含量Milk fat content 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 31.37c 43.78b 41.70b 37.91bc 52.27a 2.590 <0.001 <0.001 0.823
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 53.31 57.10 56.17 69.27 61.77 4.696 0.152 0.056 0.630
泌乳后期Late-lactation 36.42b 42.38ab 45.49a 46.81a 48.24a 2.322 0.007 <0.001 0.218
乳蛋白含量
Milk protein content		 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 33.02c 36.92bc 40.55ab 38.63ab 42.25a 1.835 0.010 0.001 0.379
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 47.44c 51.35bc 55.61abc 64.65a 61.92ab 4.091 0.026 0.002 0.581
泌乳后期Late-lactation 30.66b 35.08b 41.11a 41.38a 43.65a 2.031 <0.001 <0.001 0.193
乳糖含量Lactose content 泌乳前期Pre-lactation 54.40 60.55 63.17 63.92 66.53 3.656 0.193 0.021 0.516
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 67.48b 73.19ab 82.18a 81.50a 78.72a 3.747 0.040 0.013 0.064
泌乳后期Late-lactation 42.58b 55.31a 57.73a 60.56a 60.37a 2.504 <0.001 <0.001 0.009

2.4 饲粮能量水平对泌乳前期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

由表5可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳前期食入总能、尿能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均呈显著线性增加(P<0.05);食入总能、尿能、表观消化能和表观代谢能均呈显著二次变化(P<0.05);与1组相比,4组和5组泌乳前期食入总能、尿能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮能量水平对泌乳前期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary energy level on energy metabolism of Yunshang black goats during pre-lactation

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
食入总能Gross energy of ingestion/(MJ/d) 27.47c 29.10bc 30.90a 29.90ab 30.40ab 0.633 0.008 0.008 0.029
粪能Fecal energy/(MJ/d) 11.61a 11.69a 11.36a 10.12b 10.20b 0.243 <0.001 <0.001 0.174
尿能Urinary energy/(MJ/d) 0.76b 0.86b 1.00a 1.01a 0.93a 0.032 <0.001 <0.001 0.004
甲烷能Methane energy/(MJ/d) 1.65b 1.73ab 1.82a 1.77a 1.80a 0.036 0.013 0.005 0.051
表观消化能Apparent digestive energy/(MJ/d) 15.86c 17.41b 19.54a 19.78a 20.19a 0.372 <0.001 <0.001 0.007
表观代谢能Apparent metabolic energy/(MJ/d) 13.46c 14.83b 16.73a 17.00a 17.36a 0.327 <0.001 <0.001 0.009
乳能Milk energy/(MJ/d) 2.09c 2.47b 2.66b 2.89a 2.93a 0.090 <0.001 <0.001 0.348
总能消化率Gross energy digestibility/% 57.74c 59.86bc 63.25ab 66.15a 66.44a 1.309 <0.001 <0.001 0.537
总能代谢率Gross energy metabolic rate/% 49.00d 51.00cd 54.13bc 56.87ab 57.46a 1.152 <0.001 <0.001 0.568
消化能代谢率Digestive energy metabolism/% 84.86 86.17 86.59 85.97 86.49 1.816 0.980 0.517 0.995

2.5 饲粮能量水平对泌乳中期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

由表6可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳中期食入总能、尿能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均呈显著线性增加(P<0.05);与1组相比,4组和5组泌乳中期食入总能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均显著提高(P<0.05),且5组表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率最高。
表6 饲粮能量水平对泌乳中期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary energy level on energy metabolism of Yunshang black goats during mid-lactation

