Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 1036 - 1047

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.083

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Pueraria lobata Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Blood-Related Indexes of White-Feathered Broilers

  • ZENG Zhi , 1 ,
  • WANG Jundong 1, * ,
  • ZHENG Weijian 1 ,
  • LUO Yuxin 1 ,
  • BAIMA Yangzhen 2 ,
  • CIREN Yangji 2 ,
  • CIJI Ciren 2 ,
  • SUONAN Jizong 2 ,
  • HUANG Dongzhang , 3, ** ,
  • SHEN Liuhong , 1, **
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  • 1 Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Ali Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, Ali 859000, China
  • 3 Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
** HUANG Dongzhang, associate professor, E-mail: ;
SHEN Liuhong, professor, E-mail:

* Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-07-23

  Online published: 2026-02-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Pueraria lobata polysaccharide (PLP) supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and blood-related indexes of white-feathered broilers. A total of 336 healthy one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with an initial body weight of (42.31±0.94) g were randomly assigned to four groups with six replicates per group and 14 birds per replicate (half males and half females). The control group was fed a basal diet and designated as group C, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with PLP at levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, which were designated as groups PS, PM and PL, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with group C, the body weights of broilers in groups PM and PL were significantly increased at 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.05), the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 1 to 42 days of age were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), among which the effect of adding 200 mg/kg PLP was the best at 42 days of age. 2) There were no significant differences in plasma biochemical indices among all groups (P>0.05). 3) Compared with group C, the dressing percentage of broilers in group PM was significantly increased by 4.29% (P<0.05), showing the best effect; there were no significant differences in other slaughter performance indices among all groups (P>0.05). 4) Compared with group C, the serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of broilers in the experimental groups were significantly increased at 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.05), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05); however, only the serum contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of broilers in group PM at 21 days of age were significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with group C, the serum contents of growth hormone (GH) and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) in broilers of groups PM and PL were significantly increased at 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.05). 6) Compared with group C, the redness (a*) value and pH24 h of breast muscle and thigh muscle in broilers of groups PM and PL were significantly increased (P<0.05), the lightness (L*) value of breast muscle and cooking loss of thigh muscle were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the shear force of breast muscle and thigh muscle was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation of 200 to 400 mg/kg PLP can improve the growth performance of broilers, enhance serum antioxidant function, improve meat quality, and has no adverse effects on plasma biochemical indices. Among them, 200 mg/kg PLP can also improve serum immune performance and broiler dressing percentage, with good effects.

Key words： Pueraria lobata polysaccharide; broilers; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality

Cite this article

ZENG Zhi , WANG Jundong , ZHENG Weijian , LUO Yuxin , BAIMA Yangzhen , CIREN Yangji , CIJI Ciren , SUONAN Jizong , HUANG Dongzhang , SHEN Liuhong . Effects of Pueraria lobata Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Blood-Related Indexes of White-Feathered Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(2) : 1036 -1047 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.083

我国作为畜禽养殖大国,家禽养殖模式正逐步向规模化、集约化方向转型。然而,集约化养殖模式下的高密度饲养易增加疾病传播风险,因此在饲养过程中,抗生素常被添加到饲粮中,以实现预防疾病和促进生长的双重目的[1]。不容忽视的是,抗生素的滥用已引发耐药性产生及抗生素残留等系列问题,不仅降低畜禽产品品质,更对人类健康构成严重威胁[2]。随着限抗政策的逐步落地及消费者对畜禽产品品质要求的不断提高,开发可替代抗生素的绿色安全饲料添加剂,已成为畜禽养殖行业的迫切需求。葛根作为药食同源的传统中药,富含多糖、蛋白质、膳食纤维、氨基酸、矿物质等营养成分,同时含有多种生物活性物质。其味甘、辛,性凉,归脾、胃经,具有解肌退热、生津止渴、透疹、升阳止泻、通经活络、解酒毒等功效[3]。葛根多糖(Pueraria lobata polysaccharide,PLP)是其主要生物活性成分,具有抗氧化[4]、调节免疫[5]和肠道菌群[6]、抗糖尿病[7]、降血脂[8]和抗肿瘤[9]等多种作用。而PLP的生物学功能与肉鸡生长过程中的需求密切吻合,具有作为肉鸡饲料添加剂的潜力,但目前鲜见关于PLP对肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响研究报道。因此,本试验在饲粮中添加不同水平PLP,探究其对白羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及血液相关指标的影响,为PLP作为肉鸡无残留、无毒性的绿色功能性饲料添加剂的开发利用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本研究获四川农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会批准(批准号:2023303166)。

