REVIEW

Research Progress on α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin in Different Special Livestock Milks

  • XIAN Ge , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • LIU Huimin 1, 2, 3 ,
  • WANG Jiaqi 1, 2, 3 ,
  • ZHENG Nan , 1, 2, 3, *
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  • 1 Laboratory of Quality Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of State Administration for Market Regulation (Dairy Quality Digital Intelligence Monitoring Technology), Beijing 100193, China
  • 3 Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-05-27

  Online published: 2026-01-13

Abstract

α-lactalbumin (α-La) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) play important nutritional functions as the main components of bovine whey protein. In recent years, specialty livestock milks other than cow’s milk have been increasingly favored by consumers, and their active components and functions have been gradually studied. α-La and β-Lg, as important active proteins in milk, play nutritional roles in other livestock milk that should not be ignored. In this paper, we reviewed the content, structure and function of α-La and β-Lg in goat, sheep, yak, buffalo, horse, donkey and camel milks, and summarized the current assay methods of α-La and β-Lg in these seven types of livestock milks, with a view to providing theoretical references for the further functional research and differentiated development of different livestock milks.

Cite this article

XIAN Ge , LIU Huimin , WANG Jiaqi , ZHENG Nan . Research Progress on α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin in Different Special Livestock Milks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(1) : 88 -100 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.008

畜乳的营养价值较高,富含乳糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等营养成分。其中,蛋白质作为重要的营养成分之一,由酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组成。在牛乳中,α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-La)和β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)是乳清蛋白的主要组成成分,共占牛乳清蛋白的80%[1]。牛乳中的α-La中含有123个氨基酸残基,分子质量为14.2 ku,等电点为4.2~4.5[2],为结构紧密的球蛋白,具有钙离子(Ca2+)结合位点[3],可以参与调节乳糖合成的最后一步的调控[4]。牛乳中的α-La含有丰富的必需氨基酸,同时有杀菌[5]、调节肠道菌群[6]和改善睡眠[7]等调控功能。牛乳中的β-Lg含有162个氨基酸残基,分子质量为18 ku[8],等电点为5.1~5.2。β-Lg具有多个脂质结合位点,是一种脂质转运蛋白,因此对脂溶性维生素、脂肪酸及多酚类生物活性物质都具有极高的亲和力,能够有效防止这些生物活性物质的氧化降解,并有助于他们的吸收[9-10]。此外,β-Lg是一些生物活性肽的良好来源,如抗氧化肽、抗高血压肽、抗菌肽等[5,11]
除牛乳之外,近年来山羊乳、绵羊乳、牦牛乳、水牛乳等畜乳产业也逐步发展,使乳品市场更加多样化。然而,不同畜乳中营养成分的组成、含量存在差异[12],这些差异可能会进一步影响各类畜乳的生理活性功能及应用范围。α-La和β-Lg是乳清蛋白的重要组成部分,具有重要的营养和生理活性功能。研究发现,这2种活性蛋白在不同乳源中存在特异性变异体,其空间构象及功能特性的差异将直接影响乳制品的营养和健康。因此,对不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的结构特点、含量差异以及其功能进行系统总结,不仅能够揭示不同畜乳在营养成分上的独特性,还为满足不同人群对乳品的个性化营养需求提供了科学依据。本文对山羊乳、绵羊乳、牦牛乳、水牛乳、马乳、驴乳、骆驼乳7种畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的含量、结构及功能进行介绍,并对其目前的检测方法进行总结,旨在为研究不同畜乳之间的差异提供理论支撑。

1 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的结构

1.1 山羊乳

山羊乳乳清蛋白约占总蛋白的25%,显著高于牛乳的15%[13],其主要的乳清蛋白是α-La和β-Lg。山羊乳α-La在天然状态下呈紧密球形结构,其作为金属结合蛋白,每个分子结合1个Ca2+[14]。山羊乳β-Lg由162个氨基酸残基构成[15],与牛的乳蛋白序列同源性较高[16],但二者氨基酸序列中氨基酸的特定位点存在差异[17],这种序列差异导致二者所带正负电荷基团的数量不同。在pH 5~9内,山羊乳β-Lg较牛乳同源蛋白净电荷减少3个负电荷单位,同时增加1个正电荷残基[18],这一电荷特性差异可解释其在碱性凝胶电泳中迁移速率相对较慢的试验现象[19]。关于山羊乳β-Lg的遗传多态性,多数研究表明其仅存在单一变体形式[20],等电聚焦分析结果也支持这一结论[21]。然而Pena等[22]在DNA水平的研究发现,西班牙和法国萨能(Saanen)山羊群体中存在2种β-Lg变异体,这表明其遗传多态性可能存在地域性分布特征。