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
食入总能Gross energy of ingestion/(MJ/d) 28.28c 29.29bc 32.01a 30.19ab 31.67a 0.641 0.001 0.001 0.113
粪能Fecal energy/(MJ/d) 12.16a 11.73a 12.02a 10.89b 10.71b 0.242 <0.001 <0.001 0.188
尿能Urinary energy/(MJ/d) 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.84 0.048 0.089 0.027 0.765
甲烷能Methane energy/(MJ/d) 1.67c 1.74bc 1.88a 1.78ab 1.86a 0.038 0.006 0.002 0.166
表观消化能Apparent digestive energy/(MJ/d) 16.11d 17.56c 19.98ab 19.29b 20.97a 0.425 <0.001 <0.001 0.100
表观代谢能Apparent metabolic energy/(MJ/d) 13.47d 14.85c 17.11b 16.60b 17.92a 0.356 <0.001 <0.001 0.077
乳能Milk energy/(MJ/d) 3.06c 3.23bc 3.47ab 3.62a 3.68a 0.111 <0.001 <0.001 0.880
总能消化率Gross energy digestibility/% 57.02c 59.95bc 62.42b 63.90ab 66.22a 1.386 <0.001 <0.001 0.747
总能代谢率Gross energy metabolic rate/% 47.65d 50.69cd 53.63bc 55.00ab 57.69a 1.169 <0.001 <0.001 0.635
消化能代谢率Digestive energy metabolism/% 83.56 84.57 85.92 86.07 87.12 1.753 0.601 0.119 0.811

2.6 饲粮能量水平对泌乳后期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

由表7可知,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊泌乳后期食入总能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均呈显著线性增加(P<0.05);与1组相比,4组和5组泌乳后期食入总能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均显著提高(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮能量水平对泌乳后期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary energy level on energy metabolism of Yunshang black goats during late-lactation

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
1 2 3 4 5 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
食入总能Gross energy of ingestion/(MJ/d) 28.43b 28.88b 31.51a 30.82a 31.62a 0.693 0.001 0.001 0.127
粪能Fecal energy/(MJ/d) 12.63a 11.80b 13.15a 11.56b 11.72b 0.317 0.001 0.007 0.301
尿能Urinary energy/(MJ/d) 0.78 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.73 0.102 0.601 0.174 0.412
甲烷能Methane energy/(MJ/d) 1.69b 1.72b 1.90a 1.82a 1.86a 0.040 0.004 0.003 0.178
表观消化能Apparent digestive energy/(MJ/d) 15.79b 17.09b 19.36a 19.26a 20.23a 0.399 <0.001 <0.001 0.068
表观代谢能Apparent metabolic energy/(MJ/d) 13.31d 14.56c 16.64b 16.60b 17.64a 0.336 <0.001 <0.001 0.078
乳能Milk energy/(MJ/d) 1.93c 2.15b 2.51a 2.69a 2.67a 0.080 <0.001 <0.001 0.056
总能消化率Gross energy digestibility/% 55.56c 59.18bc 59.58b 62.50ab 64.00a 1.227 <0.001 <0.001 0.668
总能代谢率Gross energy metabolic rate/% 46.84d 50.43c 51.20bc 53.88ab 55.81a 1.041 <0.001 <0.001 0.714
消化能代谢率Digestive energy metabolism/% 84.31 85.22 85.93 86.21 87.20 1.755 0.797 0.225 0.994

2.7 云上黑山羊泌乳期维持代谢能需要量

依据营养学原理,云上黑山羊泌乳期能量需要量的公式按以下公式表示:
MEm=x1W0.75+x2ADG+x3MY。
式中:MEm为维持代谢能需要量;W0.75为代谢体重;x1W0.75为该阶段用于维持生命活动的代谢能需要量;ADG为平均日增重;x2ADG为该阶段用于生长代谢的代谢能需要量;MY为产奶量;x3MY为该阶段用于泌乳的代谢能需要量。
由上文相关数据进行回归分析,云上黑山羊泌乳期代谢能需要量与代谢体重、ADG和产奶量的关系回归公式见表8。由此得出,泌乳前期、中期和后期维持代谢能需要量分别为0.51、0.44和0.40 MJ/kg W0.75,每千克产乳代谢能需要量分别为1.81、1.86和3.45 MJ。
表8 云上黑山羊泌乳期维持代谢能需要量