1.2 试验设计

试验选取336只1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡[(42.31±0.94) g],随机分为4个组(每组6个重复,每个重复14只,公母各占1/2):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,记为C组;试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加100、200、400 mg/kg PLP(纯度为40%),分别记为PS、PM、PL组。试验期42 d。参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮中代谢能和有效磷含量参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算,粗蛋白质、钙、氨基酸含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 18246—2019的方法测定。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42
days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 54.02 59.11
大豆油Soybean oil 3.53 4.33
豆粕Soybean meal 38.19 32.68
赖氨酸盐酸盐Lys·HCl 0.15 0.12
碳酸钙CaCO3 1.20 1.14
二水磷酸氢钙CaHPO4·2H2O 1.88 1.61
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.20 0.18
食盐NaCl 0.40 0.40
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.15 0.15
复合多维Multi-vitamin1) 0.03 0.03
矿物预混料Mineral premix2) 0.20 0.20
砻糠Rice chaff 0.01 0.01
米糠Rice bran 0.04 0.04
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.34 12.76
粗蛋白质CP 21.00 19.00
钙Ca 1.00 0.90
有效磷AP 0.45 0.40
赖氨酸Lys 1.15 1.01
蛋氨酸Met 0.50 0.46
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.83 0.76

1)复合多维为每千克饲粮提供 The multi-vitamin provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VD 3 000 IU,VE 18.75 IU,VK3 3 mg,VB5 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.05 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,生物素 biotin 0.14 mg。

2)矿物预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets: Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 119.8 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8.14 mg, Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 122.7 mg, Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 105.6 mg, I [K(IO3)2] 12.0 mg, Se (Na2SeO3) 15.9 mg。

3)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其他指标为测定值。ME and AP were calculated values, while other indicators were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验于2024年8月—10月在四川农业大学动物医学院实验动物房进行,为期42 d。进雏前1周,将实验动物房及设备严格消毒,试验肉鸡采用网上平养,自由采食与饮水,排风扇通风,每日08:00和18:00定时饲喂,记录并控制温湿度。入雏后3 d保持24 h光照,而后每周减少2 h光照,直至光照到达18~20 h。随日龄增加逐渐降低环境温度,第1周温度设置为35~33 ℃,每周下降2~3 ℃,直到温度达到20~22 ℃,鸡舍相对湿度控制在50%~70 %。参照《肉仔鸡饲养管理手册》进行免疫程序接种。

1.4 样品采集

试验期间,记录每日各组饲粮添加量与前1天剩余量以及肉鸡只数,并每7 d对鸡群分批称重,称重前禁食12 h(断料不断水),用以计算生长性能。
在21日龄时,每组取6只(即每个重复1只)称量活重,而后翅静脉采血2份:一份采血2 mL至肝素钠抗凝管中,测定血浆生化指标,另一份采血2 mL至无抗凝管中,室温静置30 min,1 500×g离心15 min用于分离血清,测定血清相关指标。
在42日龄时,同21日龄采血操作后,再颈部放血处死,按照NY/T 823—2020要求分离部分器官,称量胴体和全净膛重,再取胸肌、腿肌称重,并分装左侧胸肌、腿肌肉用于肉品质测定。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 生长性能测定

计算1~42日龄各组肉鸡的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。计算公式如下:
ADFI=(总采食量/试验鸡数)/试验天数;
ADG=(总增重/试验鸡数)/试验天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.5.2 屠宰性能测定

计算1~42日龄各组肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率。计算公式如下:
屠宰率(%)=(胴体重/活重)×100;
全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/活重)×100;
胸肌率(%)=(胸肌重/全净膛重)×100;
腿肌率(%)=(腿肌重/全净膛重)×100。

1.5.3 血浆生化指标测定

使用SMT-120VP型全自动生化分析仪(成都斯马特科技有限公司)检测21、42日龄肉鸡血浆白蛋白、总蛋白、球蛋白含量及碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性,并计算白球比。

1.5.4 血清相关指标测定

在21和42日龄时,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),按照试剂盒操作说明书,对各组肉鸡血清中的相关指标进行测定。其中免疫球蛋白类包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM);抗氧化相关指标包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC);生长激素相关指标包括生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4),上述所有指标测定所用的ELISA试剂盒均购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司。