1.2 绵羊乳

绵羊乳乳清蛋白占总蛋白的17%~22%,主要包括α-La和β-Lg两大功能蛋白。α-La目前已鉴定出α-La A和α-La B 2种变异体,其中α-La B变异体在种群中出现频率较低[23-24]。绵羊和山羊乳α-La与奶牛α-La高度同源,通过特异性结合Ca2+维持其金属蛋白特性,这种保守的金属结合域与其在乳糖合成中的关键作用密切相关[25]。绵羊乳β-Lg与山羊乳β-Lg具有相同的氨基酸链长度,但绵羊乳β-Lg展现出丰富的遗传多样性,研究表明其存在β-Lg A、β-Lg B和β-Lg C 3种变异体[25],其中β-Lg A、β-Lg B作为基础变异体几乎存在于所有绵羊品种中,而β-Lg C则表现出显著的品种特异性,仅在部分地方性绵羊品种中被检出[26]

1.3 牦牛乳

牦牛乳乳清蛋白体系与牛乳类似,α-La与β-Lg是主要的乳清蛋白[27]。β-Lg在牛乳中有β-Lg A和β-Lg B 2种变异体,而牦牛乳中目前仅发现β-Lg E 1种变异体[28]。目前,针对牦牛乳乳清蛋白的研究多集中在于功能特性层面,其结构解析仍存在显著空白。仅有研究表明,牦牛乳α-La与β-Lg E的热稳定性表现出显著的pH依赖性,在天然pH 6.8条件下,乳清蛋白体系达到最大热稳定性阈值,而当环境pH升高时,α-La和β-Lg E的变性速率与程度均呈现pH响应性增强趋势[28-29],这一现象与山羊乳β-Lg的电荷依赖性热变性行为存在差异,可能是由于不同物种乳清蛋白虽具有同源结构,但其构效关系可能因关键氨基酸残基的取代而产生种属特异性差异。但总体来看,β-Lg在pH升高条件下的热诱导聚集行为可能与其表面游离巯基的反应性变化有关,这种特性不仅影响乳品加工过程中的蛋白质稳定性,更可能通过美拉德反应影响终产品的风味与营养品质。

1.4 水牛乳

水牛乳的β-Lg与α-La的比在1.39~1.58,显著低于牛乳[30]。水牛乳中的α-La有2种变异体,分别是α-La A和α-La B。α-La A作为稀有型最初发现于意大利水牛群体,而α-La B占据绝对优势。水牛乳中的β-Lg不存在多态性[31],且在自然状态下稳定以单体形式存在[32]。水牛乳β-Lg由162个氨基酸残基构成,与牛乳β-Lg B的一级结构具有高度同源性,仅在第1位和第162位存在氨基酸取代,牛乳β-Lg在此位置分别是是缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,而水牛乳β-Lg在此位置分别是异亮氨酸和亮氨酸[33-34]。异亮氨酸的取代增加了侧链甲基基团,会增强水牛乳β-Lg在该区域的疏水相互作用,而C端作为β-Lg与视黄醇等疏水配体的主要结合位点,由于亮氨酸的取代,当β-Lg同时与亲水性的叶酸和疏水性的视黄醇配体结合时,水牛乳β-Lg的复合物形成机制会与牛乳存在差异[33,35]

