Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 1148 - 1157

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.092

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Compound Bacteria-Enzyme Cooperative Fermented Flaxseed Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Muscle Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Wulong Geese

  • CHANG Chunjing , 1 ,
  • WANG Binghan 2 ,
  • REN Xiangquan 3 ,
  • FAN Wenlei 1 ,
  • ZHANG Jing 4 ,
  • LAI Xuexiang 4 ,
  • YANG Mengxiao 1 ,
  • BAI Chuning 1 ,
  • JIANG Yajing 1 ,
  • TENG Xingyi 1 ,
  • WANG Baowei , 4, * ,
  • ZHANG Ming’ai , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Qingdao Huihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
  • 3 Shandong Province Feed Industry Co., Ltd., Ji’nan 250000, China
  • 4 Institute of High Quality Waterfowl Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
* WANG Baowei, professor, E-mail: ;
ZHANG Ming’ai, senior experimenter, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-07-17

  Online published: 2026-02-12

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of compound bacteria-enzyme cooperative fermented flaxseed meal on growth performance, slaughter performance, muscle fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of Wulong geese. A total of 180 one-day-old male Wulong geese with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate. The control group was fed a diet supplemented with 5% flaxseed meal, the experimental group Ⅰ was fed the control group’s diet supplemented with 0.25% compound bacteria+0.025% compound enzymes, and the experimental group Ⅱ was fed a diet supplemented with 5% fermented flaxseed meal. The experimental period lasted for 10 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain during brooding period, growing period and whole period and final body weight during brooding period and growing period of experimental group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of control group and experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio during brooding period, growing period and whole period was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) The live weight before slaughter, dressed weight, semi-eviscerated rate, eviscerated rate, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight and sebum rate of experimental group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of control group and experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the abdominal fat rate was significantly higher than that of experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 3) The contents of triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum of experimental group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those of control group and experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) content was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) The contents of α-linolenic acid (C18∶3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20∶5n3), docosahexaenoic acid (C22∶6n3) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in breast muscle of experimental group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of control group and experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was significantly lower than those of control group and experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 5) The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity in serum of experimental group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde content was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary compound bacteria-enzyme cooperative fermented flaxseed meal can improve the growth performance and slaughter performance of Wulong geese, regulate the lipid metabolism, improve the muscle fatty acid composition, and enhance the body antioxidant capacity.

Key words： fermented flaxseed meal; Wulong geese; growth performance; slaughter performance; fatty acid composition; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

CHANG Chunjing , WANG Binghan , REN Xiangquan , FAN Wenlei , ZHANG Jing , LAI Xuexiang , YANG Mengxiao , BAI Chuning , JIANG Yajing , TENG Xingyi , WANG Baowei , ZHANG Ming’ai . Effects of Compound Bacteria-Enzyme Cooperative Fermented Flaxseed Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Muscle Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Wulong Geese[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(2) : 1148 -1157 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.092

微生物发酵处理亚麻籽粕,能够改善其适口性及营养价值[1],降解生氰糖苷、亚麻籽胶等抗营养因子[2],可以作为优质非粮型蛋白质饲料原料替代一部分豆粕,缓解人畜争粮矛盾。亚麻籽粕中富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3,ALA),微生物发酵工艺可以提高α-亚麻酸等活性脂质的利用率,改善肌肉脂肪酸组成,同时在调控脂质代谢中具有重要作用,发酵产生的益生菌和益生元协同促进肠道健康,减少抗生素使用,推动绿色养殖。研究表明,益生菌发酵可显著降低亚麻籽粕中抗营养因子含量,同时提升其生物利用率[3]。徐蕾[4]研究发现,发酵亚麻籽粕中生氰糖苷含量降低了69%。李海华等[5]研究报道,在肉鸡饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕可以提高其平均日增重(ADG),降低料重比(F/G)。王念念[6]研究证实,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕能显著提高鸡蛋蛋黄中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量。迄今为止,关于亚麻籽粕发酵后作为饲料原料利用的研究较少,复合菌酶协同发酵亚麻籽粕对鹅生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力影响的研究处于空白阶段。因此,本试验旨在研究复合菌酶协同发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、脂类代谢、胸肌脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响,旨在探明复合菌酶协同发酵亚麻籽粕在鹅饲养中的生物学效果和作用机制,为亚麻籽粕科学应用提供技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

亚麻籽粕采购自山东省饲料工业有限公司。复合菌酶采用多种驯化选育菌株和多种酶制成,复合菌由鸭源植物乳杆菌(保藏编号:CGMCC No.26622)、枯草芽孢杆菌(CICC10002)、黑曲霉(CICC2420)、产朊假丝酵母(CICC31430)组成,活菌总数达1×109 CFU/mL;复合酶由果胶酶(活性为3×104 U/g)、纤维素酶(活性为1×104 U/g)和葡萄糖氧化酶(活性为1×104 U/g)混合制成。发酵亚麻籽粕由本实验室制备,具体方法如下:在发酵原料(亚麻籽粕90%+麸皮5.2%+葡萄糖3%+尿素1.5%+磷酸氢二钾0.3%)中添加0.5%的复合酶后,再增加5%的复合菌,发酵温度为35 ℃,料水比为质量体积比1∶3,采用专用发酵袋发酵3 d,制成发酵亚麻籽粕。发酵前、后亚麻籽粕中粗蛋白质含量分别为34.88%和39.56%,粗纤维含量分别为12.61%和7.57%,小肽含量分别为149.8和298.3 mg/g。试验鹅为五龙鹅白羽公鹅,由青岛农业大学高密水禽养殖基地提供。