1.5.5 肉品质指标测定

42日龄肉鸡屠宰后,统一采集各组肉鸡左侧胸肌和腿肌样品,用于肉品质指标测定,具体方法如下:
1)肉色:采用日本Minolta公司CR-410型肉色检测仪,测定胸肌、腿肌样品24 h后的亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值,每个肉样重复测定3次。
2)pH:使用德国Matthaus公司pH-STAR型胴体pH检测仪,检测胸肌、腿肌样品24 h后的pH(pH24 h),每个肉样重复测定3次。
3)蒸煮损失:取约20 g肉样装入塑料自封袋并排出袋内空气,置于水浴锅中加热至肉样中心温度达80 ℃后取出,擦干表面水分并冷却至室温,分别记录煮前重量(W1)和煮后重量(W2),计算公式如下:
蒸煮损失(%)=(W1-W2)/W1×100。
4)剪切力:完成蒸煮损失测定后,将胸肌、腿肌样品顺肌纤维方向切为3 cm×1 cm×1 cm的肉样块,采用Beidi公司C-LM3型数显肌肉嫩度仪测定剪切值,每个肉样重复测定3次。

1.6 数据分统计析

所有数据使用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用LSD多重比较检验独立样本平均值间的显著性差异,并以平均值±标准差形式表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 PLP对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,在21、42日龄,PS、PM、PL组体重均显著高于C组(P<0.05);在21日龄,PL组显著高于PS组和PM组(P<0.05);在42日龄,各试验组间差异显著(P<0.05)。在1~21日龄,PS、PM、PL组ADG分别较C组提高5.48%、5.11%、6.45%(P<0.05);在22~42日龄,PS、PM、PL组ADG分别较C组提高3.13%、17.47%、12.47%(P<0.05)。在1~42日龄,各试验组ADG显著高于C组(P<0.05),且各试验组间差异显著(P<0.05);在1~42日龄,PM组和PL组ADFI显著高于PS组和C组(P<0.05),且各试验组间差异显著(P<0.05),而PS组与C组差异不显著(P>0.05);在1~42日龄,各试验组F/G均显著低于C组(P<0.05),且各试验组间差异显著(P<0.05)。
表2 PLP对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of PLP on growth performance of white-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL
1日龄体重BW at 1 day of age/g 42.31±0.94 42.40±0.89 42.33±0.91 42.36±0.90 0.913
21日龄体重BW at 21 days of age/g 777.57±15.09c 818.12±13.34b 815.18±14.05b 825.16±14.85a 0.002
42日龄体重BW at 42 days of age/g 2 350.94±29.47d 2 440.85±38.44c 2 663.40±42.43a 2 594.76±26.51b <0.001
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 35.01±0.21c 36.93±0.15b 36.80±0.19b 37.27±0.26a 0.014
平均日采食量ADFI/g 50.36±0.58b 53.46±0.67a 53.95±1.08a 53.60±0.89a 0.003
料重比F/G 1.43±0.02 1.44±0.02 1.46±0.03 1.44±0.03 0.364
22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 74.92±0.53d 77.27±1.73c 88.01±1.96a 84.27±1.25b 0.026
平均日采食量ADFI/g 137.44±0.72c 133.43±1.77d 140.85±0.98a 138.56±1.71b 0.003
料重比F/G 1.83±0.02a 1.73±0.03b 1.59±0.04d 1.65±0.04c 0.018
1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 56.30±0.23d 58.49±0.92c 63.92±1.00a 62.25±0.62b <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 94.02±0.28c 93.58±0.63c 97.15±0.75a 95.86±0.60b 0.003
料重比F/G 1.67±0.01a 1.60±0.02b 1.52±0.02d 1.54±0.02c <0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 PLP对白羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,在42日龄,各组间的全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率均无显著差异(P>0.05);而试验组屠宰率显著高于C组(P<0.05),虽各试验组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但PM组>PL组>PS组。
表3 PLP对42日龄白羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of PLP on slaughter performance of white-feathered broilers at 42 days of age %

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL
全净膛率
Percentage of full eviscerated yield		 62.36±5.14 63.28±5.71 67.91±1.36 64.57±6.03 0.726
屠宰率Dressing percentage 93.21±0.98b 96.24±0.95a 97.21±1.58a 96.43±0.75a 0.015
胸肌率Breast muscle percentage 21.16±2.18 21.73±2.69 21.55±3.37 20.98±3.13 0.591
腿肌率Leg muscle percentage 19.27±1.67 19.55±1.62 20.13±2.61 19.86±1.75 0.648