1.5 马乳

马乳α-La约占乳清蛋白的30%,由142个氨基酸残基构成[36]。目前在马乳中已鉴定出α-La A、α-La B、α-La C 3种变异体[37]。β-Lg在马乳中以2种不同的形式存在,分别为β-Lg Ⅰ和β-Lg Ⅱ。二者虽分子质量相近,但电泳迁移率差异显著,可能由于其表面电荷分布或空间构象存在本质区别。β-Lg Ⅰ由162个氨基酸组成,与牛乳β-Lg A仅有72个氨基酸位点一致,其中13个位点差异源于两点突变事件[38]。牛乳β-Lg的关键功能位点第121位游离巯基在马乳β-Lg Ⅰ中被酪氨酸取代,这一突变可能通过破坏二硫键网络影响其氧化还原敏感性[39]。β-Lg Ⅱ含166个氨基酸残基,较β-Lg Ⅰ多出的4个氨基酸形成额外环状结构,且二者在48个位点存在氨基酸差异[40],插入环可能通过新增的谷氨酸残基改变等电点,进而使其电泳迁移率表现出差异。

1.6 驴乳

相较于牛乳,驴乳中的乳清蛋白占比较大,该比例与人乳更接近[41]。驴乳中的α-La在整个哺乳期维持高表达水平,分子结构同样为典型的钙结合金属蛋白,在内质网中完成折叠后形成稳定的球状构象[42]。驴乳α-La目前仅发现1种变异体,由123个氨基酸残基构成,与马乳α-La A型高度相似,仅在第45位和第78位存在取代[43]。驴乳β-Lg呈现复杂的多态性特征,其表达模式与马乳存在同源性,但变异体多样性更为显著[44]。β-Lg Ⅰ由162个氨基酸构成,进一步分化为A、B 2种亚型,其分子质量与牛乳β-Lg相近,但序列同源性仅58%[44]。β-Lg Ⅱ含163个氨基酸残基,较β-Lg Ⅰ多出1个残基形成独特的结构域扩展,并分化出A、B、C、D 4种亚型[45]

1.7 骆驼乳

骆驼乳乳清蛋白体系展现出独特的进化特征,其α-La占比高达84%,这一比例显著高于其他畜乳,甚至超越人乳。骆驼乳α-La由123个氨基酸残基构成,虽与牛乳α-La长度一致,但存在39个氨基酸位点差异[46]。结构生物学研究揭示,骆驼乳α-La的钙结合域通过第82位天冬氨酸的保守性取代,使其Ca2+结合常数较牛乳α-La提升2个数量级,在Ca2+耗竭状态下,骆驼α-La的疏水核心暴露程度较牛乳高40%[47],这种构象灵活性可能与其在极端脱水环境下维持乳浊液稳定性相关。与其他畜乳不同,骆驼乳与人乳共同呈现β-Lg天然缺失[48],这一趋同进化现象可能与二者消化系统的单胃特性相关,再加上κ-酪蛋白含量不足,导致骆驼乳在温度高于140 ℃时热稳定性较差[49]。综上所述,表1总结了不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的变异体情况。
表1 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的变异体情况

Table 1 Variant situation of α-La and β-Lg in different livestock milks

项目
Items
α-La β-Lg 参考文献
References
种类
Type
分子质量
Molecular
weight/ku
等电点
Isoelectric
point
种类
Type
分子质量
Molecular
weight/ku
等电点
Isoelectric
point

牛乳Bovine milk

α-La

14.2

4.2~4.5
β-Lg A 18.363 5.1~5.3
[8]
β-Lg B 18.276 5.2~5.4
山羊乳Goat milk α-La 14.2 5.4 β-Lg 18.8 5.9 [21-22]


绵羊乳Sheep milk
α-La A 14.5 5.1~5.3 β-Lg A 18.4~18.5 5.7

[21,24-25]

α-La B(少见)
β-Lg B 18.4~18.4 5.9
β-Lg C(少见)
牦牛乳Yak milk α-La 14.2~14.4 4.8~5.1 β-Lg E 18.3~18.5 5.2~5.4 [31]

水牛乳Buffalo milk
α-La A(少见) 14.2
β-Lg

18.3

5.3

[6,31,33]
α-La B 14.2 4.8~5.1


马乳Horse milk
α-La A 14.2~14.4 4.95

β-Lg Ⅰ


18.5


4.85


[41-42]
α-La B 14.2~14.4 4.95
α-La C 14.5~14.8 5.11 β-Lg Ⅱ 18.2 4.71



驴乳Donkey milk



α-La



14.2



4.9~5.1
β-Lg Ⅰ
(A/B)
18.5(B) 5.0~5.2


[48]
β-Lg Ⅱ
(A/B/C/D)
18.2
(B和C)
5.1~5.3
骆驼乳Camel milk α-La 14.43 4.87 [49]

