1 材料与方法
1.1 试验饲料
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 饲料Diets | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 30.00 | 24.00 | 18.00 | 12.00 | 6.00 | ||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | |||||||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | |||||||
| 棉籽浓缩蛋白Cottonseed protein concentrate | 6.00 | 12.00 | 18.00 | 24.00 | 30.00 | ||||||||
| 面粉Wheat flour | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | 23.00 | |||||||
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | |||||||
| 鱼油Fish oil | 1.00 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 3.50 | |||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | |||||||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||||||
| 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose | 2.50 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 37.25 | 37.33 | 37.35 | 37.45 | 37.32 | 37.44 | |||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.34 | 5.33 | 5.45 | 5.42 | 5.40 | 5.37 | |||||||
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 280 000 IU,VB1 131 mg,VB2 130 mg,VB6 131 mg,VC 1 900 mg,VE 1 400 mg,VK3 70 mg,VD3 50 000 IU,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 400 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 5 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 200 mg,肌醇 inositol 27 000 mg,生物素 biotin 30 mg,NaCl 50 000 mg,MnSO4·H2O 3 000 mg,FeSO4·7H2O 9 000 mg,ZnSO4·7H2O 5 500 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 1 200 mg,MgSO4·4H2O 10 000 mg,NaSeO3 20 mg,KI 150 mg,Ca(H2PO4)2 300 000 mg。 2)实测值 Measured values。 |
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理
1.3 样本采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能和形体指标
1.4.2 饲料营养成分、全鱼体成分和肌肉质构特性
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 肝脏、胃、前肠消化酶活性及肝脏和血清抗氧化指标
1.4.5 肝脏和前肠组织形态结构
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和形体指标的影响
表2 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和形体指标的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on growth performance and body indices of Ictalurus punctatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||||||||||||||
| 初始体质量 IBW/g | 134.95 ±1.24 | 133.42 ±1.15 | 133.54 ±4.15 | 138.54 ±4.04 | 135.21 ±6.05 | 136.24 ±5.22 | 0.667 | ||||||||||||||
| 终末体质量 FBW/g | 424.06 ±7.80a | 430.59 ±22.40a | 432.96 ±19.31a | 416.80 ±21.11ab | 385.89 ±19.36b | 347.16 ±15.91c | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 增重率 WGR/% | 214.27 ±7.93ab | 222.66 ±14.01a | 224.71 ±24.04a | 207.8 ±12.27ab | 193.18 ±16.46b | 160.82 ±11.92c | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||
| 成活率 SR/% | 100.00 ±0.00 | 100.00 ±0.00 | 100.00 ±0.00 | 98.33 ±1.67 | 98.33 ±1.67 | 98.33 ±1.67 | 0.701 | ||||||||||||||
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 1.26 ±0.02 | 1.34 ±0.01 | 1.28 ±0.18 | 1.20 ±0.13 | 1.23 ±0.13 | 1.13 ±0.01 | 0.285 | ||||||||||||||
| 饲料系数 FCR | 1.23 ±0.03c | 1.17 ±0.07c | 1.24 ±0.09c | 1.22 ±0.06c | 1.40 ±0.09b | 1.63 ±0.10a | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 摄食率 FR/(%/d) | 1.42 ±0.02cd | 1.37 ±0.04d | 1.45 ±0.03c | 1.38 ±0.03d | 1.52 ±0.04b | 1.62 ±0.04a | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 蛋白质效率 PER/% | 2.00 ±0.06b | 2.29 ±0.17a | 2.15 ±0.12ab | 2.29 ±0.11a | 1.92 ±0.17b | 1.69 ±0.07c | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 肝体比 HSI/% | 1.74 ±0.26 | 1.81 ±0.17 | 1.66 ±0.20 | 1.50 ±0.07 | 1.63 ±0.01 | 1.56 ±0.03 | 0.220 | ||||||||||||||
| 脏体比 VSI/% | 8.84 ±0.51 | 9.07 ±0.23 | 9.23 ±0.43 | 8.92 ±0.28 | 9.41 ±0.30 | 9.38 ±0.56 | 0.450 | ||||||||||||||
| 肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) | 1.61 ±0.09b | 1.60 ±0.02b | 1.67 ±0.04b | 1.63 ±0.06b | 1.68 ±0.04b | 1.82 ±0.02a | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰鱼体成分和肌肉质构特性的影响