2.3 PLP对白羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

由表4可知,在21、42日龄,各组间血浆各生化指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 PLP对白羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of PLP on plasma biochemical indexes of white-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 日龄
Days of age		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL

白蛋白
ALB/(g/L)		 21 18.05±2.10 18.25±1.26 17.82±1.73 18.07±2.04 0.959
42 17.94±2.03 18.06±1.43 17.99±1.52 18.11±1.69 0.878

总蛋白
TP/(g/L)		 21 41.55±2.36 40.58±2.13 41.02±1.67 41.62±1.49 0.428
42 42.36±2.13 41.69±2.11 41.73±1.91 41.65±1.58 0.784

球蛋白
GLO/(g/L)		 21 23.90±2.57 23.33±2.01 23.90±2.01 23.47±1.62 0.816
42 24.78±1.56 24.93±1.78 24.55±1.66 23.97±1.65 0.416

白球比
ALB/GLO		 21 0.76±0.06 0.73±0.04 0.76±0.07 0.77±0.08 0.448
42 0.72±0.04 0.72±0.05 0.73±0.05 0.75±0.07 0.453

碱性磷酸酶
AKP/(U/L)		 21 797.17±55.05 814.33±34.19 811.50±21.13 798.83±32.17 0.615
42 804.36±41.35 810.71±36.87 819.34±30.59 813.42±39.54 0.756

谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L)		 21 2.76±0.16 2.73±0.14 2.66±0.17 2.71±0.16 0.218
42 2.67±0.16 2.59±0.17 2.65±0.14 2.68±0.14 0.466

谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 21 38.05±2.31 38.25±1.34 40.82±1.51 40.07±1.04 0.179
42 41.35±2.31 40.21±1.57 40.79±1.81 41.57±1.44 0.168

2.4 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

由表5可知,在21日龄,PM、PL组的血清IgG和IgA含量显著高于C组和PS组(P<0.05),IgM含量仅PM组显著高于C组(P<0.05)。在42日龄,各组间血清IgG、IgA和IgM含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),但PM组和PL组均高于C组。
表5 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of PLP on serum immunoglobulin contents of white-feathered broilersμg/mL

项目
Items		 日龄
Days of age		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL


免疫球蛋白G
IgG		 21 1 814.27
±165.39b		 1 965.76
±155.67b		 2 248.00
±296.53a		 2 261.00
±185.75a		 0.002
42 1 963.49
±183.45		 1 943.00
±104.67		 1 979.00
±87.73		 1 967.00
±79.67		 0.894


免疫球蛋白A
IgA		 21 968.19
±86.58b		 1 075.88
±95.84ab		 1 123.47
±154.25a		 1 120.33
±123.85a		 0.013
42 774.29
±77.63		 773.87
±58.38		 800.74
±81.30		 800.14
±118.27		 0.612


免疫球蛋白M
IgM		 21 2 043.21
±241.75b		 2 140.68
±194.60ab		 2 287.94
±147.60a		 2 223.25
±128.00ab		 0.016
42 1 971.73
±279.03		 2 086.44
±281.01		 2 145.81
±185.78		 2 097.02
±235.80		 0.194

2.5 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,在21、42日龄,各试验组血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC显著高于C组(P<0.05),而各试验组间SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC差异不显著(P>0.05),但PM组和PL组GSH-Px活性显著高于PS组(P<0.05);各试验组血清MDA含量显著低于C组(P<0.05),各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of PLP on serum antioxidant indicators of white-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 日龄
Days of age		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL


超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 21 241.43
±15.39b		 311.58
±18.14a		 319.56
±17.51a		 316.47
±19.27a		 <0.001
42 216.11
±17.64b		 282.99
±16.35a		 316.45
±19.65a		 308.27
±16.39a		 <0.001


过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 21 15.32
±1.21b		 17.51
±0.86a		 17.91
±0.61a		 17.68
±1.03a		 0.032
42 13.13
±1.54b		 14.87
±0.95a		 15.94
±0.50a		 14.95
±1.21a		 0.002


总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 21 0.58
±0.05b		 0.69
±0.04a		 0.70
±0.04a		 0.69
±0.04a		 <0.001
42 0.55
±0.05b		 0.62
±0.05a		 0.67
±0.04a		 0.66
±0.03a		 0.002


丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 21 3.77
±0.19a		 3.16
±0.21b		 3.01
±0.16b		 3.07
±0.23b		 0.029
42 3.86
±0.23a		 3.11
±0.29b		 2.95
±0.43b		 3.06
±0.50b		 0.017


谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 21 3 768.56
±463.78c		 4 130.47
±453.59b		 4 681.33
±395.67a		 4 598.12
±369.72a		 0.003
42 3 781.41
±524.66c		 4 034.46
±431.87b		 4 585.70
±334.07a		 4 436.93
±427.38a		 0.002

2.6 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清生长激素指标的影响

由表7可知,在21、42日龄,PM组和PL组血清GH、FT4含量显著高于C组和PS组(P<0.05),而PM组与PL组、C组与PS组组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各组间血清IGF-1、FT3含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清生长相关激素指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of PLP on serum growth-related hormone indicators of white-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 日龄
Days of age		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL

生长激素
GH/(ng/mL)		 21 10.83±0.69c 10.97±0.74c 11.74±0.61a 11.63±0.51b 0.001
42 10.00±0.83c 10.11±0.89c 11.42±0.68a 11.04±0.59b 0.003

胰岛素样生长因子-1
IGF-1/(fmol/mL)		 21 86.33±2.74 87.16±2.49 86.23±2.46 86.41±2.03 0.744
42 85.09±3.13 86.67±2.30 86.72±2.98 85.70±1.75 0.326

游离三碘甲腺原氨酸
FT3/(fmol/mL)		 21 5.71±0.10 5.68±0.19 5.60±0.29 5.64±0.14 0.229
42 5.69±0.11 5.56±0.23 5.51±0.16 5.46±0.18 0.386

游离四碘甲腺原氨酸
FT4/(fmol/mL)		 21 134.58±9.73c 137.91±11.26c 161.33±10.88a 146.87±13.46b 0.002
42 138.15±11.23c 138.41±10.33c 157.58±9.75a 148.14±11.19b 0.003

2.7 PLP对白羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

由表8可知,在42日龄,PL组、PM组胸肌、腿肌a*值、pH24 h显著高于PS组和C组(P<0.05),而剪切力则显著低于PS组和C组(P<0.05);仅PL组、PM组胸肌L*值显著高于PS组和C组(P<0.05),蒸煮损失仅腿肌的PL组、PM组显著高于PS组和C组(P<0.05),此外胸肌、腿肌各组间b*值差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表8 PLP对42日龄白羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

Table 8 Effects of PLP on meat quality of white-feathered broilers at 42 days of age

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C PS PM PL
胸肌Breast muscle
亮度L* 40.81±1.91a 40.83±5.11a 35.42±1.26b 36.13±1.41b 0.001
红度a* 11.06±0.78b 11.24±0.65b 14.19±1.02a 14.12±1.39a 0.002
黄度b* 11.93±2.15 11.88±2.27 11.32±1.58 11.35±1.33 0.704
pH24 h 6.30±0.28b 6.32±0.19b 6.49±0.28a 6.47±0.08a 0.015
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% 16.37±1.46 17.23±1.66 16.73±1.58 17.09±1.29 0.671
剪切力Shear force/N 55.06±2.61a 51.72±2.48a 48.59±2.27b 48.93±3.30b 0.017
腿肌Leg muscle
亮度L* 44.01±1.84 44.01±3.07 44.06±3.99 44.87±3.44 0.862
红度a* 10.51±0.42b 11.21±0.87b 13.91±0.28a 13.86±0.66a <0.001
黄度b* 11.72±1.09 11.67±1.18 11.28±1.02 11.45±1.08 0.741
pH24 h 6.35±0.08b 6.39±0.26b 6.54±0.26a 6.51±0.06a 0.005
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% 20.42±1.63b 21.41±2.25b 24.69±2.51a 23.16±1.92a 0.003
剪切力Shear force/N 34.84±7.31a 34.39±3.36a 26.77±4.11b 28.30±3.65b 0.002