Table 8 Maintenance metabolic energy requirements of Yunshang black goats during lactation

项目
Items		 维持代谢能需要量
Maintenance metabolic energy
requirement/(MJ/kg W0.75)		 每千克产乳代谢能需要量
Metabolic energy required per
kilogram of milk production/MJ		 回归方程
Regression
equation		 决定系数
R2		 P值
P-value
泌乳前期Pre-lactation 0.51 1.81 MEm=0.511W0.75+0.037ADG+1.805MY 0.930 <0.001
泌乳中期Mid-lactation 0.44 1.86 MEm=0.439W0.75+0.053ADG+0.746MY 0.918 <0.001
泌乳后期Late-lactation 0.40 3.45 MEm=0.400W0.75+0.030ADG+3.451MY 0.958 <0.001

MEm:维持代谢能 maintenance metabolic energy;W0.75:代谢体重 metabolic body weight;ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;MY:产奶量 milk yield。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊生长性能的影响

DMI作为评估家畜生长性能和健康的重要指标之一,可直接反映其营养需求,并且DMI会随反刍动物生长发育发生变化[17]。对泌乳期母畜而言,DMI过低会导致动物摄入养分不足,产奶量和乳品质降低,无法满足羔羊成长的需要,只有摄入足够的养分才能在满足羔羊正常生长发育和维持自身的营养需要。本试验发现,在泌乳全期,云上黑山羊DMI呈先升高后降低的二次变化,与Tovar-Luna等[18]研究结果基本一致。然而,梁家充等[19]和王晨等[20]分别以云南半细毛羊和高山美利奴羊为试验动物,发现泌乳期试验母羊的DMI随着饲粮能量水平的提高呈降低趋势,本研究结果与上述结果不一致。这可能是不同品种试验母羊的泌乳高峰期不在同一阶段,试验母羊在泌乳期中期产奶量也相应达到峰值,导致其对营养物质的需要量较高,故采食量也相应增加。Yateen等[21]和Wang等[22]研究发现,随着饲粮能量水平提高,羊ADG显著增加;但在其他报道中发现饲粮能量水平对羊ADG没有显著影响[23-24]。此外,李建国等[25]和安清聪等[26]研究结果表明,在泌乳期,各组试验母羊的体重呈逐渐下降的趋势。董世伟[27]研究表明,除泌乳前期60%限饲组的母羊ADG为-76.52 g/d(呈负增长)外,其他各组的母羊ADG在泌乳期均呈增长的趋势。而本试验研究发现,泌乳前期1组和2组的ADG较低,体重仍保持正增长趋势,这说明本试验低营养水平饲喂泌乳期母羊仍可满足其增重需要,因此本试验泌乳期母羊体重均未出现负增长现象。在能量利用效率方面,不同泌乳阶段云上黑山羊ADG表现出明显差异。这主要是因为能量代谢遵循优先保障泌乳、再兼顾生长与体组织沉积的代谢规律。泌乳前期母羊将更多能量用于满足泌乳需求,生长性能的提升相对滞后;中、后期在维持泌乳的同时,逐步调整能量分配策略以平衡自身恢复需求,实现生长性能与能量储备的协同优化。