表3 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰鱼体成分和肌肉质构特性的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on body composition and muscle texture characteristics of Ictalurus punctatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||
| 体成分Body composition/% | |||||||
| 水分Moisture | 68.31±2.23 | 68.60±0.05 | 70.00±1.92 | 68.44±2.40 | 67.74±1.62 | 67.72±1.91 | 0.706 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.68±0.40 | 13.79±0.20 | 13.31±0.88 | 14.06±0.96 | 14.64±0.34 | 14.34±0.67 | 0.217 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.41±0.05 | 4.50±0.00 | 4.52±0.23 | 4.28±0.15 | 4.48±0.54 | 4.43±0.12 | 0.962 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 3.10±0.00ab | 3.00±0.00b | 3.33±0.00a | 3.00±0.00b | 2.90±0.00b | 2.80±0.00b | 0.043 |
| 肌肉质构特性Muscle texture characteristics | |||||||
| 弹性Springiness | 0.51±0.14b | 0.60±0.06a | 0.60±0.07a | 0.61±0.06a | 0.61±0.07a | 0.64±0.10a | 0.003 |
| 咀嚼性Chewiness/gf | 9.64±4.64b | 13.79±4.33a | 11.34±3.43ab | 12.55±3.66a | 11.77±2.78ab | 12.21±3.61ab | 0.032 |
| 胶着性Gumminess/gf | 17.78±5.54b | 22.66±4.93a | 18.57±4.09b | 20.24±4.36ab | 19.25±3.26b | 18.74±2.97b | 0.026 |
| 回复性Resilience | 0.69±0.16a | 0.58±0.08b | 0.60±0.00b | 0.64±0.09ab | 0.65±0.08ab | 0.65±0.06ab | 0.040 |
2.3 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰血清生化指标的影响
表4 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on serum biochemical indices of Ictalurus punctatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||||||
| 总胆红素 T-Bil-V/(μmol/L) | 0.49 ±0.19a | 0.51 ±0.27a | 0.47 ±0.19ab | 0.31 ±0.12b | 0.16 ±0.10bc | 0.08 ±0.06c | <0.001 | ||||||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 6.96 ±0.73 | 6.86 ±1.16 | 7.74 ±1.24 | 6.18 ±1.75 | 5.70 ±1.23 | 7.29 ±1.83 | 0.055 | ||||||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 67.49 ±38.06 | 60.05 ±10.63 | 68.06 ±15.44 | 61.83 ±17.44 | 62.03 ±10.52 | 84.26 ±29.81 | 0.308 | ||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 56.70 ±6.07 | 56.60 ±9.30 | 62.26 ±8.89 | 61.51 ±8.33 | 56.74 ±12.97 | 71.53 ±15.79 | 0.060 | ||||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 38.76 ±3.31 | 41.37 ±3.32 | 39.95 ±4.47 | 41.92 ±2.82 | 38.91 ±3.24 | 40.76 ±5.92 | 0.457 | ||||||
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 7.81 ±0.66b | 8.76 ±0.75b | 8.78 ±1.21b | 10.03 ±1.01a | 9.38 ±1.10ab | 9.76 ±1.69ab | 0.002 | ||||||
| 球蛋白 GLO/(g/L) | 30.95 ±3.24 | 32.61 ±3.07 | 31.18 ±3.92 | 31.89 ±2.31 | 29.54 ±2.62 | 31.00 ±4.36 | 0.296 | ||||||
| α-淀粉酶 α-AMY/(U/L) | 144.88 ±64.69 | 132.75 ±58.01 | 145.79 ±65.05 | 186.59 ±56.56 | 156.25 ±55.14 | 156.00 ±63.00 | 0.526 | ||||||
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 9.41 ±2.56 | 8.06 ±2.69 | 7.77 ±3.87 | 6.54 ±1.19 | 7.33 ±1.69 | 9.56 ±2.77 | 0.158 | ||||||
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.34 ±0.52 | 1.12 ±0.30 | 1.09 ±0.37 | 1.03 ±0.21 | 1.09 ±0.12 | 1.31 ±0.47 | 0.369 | ||||||
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 2.33 ±0.44 | 2.39 ±0.25 | 2.54 ±0.86 | 2.30 ±0.32 | 2.03 ±0.39 | 2.09 ±0.31 | 0.272 | ||||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 5.65 ±1.69 | 5.17 ±1.09 | 4.82 ±1.17 | 4.71 ±0.69 | 4.47 ±0.41 | 5.12 ±1.34 | 0.372 | ||||||
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L) | 101.27 ±69.47a | 67.63 ±52.02ab | 77.51 ±45.22ab | 46.77 ±15.29b | 44.19 ±33.77b | 66.63 ±44.70b | 0.047 | ||||||
2.4 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏、胃和前肠消化酶活性的影响
表5 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏、胃和前肠消化酶活性的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on digestive enzyme activities in liver, stomach and foregut of Ictalurus punctatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 肝脏Liver | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 482.27 ±35.84b | 550.97 ±24.11b | 652.30 ±15.07ab | 697.82 ±88.48a | 696.06 ±75.93a | 667.20 ±64.99a | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||||