3 讨论

3.1 PLP对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

在禁抗背景下,寻找绿色替抗产品,保障畜禽健康以及提高生长性能变得尤为重要[10]。在肉鸡饲粮中添加植物多糖具有促进生长、增强抗应激能力或调节免疫反应等作用[11-13]。近年来大量研究表明,饲粮中添加植物多糖(甘草多糖[14]、黄芪多糖[15]、刺五加多糖[16])可有效提高肉鸡ADFI、ADG,降低F/G,增加出栏肉鸡体重,从而增加肉鸡养殖经济效益。这可能与植物多糖(黄芪多糖[15]和枸杞多糖[17])的抑菌活性和抑制其他消化酶的表达从而增强肠道的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶)活性有关。此外,Deng等[18]研究表明,山药多糖能增加血清GH和IGF-1含量,促进机体蛋白质合成、骨骼肌细胞增殖,缩短肉鸡达到标准出栏体重的时间。而本试验研究结果表明,在饲粮中补充PLP能够刺激肉鸡食欲,虽未测定其对消化酶活性的影响,但从ADFI、ADG、F/G等指标的变化可见,PLP也能显著促进肉鸡的生长,结果与前人研究结果相似。血清GH和FT4含量的变化进一步证实,PLP可通过调控肉鸡机体的激素水平,促进蛋白质合成与骨骼肌生长,进而增加出栏体重。其中200 mg/kg PLP对生长性能的提升效果最佳。此外,试验结果表明,在22~42日龄添加200、400 mg/kg PLP对肉鸡的ADG改善效果较1~21日龄更明显,说明在22~42日龄时添加PLP对肉鸡的促生长作用更为有效。

3.2 PLP对白羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是反映畜禽产肉性能优劣和养殖经济效益的重要指标,其中屠宰率、全净膛率、腿肌率和胸肌率是反映屠宰性能的核心指标,而屠宰率和全净膛率可直接体现畜禽产肉性能[19]。因市场消费者更偏爱胸、腿部肌肉,因此腿肌率与胸肌率也成为评估屠宰性能的关键指标。植物多糖(山药多糖[18]、白术多糖[20])补充到饲粮中可显著提升屠宰率和全净膛率,表明植物多糖有提高屠宰性能的作用。Zheng等[21]表明,虽玉屏峰多糖对屠宰率无显著改变,但可有效提高胸肌率和腿肌率,并发现可提升胸肌脂肪含量。也有研究表明,山药多糖可调节糖、脂代谢,降低腹脂率,以此改善胸肌中脂肪含量,从而适度改善口感[22]。而本研究中,PLP表现出增强屠宰率的作用,而全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率指标均未观测到显著变化,但通过剪切力变化发现,PLP能显著改善肉品质的嫩度。推测可能是PLP对胴体的脂肪再分布产生了影响。此外,本试验中血清IGF-1含量也无显著变化,侧面也揭露了PLP可能对肉鸡的骨骼肌细胞增殖无显著影响(即对肌肉生长无显著作用),最终才导致全净膛率各组间差异不显著。

3.3 PLP对白羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

生化指标是反映肉鸡生理、营养和病理状态的重要指标[23],也是某些器官受损的主要信号。谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性是肝细胞损伤程度的特异性指标,肝细胞膜结构和功能完整性的破坏会导致谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性增加[24]。总蛋白是动物体内蛋白质沉积的重要指标,白蛋白和球蛋白是总蛋白的2个主要成分,白球比反映机体免疫状态,也是肝脏损伤和功能的重要指标[25-26]。本研究中,各组白羽肉鸡血浆的总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及白球比均无显著差异。这表明饲粮中添加PLP未对肉鸡造成不良影响,验证了其在试验剂量下的安全性,可作为肉鸡饲粮添加剂使用。