α-La:α-乳白蛋白 α-lactalbumin;β-Lg:β-乳球蛋白 β-lactoglobulin。表3同 the same as Table 3

2 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg含量

畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的含量受较多因素影响,如泌乳期、地区、品种等。不同泌乳期山羊乳中的蛋白质含量会有所不同,α-La和β-Lg含量会随泌乳期的延长而增加[50]。在产后不同时期挤奶,蛋白质含量也会有所变化。山羊初乳β-Lg含量高达30.7 g/L,α-La含量也较高,达到2.77 g/L,而在随后的挤奶时期β-Lg含量急剧下降,α-La含量也会缓慢下降[51]。泌乳期和品种会影响驴乳的蛋白质成分[42]。Guo等[52]研究表明,从驴乳泌乳期15~150 d,α-La和β-Lg含量占总蛋白的比例逐渐下降。姚怀兵等[53]研究表明,骆驼初乳中α-La含量为6.76 g/L,显著高于常乳期的2.79 g/L。泌乳第1天驼乳中α-La含量最高,为10.97 g/L,随着泌乳天数的增加,α-La含量整体呈现下降趋势。牦牛乳中α-La和β-Lg含量受地区品种影响较大。四川麦洼牦牛乳α-La含量较低,为0.3 g/L[54],青海牦牛乳α-La含量可达2.02 g/L[55],但青海牦牛乳β-Lg含量较低,为1.44 g/L[55],而四川牦牛乳β-Lg含量可达6.7 g/L[56]。不同研究中马乳α-La含量也存在明显差异。在Summer等[57]的研究中,α-La含量为1.6 g/L;而在另一项试验中,α-La含量为2.2 g/L[58]。此外,在同一研究中分析的不同马乳之间,α-La含量也存在很大差异。基于波兰冷血马品种的研究表明,从不同种马身上采集的马乳样本之间的α-La含量差异可能超过2 g/L[58]。不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg含量见表2
表2 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg含量

Table 2 Contents of α-La and β-Lg in different livestock milks g/L

项目Items α-乳白蛋白α-La β-乳球蛋白β-Lg 参考文献References
山羊乳Goat milk 0.67~2.30 1.5~5.0 [59-63]
绵羊乳Sheep milk 1.0~1.9 6.5~13.5 [61-63]
牦牛乳Yak milk 0.20~2.02 1.44~10.10 [61-63]
水牛乳Buffalo milk 1.2~1.4 3.2~3.9 [61-62]
马乳Horse milk 1.6~2.7 2.55~3.4 [61-62,64]
驴乳Donkey milk 1.8~2.4 1.3~5.5 [44,62,65]
骆驼乳Camel milk 0.8~3.5 - [61-62]

3 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的功能

3.1 山羊乳

山羊乳α-La和β-Lg作为抗菌肽前体物质,在先天免疫调控中发挥重要作用。研究证实,山羊乳清蛋白经酶解可释放多种功能性短肽。Sansi等[66]通过蛋白酶解技术从山羊乳蛋白中鉴定出83种抗菌肽,其中9种源自α-La,16种源自β-Lg。Almaas等[67]采用人胃肠道消化模型,发现α-La与β-Lg水解产物对大肠杆菌HMGINF01具有显著抑制作用。碱性蛋白酶特异性水解β-Lg生成的肽段,不仅可抑制大肠杆菌生长,对蜡样芽孢杆菌HPB28也表现出剂量依赖性抑菌活性[68]。在消化过程中,α-La与β-Lg经蛋白水解酶作用产生的活性肽可发挥双重功能,既可以直接作为免疫调节剂,也可以通过Toll样受体(TLR)信号通路激活免疫应答,释放特异性抗肿瘤肽段,通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及抑制血管生成实现抗癌效应[69]

3.2 绵羊乳

绵羊乳β-Lg是抗氧化肽及血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽的重要来源。研究显示,β-Lg与α-La的酶解产物对大肠杆菌HB101、大肠杆菌Cip812、枯草杆菌Cip5265和金黄色葡萄球菌9973具有抑制作用,但其抗菌活性成分尚未完全分离与表征[70-75]。β-Lg经溴化酶水解可产生86种特异性肽段,其水解物具有体外二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ(dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ,DPP-Ⅳ)抑制活性,这为开发治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂提供了潜在资源[71]