3.2 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊产奶量和乳品质的影响

产奶量主要受遗传和营养水平两大因素的影响[28]。乌日勒格等[29]以蒙古羊为试验对象,发现随着泌乳天数的增加,母羊的产奶量逐渐降低。
杨在宾等[30]研究表明,青山羊泌乳前期和泌乳后期的产奶量分别为0.518~0.804 L/d和0.315~0.534 L/d,随着泌乳天数的增加,母羊的产奶量也是逐渐降低。而本研究中,泌乳前期、中期和后期的产奶量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在泌乳中期达到顶峰,产生这种差异可能是试验母羊的品种差异和环境差异,导致不同品种试验母羊的泌乳高峰期不在同一阶段。崔璨等[31]研究表明,随着饲粮能量水平的增加,产奶量也相应增加,本试验结果与其基本一致。此外,本研究发现,在泌乳全期,随着饲粮能量水平增加,产奶量呈线性提高,这可能是饲粮能量水平改变了试验羊血清中葡萄糖、甘油三酯、尿素氮含量及丙氨酸氨基转移酶、谷草转氨酶活性,进而影响了葡萄糖及氨基酸的代谢,对云上黑山羊的泌乳性能产生了影响。
山羊乳中主要包括乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物等成分。杨在宾等[4]在对小尾寒羊的研究中发现,随着饲粮能量水平增加,其试验母羊乳样中乳蛋白、乳糖含量和乳能都没有显著差异。梁家充等[19]在对云南半细毛羊的研究中发现,随着饲粮能量水平增加,乳成分中乳蛋白、乳糖、乳脂含量和乳能都没有显著差异。然而,本试验结果显示,随着饲粮能量水平增加,云上黑山羊乳蛋白、乳糖、乳脂和总固形物含量均呈不同程度提高。这一现象表明饲粮能量水平对乳品质具有关键调控作用。这可能是因为高能量饲粮可增强瘤胃微生物发酵,显著提升挥发性脂肪酸产量。其中,乙酸作为乳腺合成乳脂的主要前体,直接参与乳脂生物合成,丁酸经β-氧化为乳腺细胞供能并提供碳骨架,直接驱动乳脂合成。饲粮能量水平提升可激活脂质代谢相关信号通路,促进脂肪合成与转运,进而推动乳脂含量和乳脂率显著升高。就云上黑山羊而言,脂质代谢对其乳蛋白、乳糖、乳脂和总固形物含量的影响还有待进一步探明。

3.3 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

能量是动物生产及生命活动的基础,饲粮代谢能水平是评估家畜饲粮营养价值的重要指标。本试验中,云上黑山羊泌乳期食入总能、尿能、甲烷能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、乳能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着饲粮能量水平增加呈显著线性增加,并且泌乳前期、中期和后期总能消化率分别为57.74%~66.44%、57.02%~66.62%和55.56%~64.00%,总能代谢率分别为49.00%~57.46%、47.65%~57.69%和46.84%~55.81%,消化能代谢率分别为84.86%~86.59%、83.56%~87.12%和84.31%~87.2%,这3个指标均在泌乳中期最高。本研究结果与胡秀芝[7]基本一致,但低于梁家充等[19]的研究结果,这可能是试验母羊在泌乳中期产奶量达到顶峰,需要更多的能量用于泌乳过程,母羊对能量的吸收效率也随之升高。乳能的高低与摄入总能有关,本试验中,泌乳前期、中期、后期乳能分别为2.09~2.93 MJ/d、3.06~3.68 MJ/d、1.93~2.67 MJ/d,呈先升高后降低的趋势。然而,Sutter等[32]研究表明,乳能在泌乳前期变化最大;梁家充等[19]和马铁伟等[33]研究表明,乳能随着泌乳期的进行呈降低的趋势。上述研究结果与本试验结果不一致,这可能是因为不同品种母羊的泌乳高峰期不同,乳能的高峰期也不相同。在反刍动物的能量损失中,粪能损失占比最大,占总能的20%~50%,尿能损失占总能的2%~5%[34],且Sutter等[32]研究表明,尿能并不会随着总能水平的升高而升高。本试验中,试验母羊在泌乳前期、中期和后期粪能损失分别为33.56%~42.26%、33.77%~42.97%和33.99%~44.44%,粪能较楼灿[35]、梁家充等[19]研究结果略低,而尿能则略高,这可能是因为试验动物和饲粮结构组成不同所致。反刍动物饲粮中的碳水化合物经瘤胃微生物发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸供能的同时[36],会伴随着二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)产生,造成能量的损失[37],其中CH4增加温室效应的潜力是CO2的20~25倍[38],且已有研究表明粗饲料含量与CH4产量和甲烷能损量成正比[39]。本试验中甲烷能的结果表明,随着饲粮能量水平的升高,泌乳前期和中期甲烷能先升高后降低,这可能与本试验饲粮组成有关,当试验母羊采食粗饲料较少时,粗纤维在反刍动物瘤胃中被瘤胃微生物利用率的也相应降低,导致甲烷损失减少。