3.4 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

免疫球蛋白是体液免疫的重要组成部分,其含量一定程度上反映动物免疫功能和生理状态[27]。禽类免疫球蛋白主要分为IgA、IgG和IgM[28]。IgM在初级免疫反应中产生,能溶解细菌及中和病毒等;IgG主要存在于次级免疫反应中,在血清中有较高的含量,且可清除病原微生物;而IgA是机体分泌物中抗体活力的主要形式,能够有效清除黏膜上的抗原,可作抵御病原体的防线[29]。体外试验发现,PLP可促进RAW264.7细胞分泌一氧化氮、白细胞介素(IL)-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α,调节免疫[30]。同时,PLP也可通过提高犊牛血液中IgG和IgA含量,从而增强免疫功能[31]。而文献报道的其他植物多糖也有类似的结果,Zheng等[21]研究发现,1 000 mg/kg玉屏风多糖可显著提高34日龄肉鸡血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量,从而提高肉鸡免疫功能。本研究发现,200、400 mg/kg的PLP可显著提高21日龄肉鸡血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量,且200 mg/kg的PLP饲喂的肉鸡表现出最高的免疫球蛋白含量。但各PLP组42日龄肉鸡的免疫球蛋白含量均没有显著差异。Song等[32]研究结果表明,6~13日龄肉鸡免疫系统及功能尚未发育完善,直至30~34日龄才逐渐成熟。本研究结果可能是21日龄肉鸡免疫系统仍处于发育阶段,PLP可通过促进免疫系统发育进而提升免疫球蛋白合成;而随着22~42日龄肉鸡免疫系统逐渐成熟,体液免疫功能趋于稳定,PLP对免疫水平的调控效应相对减弱,因此未呈现显著差异。因此,PLP可在白羽肉鸡饲养早期进行添加,以促进免疫水平的提升增强抵抗能力。

3.5 PLP对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

肉鸡的快速生长(特别在22~42日龄快速增重阶段)和环境因素胁迫(如温度、密度、疾病压力等),使得机体长期处于氧化应激状态[33]。为抵抗这种应激,机体通过加速基础代谢以维持能量需求,则会进一步刺激活性氧生成,形成“应激-代谢亢进-氧化加剧”的恶性循环,导致氧化与抗氧化系统失衡,氧化水平居高不下,严重影响生长性能[34-35]。此前,PLP应用于蛋鸡的研究报道表明,补充300 mg/kg的PLP可提高蛋鸡血清T-AOC和SOD、GSH-Px活性,缓解高脂饮食带来的氧化应激状态,进而提高产蛋性能[36]。同时,PLP对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-连氮基-双-3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸二铵盐(ABTS)和羟基自由基也有较高的清除率,展示出其有较好的抗氧化功能[37]。Lv等[38]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加140 mg/kg姬松茸多糖,可有效增强SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性。Li等[39]研究也表明,补充茶多糖可提高肉鸡血清T-AOC,并降低MDA含量,并发现其可提升抗氧化能力水平和出栏体重。这可能与植物多糖可降低肉鸡氧化应激水平,进而改善肉鸡代谢紊乱状态,最终促进营养物质在机体中累积有关。而本试验研究结果表明,饲粮中添加100、200、400 mg/kg的PLP显著提高肉鸡血清CAT、SOD活性和T-AOC,显著降低MDA含量,且200 mg/kg PLP对抗氧化功能的提升效果相较100、400 mg/kg的PLP更加明显,这与上述研究结果相似。因此,饲粮中添加PLP能够提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力。

3.6 PLP对白羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

肉品质可衡量肉鸡产品质量的综合性状,肌肉剪切力、肉色、pH和蒸煮损失均是评价肉品质的重要指标[40]。肌肉剪切力直接反映其嫩度,剪切力越高,嫩度越差[41]。蒸煮损失反映肉的保水性能,而pH关乎屠宰后鸡肉的营养和保存时间[42],是反映动物屠宰后肌肉中糖原酵解速度的指标,随放置时间延长,乳酸含量增加,当pH下降到接近于肌肉中肌红蛋白等电点时,蛋白质与水结合力降低,此时,肌肉的保水力降低,滴水损失增加[43]。肉色则是检测肉品质最直观的指标,且直接影响消费者的购买意愿。Zhang等[44]研究发现,较高的a*及较低的L*和b*值的肉产品更受欢迎。Li等[45]研究发现,基础饲粮中添加800 mg/kg英山云雾茶多糖能够降低鸡胸肌L*、b*值及硬度、韧性和黏附性值,提高pH和a*值,从而提高肉品质。Chang等[46]研究发现,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg山药多糖能够通过改善肉鸡的胸肌和腿肌a*值、剪切力来提高肉品质。在本研究中,200、400 mg/kg的PLP可显著降低胸肌和腿肌L*值、剪切力,显著升高a*值、pH24 h和蒸煮损失,且添加200 mg/kg PLP的肉鸡肉品质最优。与上述研究结果一致,说明饲粮中添加PLP能够提高肉鸡肉品质。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加200~400 mg/kg PLP能够提高肉鸡生长性能,增强血清抗氧化功能,改善肉品质,且对血浆生化指标无不良影响。其中,200 mg/kg PLP还能提高血清免疫性能,提高肉鸡屠宰率,效果较好。

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