| 蛋白酶 Pro/(U/mg prot) | 297.03 ±50.28b | 248.12 ±7.92b | 385.64 ±30.01a | 415.50 ±1.33a | 397.29 ±24.37a | 341.59 ±101.97ab | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||||
| α-淀粉酶 α-AMY/(U/g prot) | 235.73 ±28.78d | 360.41 ±18.11b | 427.27 ±5.21a | 362.31 ±55.42b | 290.69 ±12.50c | 329.53 ±12.26bc | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| 胃Stomach | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 555.41 ±60.01c | 762.84 ±47.05a | 586.78 ±46.57bc | 706.19 ±28.94ab | 582.43 ±52.44bc | 652.30 ±39.47b | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| 蛋白酶 Pro/(U/mg prot) | 188.26 ±17.89c | 329.85 ±32.48b | 446.20 ±15.76a | 420.31 ±26.40a | 291.16 ±22.77b | 246.20 ±25.90a | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| α-淀粉酶 α-AMY/(U/g prot) | 192.67 ±40.07d | 244.01 ±7.92c | 157.53 ±24.89d | 410.42 ±11.27a | 312.54 ±6.44b | 270.50 ±22.35c | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| 前肠Foregut | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 351.32 ±18.58c | 791.29 ±17.27a | 781.66 ±34.32a | 622.18 ±27.54b | 606.80 ±37.65b | 525.53 ±20.37b | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| 蛋白酶 Pro/(U/mg prot) | 185.81 ±24.35e | 233.01 ±4.19de | 430.39 ±35.13b | 484.52 ±31.13a | 341.87 ±29.40c | 260.70 ±26.46d | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| α-淀粉酶 α-AMY/(U/g prot) | 175.26 ±18.58c | 412.18 ±17.27a | 408.15 ±34.32a | 387.08 ±27.54a | 326.30 ±62.37a | 241.89 ±20.37b | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
2.5 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏和血清抗氧化指标的影响
表6 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏和血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on antioxidant indices in liver and serum of Ictalurus punctatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | |||||||||
| 肝脏Liver | ||||||||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 3.05 ±0.91 | 2.86 ±0.51 | 2.27 ±0.02 | 2.15 ±0.29 | 2.56 ±0.32 | 3.13 ±0.31 | 0.125 | |||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mg prot) | 1.85 ±0.08 | 1.90 ±0.63 | 1.70 ±0.58 | 2.10 ±0.32 | 2.02 ±0.40 | 1.29 ±0.32 | 0.304 | |||||||
| 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(mol/mg prot) | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.04 ±0.02 | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.05 ±0.02 | 0.03 ±0.01 | 0.713 | |||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 41.25 ±3.02 | 39.26 ±0.93 | 44.94 ±1.85 | 34.76 ±1.68 | 32.20 ±8.19 | 37.38 ±10.26 | 0.152 | |||||||
| 血清Serum | ||||||||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/L) | 15.53 ±5.55 | 20.47 ±1.06 | 18.69 ±2.53 | 16.91 ±2.36 | 18.89 ±0.93 | 19.94 ±3.69 | 0.422 | |||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/L) | 9.50 ±3.48 | 10.52 ±1.74 | 7.32 ±0.56 | 15.19 ±0.36 | 11.89 ±2.27 | 10.09 ±5.03 | 0.072 | |||||||
| 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(mol/L) | 0.25 ±0.07 | 0.27 ±0.12 | 0.28 ±0.10 | 0.25 ±0.10 | 0.30 ±0.05 | 0.25 ±0.06 | 0.961 | |||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/L) | 266.65 ±12.96 | 227.14 ±41.80 | 200.80 ±36.78 | 222.52 ±52.93 | 201.41 ±45.46 | 248.47 ±38.14 | 0.337 | |||||||
2.6 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏形态结构的影响
2.7 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰前肠形态结构的影响
表7 饲料中添加棉籽浓缩蛋白对斑点叉尾鮰前肠形态结构的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary cottonseed protein concentrate on foregut morphology of Ictalurus punctatus mm |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||
| 绒毛高度Villus height | 2.29±0.39 | 2.24±0.72 | 2.02±0.68 | 2.18±0.47 | 2.48±0.31 | 2.32±0.37 | 0.612 |
| 绒毛宽度Villus width | 0.38±0.09 | 0.39±0.05 | 0.38±0.13 | 0.42±0.07 | 0.43±0.10 | 0.41±0.08 | 0.842 |
| 肌层厚度 Muscle layer thickness | 0.45±0.07 | 0.41±0.07 | 0.51±0.21 | 0.35±0.07 | 0.34±0.07 | 0.35±0.19 | 0.102 |