3.4 云上黑山羊泌乳期维持代谢能需要量

本试验结合饲养试验和消化代谢试验,对通过回归法计算出云上黑山羊泌乳期维持代谢能需要量与代谢体重、ADG和产奶量的关系回归公式,得出云上黑山羊在泌乳前期、中期和后期的维持代谢能需要量分别为0.51、0.44、0.40 MJ/kg W0.75。楼灿等[40]研究表明,杜寒杂交母羊在泌乳前期、中期和后期的维持代谢能需要量分别为0.33、0.32和0.36 MJ/kgW0.75。梁家充等[19]研究表明,云南半细毛羊泌乳前期、中期和后期的维持代谢能需要量分别为0.87、0.73和0.86 MJ/kg W0.75。孙涛[41]研究表明,泌乳前期和后期滩羊的维持代谢能需要量分别为0.76和0.69 MJ/kg W0.75。本试验得到的泌乳期不同阶段维持代谢能需要量与前人研究结果有一定差异,这可能是由品种差异、生理阶段不同和饲粮组成差异导致的。此外,本试验中维持代谢能需要量随泌乳期的进行呈下降的趋势,原因可能是随着泌乳期的进行,羔羊对母羊的依赖程度降低,母羊自身的产奶量降低,维持自身所需要的能量水平便相应降低。胡秀芝[7]在对陕北白绒山羊的研究中发现,泌乳前期、中期和后期每生产1 kg乳所需要的代谢能为6.38、5.00和1.71 MJ,宋晓雯[42]在对崂山奶山羊的研究中发现,泌乳期每生产1 kg乳所需要的代谢能为5.104 MJ。能量需要量受山羊品种及生理阶段的影响显著,国外已有多项研究报道了不同品种山羊泌乳期的能量需要量参数,高山山羊泌乳早期维持代谢能需要量为0.794 MJ/kg BW0.74[43],Granadina山羊泌乳期的维持代谢能需要量为0.401 MJ/kg BW0.74[44]。Tovar-Luna等[45]研究发现,高山奶山羊维持代谢能需要量为0.506 MJ/kg BW0.75;Lu等[46]研究表明,体重30 kg的安哥拉山羊泌乳早期的维持代谢能需要量为11.59 MJ/d。在相关机构推荐值方面,AFRC(1998)推荐泌乳期山羊维持代谢能需要量为0.439 MJ/kg BW0.74[47],且每产1 kg标准乳需要代谢能5.3 MJ;NRC(2007)推荐的泌乳期维持代谢能需要量为0.581 MJ/kg BW0.74[48];ARC(1980)推荐的泌乳期母羊维持代谢能需要量为0.33 MJ/kg W0.75,同时每产1 kg奶需要代谢能4.6 MJ[49]。此外,梁家充等[19]在对云南半细毛羊的研究中,泌乳前期、中期和后期每生产1 kg乳需要代谢能分别为3.82、3.38和4.62 MJ。NRC(2007)[48]显示,绵羊每生产1 kg常乳需要代谢能5.33 MJ。本试验中,云上黑山羊在泌乳前期、中期和后期每千克产乳代谢能需要量分别为1.81、1.86和3.45 MJ,与上述研究相比所需要的代谢能相比略有差异,这些差异可能主要受品种特性、饲喂水平、生理阶段及环境条件影响。

4 结论

提高饲粮能量水平可改善泌乳期云上黑山羊生长性能和乳品质,同时提高能量代谢效率。云上黑山羊泌乳前期、中期和后期维持代谢能需要量分别为0.51、0.44和0.40 MJ/kg W0.75,每千克产乳代谢能需要量分别为1.81、1.86和3.45 MJ。

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