3.3 牦牛乳

牦牛乳活性成分研究多聚焦于酪蛋白衍生肽,其展现出抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎及降压等多重生物活性及其治疗作用[76]。乳清蛋白领域研究发现,水解肽T10通过调控B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)/B细胞淋巴瘤相关X蛋白(B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein,Bax)凋亡基因比例及激活核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路,显著提升细胞存活率并抑制氧化损伤[77]。然而,针对乳清蛋白核心组分α-La与β-Lg的生物活性及其作用机制研究仍属空白。

3.4 水牛乳

水牛乳α-La含量较高,可以提高乳中钙含量,并且具有抗癌功能,所以高α-La含量有利于提高水牛乳的营养价值[30]。由于水牛乳和牛乳中α-La和β-Lg的结构非常相似,牛乳中α-La和β-Lg是具有多种功能的生物活性肽的来源,因此,推测水牛乳中α-La和β-Lg也可能是类似于牛乳中α-La和β-Lg的生物活性肽的潜在来源。从水牛初乳乳清蛋白酶解多肽中分离和鉴定抗菌肽,质谱分析得到4种具有广谱抑菌能力的候选抗菌肽,其中1种来自于α-La,3种来自于β-Lg[78]

3.5 马乳

马乳中酪蛋白含量较低,具有低致敏性,主要的活性物质来源于乳清蛋白中的溶菌酶和乳铁蛋白。马乳中α-La的一级结构与牛乳仅有少数氨基酸位点存在差异,二者具有相似的蛋白质特性[38],但其特定生物学功能尚未得到充分阐释。而马乳β-Lg有几种生物学作用,如维生素摄取的促进剂和酶活性的抑制剂、修饰剂或促进剂,更为重要的功能是参与脂肪酸代谢过程。在消化过程中,乳脂经脂肪酶水解产生的大量游离脂肪酸可取代β-Lg结合的视黄醇,但马乳β-Lg因其独特的结构特征无法与脂肪酸及视黄醇结合[79],导致其具体生物学功能仍缺乏明确证据支持。牛乳β-Lg因其耐消化性易引发过敏反应,而马乳β-Lg的消化特性及其与低致敏性的关联机制尚未明确,因此有必要对其进行研究,特别是考虑到马乳作为低过敏性乳制品的潜在用途。

3.6 驴乳

研究发现,驴乳中乳清蛋白占乳蛋白总量的35%~50%,其中分子质量大于10 ku的乳清蛋白可以有效抑制A549肺癌细胞的生长,一方面诱导细胞凋亡,另一方面刺激脾细胞的增殖,通过免疫调节抑制A549脑癌细胞的生长[80]。乳清蛋白中α-La和β-Lg等活性物质具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病等作用,且其抗炎镇痛的作用优于牛乳中乳清蛋白。驴乳α-La可通过增强靶器官胰岛素敏感性实现显著降糖效应[81]。也有研究表明,95%驴乳α-La在经胃蛋白酶和十二指肠酶作用后仍能保持结构完整性,进而以活性形式抵达肠道,通过刺激黏膜免疫系统发挥免疫调节功能[82]。而β-Lg在胃液与十二指肠液中易被高度降解,但其消化产物作为保护性基质与营养成分特异性结合,又能释放具有生物活性的多肽片段[83]。该特性与牛乳β-Lg的抗消化特性形成鲜明对比,进一步揭示了驴乳在功能表达机制上的独特性。

3.7 骆驼乳

骆驼乳α-La因其独特的结构和生物活性备受关注。有研究表明,在Ca2+耗竭状态下,1 g/L的骆驼乳α-La对铜绿假单胞菌、青霉菌及曲霉菌表现出广谱抑菌活性[84]。骆驼乳α-La与油酸形成的复合物通过诱导细胞凋亡与周期阻滞抑制癌细胞增殖,对结直肠癌、前列腺癌等4类癌细胞系的酪氨酸激酶活性抑制率达70%以上,且对正常细胞无毒性[85-86]。该复合物的抗癌效能较人乳、牛乳同源复合物提升2~3倍。骆驼乳α-La更易被肠道酶系水解,尤其在婴幼儿低胃酸环境下有利于营养吸收[87]。尽管缺乏β-Lg衍生肽,但骆驼乳α-La富含自由基清除性氨基酸残基,如色氨酸、酪氨酸等,其α-La水解物的抗氧化活性仍优于牛乳,但相关作用机制研究尚存空白[88-89]

4 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的检测方法

4.1 液相色谱法

液相色谱法作为重要的蛋白质分离分析技术,在乳蛋白多态性检测、组分分离及定量分析领域展现出显著优势。该技术主要依据乳蛋白的分子质量、极性、电荷及疏水性等理化特性进行分离。在乳蛋白多态性研究方面,刘亚楠等[90]通过液相色谱法解析了水牛乳中乳清蛋白的遗传多态性特征,结果表明,α-La和β-Lg仅存在B型等位基因,基因型表现为BB型。同时,液相色谱法也可以进行乳蛋白单个组分的分离检测,利用蛋白质疏水性的差异进行分离。张琪玮等[91]利用此原理构建了甘南牦牛乳特征性指纹图谱,实现了α-La和β-Lg等主要乳清蛋白的高效分离,其色谱峰面积与保留时间的相对标准偏差均小于5%,显示出良好的方法重复性。
针对乳蛋白定量检测,目前普遍采用外标法进行定量分析。通过建立标准品浓度-峰面积标准曲线,结合保留时间定性可实现目标乳蛋白的准确定量。目前存在的问题是缺乏牛乳以外畜乳来源的α-La和β-Lg标准品,现有研究多采用牛源标准品或特征性肽段作为替代。李敏婧等[92]在此背景下对马乳及骆驼乳研究发现,不同物种来源的α-La和β-Lg在C4色谱柱上的保留时间存在显著差异,马乳中乳清蛋白的保留时间偏移经质谱验证确认为种属差异所致,而骆驼乳α-La因结构特异性在色谱保留特性方面表现出明显异于牛乳和马乳的特征。该研究通过色谱-质谱联用技术有效解决了标准品缺失带来的定性难题,为跨物种乳蛋白分析提供了方法学参考。不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的定量方法见表3
表3 不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的定量方法

Table 3 Quantitative methods of α-La and β-Lg in different livestock milks

项目
Items
检测方法
Detection methods
α-La含量
α-La content
β-Lg含量
β-Lg content
不足
Shortcomings
参考文献
References
山羊乳
Goat milk
反相高效液相色谱
RP-HPLC
1.28 g/L 0.14 g/L(β-Lg A)、
3.69 g/L(β-Lg B)
使用牛源的标准品进行
定性及定量
[93]
液相色谱-质谱联用
LC-MS
0.113~0.213 g/
100 g
0.110~
0.174 g/100 g
使用牛α-La和β-Lg
特异肽段定量
[55]
水牛乳
Buffalo milk
反相高效液相色谱
RP-HPLC
7.96 g/L 0.13 g/L(β-Lg A)、
3.88 g/L(β-Lg B)
使用牛源的标准品
进行定性及定量
[94]
液相色谱LC 4.3 g/L 5.42 g/L 平均值 [93]
牦牛乳
Yak milk
反相高效液相色谱
RP-HPLC
1.47 g/L 0.12 g/L(β-Lg A)、
9.46 g/L(β-Lg B)
使用牛源的标准品进行
定性及定量
[93]
高效液相色谱
HPLC
0.88 mg/mL 7.10 mg/mL 使用牛源的标准品进行
定性及定量
[27]
液相色谱-质谱联用
LC-MS
0.118~0.207 g/
100 g
0.150~0.178 g/
100 g
使用牛α-La和β-Lg
特异肽段定量
[55]
液相色谱-质谱联用
LC-MS
0.8~1.7 g/L 4.6~7.4 g/L 使用牛α-La和β-Lg
特异肽段定量
[95]
骆驼乳
Camel milk
毛细管电泳CE 2.02 g/L 用牛乳蛋白标准品定量 [96]

4.2 毛细管电泳法

毛细管电泳法凭借其高分辨率与灵敏度的特性,在乳清蛋白变异体分离及乳制品真实性鉴定领域展现出独特优势。毛细管等电聚焦法通过蛋白质等电点差异实现分离,最初用来检测乳制品中掺假问题,可区分绵羊乳制品中是否添加牛乳[97]。后来研究人员通过等电聚焦毛细管电泳来分离了绵羊乳中的β-Lg A、β-Lg B、β-Lg C 3种变体[98]。另一项研究表明,在等电聚焦下绵羊乳和山羊乳中的α-La表现为单一变体,山羊乳中的β-Lg亦是如此,但来自绵羊乳的β-Lg呈现双峰特征[21]
毛细管区带电泳技术通过分子电荷与质量比差异实现分离,常用来鉴定乳制品的真实性,如牛乳β-Lg A和β-Lg B、α-La的电泳迁移行为显著区别于绵羊乳,这种差异源自氨基酸序列差异[99],而水牛乳β-Lg因与牛乳β-Lg B仅相差2个氨基酸残基,其迁移时间与牛源β-Lg B高度重叠,但与牛源β-Lg A形成显著差异[100],该特性已被用于不同畜乳掺假检测。在变异体分离方面,任亮等[101]通过优化电泳条件,实现了牦牛乳β-Lg的基线分离。Clément等[102]建立绵羊乳中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的分离方法,其中α-La在17.5 min时呈现单一峰,β-Lg在18~19 min时呈现2个峰。Omar等[96]利用毛细管电泳法进行了定量分析,通过与牛乳蛋白标准品的迁移时间对比,鉴定了骆驼乳的α-La,并测得其含量为2.02 g/L。

4.3 快速检测法

快速检测方法作为解析乳蛋白遗传多态性的重要技术手段,在畜乳品种鉴定和基因功能研究中发挥着关键作用。其中,α-La和β-Lg作为乳清蛋白的主要成分,其遗传多态性分析已成为乳品科学研究的重要方向。在技术发展进程中,聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)及其衍生技术的创新应用显著推动了该领域的研究进展。针对绵羊乳β-Lg基因多态性研究,Schlee等[103]率先建立了PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)法,实现了绵羊乳中β-Lg Aβ-Lg B等位基因的特异性鉴别,为后续相关研究提供了方法学基础。Georgescu等[104]在此基础上进一步扩展研究对象,对3个特色绵羊品种的β-Lg基因进行系统分析,验证了该方法的可靠性,揭示了不同品种间基因型分布的显著差异。Abubakar等[105]通过此方法首次解析了尼日利亚土著绵羊品种β-Lg基因位点的多态性。Djokic等[106]使用PCR-RFLP法来检测基因多态性,揭示了β-Lg基因的遗传变异与Jezeropivska绵羊品种产奶性状之间的关系。Jain等[107]利用PCR-单链构象多态性法通过DNA单链构象差异实现了印度高产奶山羊的β-Lg基因分型。
综上所述,液相色谱法虽具备α-La和β-Lg变异体分离优势,但受限于不同畜乳标准品缺失,制约了其他畜乳α-La和β-Lg的准确定量;毛细管电泳法凭借高分辨率在变异体鉴别和掺假检测中表现突出,但其定量准确性仍需继续研究;快速检测法虽能高效解析遗传多态性,却难以反映蛋白质表达水平。未来需开发其他乳源的标准品、建立多技术联用平台,并整合蛋白质组学与基因组学数据以实现精准检测与功能关联分析。

5 小结

7种畜乳来源的α-La和β-Lg在空间结构、功能特性及表达水平上均存在显著种属差异。当前研究多聚焦于其理化性质与基础功能表征,但对二者调控乳源生物活性(如免疫调节、抗菌功能等)的分子机制及信号通路解析显然不足。目前的研究主要集中在测定其基本指标表示功能,对更加深入挖掘此功能的机制通路研究甚少。除此之外,不同畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的结构特性与其潜在功能密切相关,通过结构与功能组学技术开展系统性联合分析十分必要。此外,受物种间氨基酸序列变异、环境因素及检测方法差异的影响,7种畜乳中α-La和β-Lg的定量数据可比性较差,主要是由于非牛乳源标准品的缺失导致现有检测方法普遍依赖牛源标准品,可能存在种属交叉干扰。因此,应积极探索不同乳源标准品的研制及基于质谱技术的特异性定量方法,为不同畜乳中活性蛋白精准定量提供基础,让不同畜乳中的活性蛋白发挥其更大的应用价值。
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