1.2 试验设计

本试验经青岛农业大学动物科技学院实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号:DKY20240610。选择1日龄体重相近的五龙鹅公鹅180只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲粮中添加5%亚麻籽粕,试验Ⅰ组在对照组饲粮中添加0.25%复合菌+0.025%复合酶,试验Ⅱ组饲粮中添加5%发酵亚麻籽粕。参照行业标准《鹅营养需要量》(NY/T 4641—2025)设计全价配合饲料,复合菌和复合酶先用载体麸皮预混合后再与其他原料混合成全价配合饲料,3组饲粮均为干粉料,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期共10周,1~3周为育雏期,4~10周为育成期。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 育雏期Brooding period 育成期Growing period
对照组和试验Ⅰ组
Control group and experiment group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experiment group Ⅱ		 对照组和试验Ⅰ组
Control group and experiment group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experiment group Ⅱ
原料Ingredients
豆粕Soybean meal (43%) 16.88 16.00 12.00 11.10
玉米Corn 64.20 64.52 68.63 68.97
石粉Limestone 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
小麦麸Wheat bran 7.85 8.41 6.00 6.56
稻壳粉Rice hull powder 1.50 1.50 3.50 3.50
亚麻籽粕Flaxseed meal 5.00 5.00
发酵亚麻籽粕Fermented flaxseed meal 5.00 5.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine·HCl 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40
苏氨酸Threonine 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
预混料Premix1) 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
食盐NaCl 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.35 11.35 11.39 11.39
粗蛋白质CP 16.18 16.17 13.94 13.96
粗纤维CF 4.36 4.04 5.18 4.94
钙Ca 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.06
总磷TP 0.74 0.72 0.59 0.60

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 40 mg,VK3 0.8 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 4.0mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 4.0 mg,VB12 12 μg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 11 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 10 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 65 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 4 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 85 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.30 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 30 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、粗纤维、钙和总磷为实测值,代谢能为计算值[7]。CP, CF, Ca and TP were measured values, while ME was a calculated value[7].

1.3 饲养管理

本试验于2024年6月—8月在高密五龙鹅科技小院进行。试验鹅采用网床舍饲,整个试验期自由采食,饮水采用乳头式饮水器。试验开始前对鹅舍进行彻底清洗消毒。试验期内每周消毒,少喂勤添,并经常观察鹅群的健康及生长情况。

1.4 测定指标和方法

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮中粗蛋白质含量测定采用凯氏定氮法,参照GB/T 6432—2018[8];粗纤维含量测定采用酸碱消解法,参照GB/T 6434—2022[9];钙含量测定采用高锰酸钾滴定法,参照GB/T 6432—2018[10];总磷含量测定采用钒钼黄分光光度法,参照GB/T 6432—2018[11]。

1.4.2 生长性能

在试验开始后,每周统计饲料消耗量,在21、70日龄时,禁食12 h,对试验鹅进行称重,计算ADG、平均日采食量(ADFI)、F/G。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

在70日龄时,禁食12 h后,每个重复随机选取2只试验鹅,每组12只,共36只。对试验鹅屠宰解剖,分别对屠体、胸肌、腿肌、皮脂进行称重,根据《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)测定和计算屠宰性能相关指标。

1.4.4 血清脂类代谢和抗氧化指标

在70日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只试验鹅,每组12只,共36只,翅静脉采血,离心收集血清。采用微板法检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、丙二醛(MDA)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。所用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所,检测仪器为酶标仪(Infinite-200 PRO,瑞士Tecan公司)。

1.4.5 胸肌脂肪酸组成

70日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只试验鹅,每组12只,共36只,取胸肌鲜样,进行真空冷冻干燥,经粉碎、甲酯化衍生和萃取后取上层有机相,采用气相色谱仪(TRACE 1310,美国Thermo Scientific公司)进行上机测定。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2021软件进行整理,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用LSD法进行组间多重比较。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅生长性能的影响

如表2所示,试验Ⅱ组育雏期、育成期和全期的ADG以及育雏期和育成期的末重显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),育雏期和全期的F/G显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),育成期的F/G显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间育雏期、育成期和全期的ADFI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of fermented flaxseed meal on growth performance of Wulong geese

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ
初重IBW/g 68.83 67.83 69.17 0.293 0.155
育雏期Brooding period
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 60.71 59.44 62.60 0.759 0.243
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 32.64b 32.72b 36.73a 0.654 0.005
料重比F/G 1.86a 1.82a 1.71b 0.025 0.023
末重FBW/g 754.33b 755.00b 840.50a 13.893 0.006
育成期Growing period
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 170.76 164.79 163.53 1.606 0.145
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 42.68b 43.49b 45.81a 0.526 0.030
料重比F/G 4.00a 3.80ab 3.58b 0.059 0.006
末重FBW/g 2 845.83b 2 886.16b 3 084.83a 34.871 0.004
全期Whole period
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 137.75 133.18 133.25 1.121 0.165
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 39.67b 40.26b 43.08a 0.496 0.004
料重比F/G 3.47a 3.31a 3.10b 0.048 0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅屠宰性能的影响

如表3所示,试验Ⅱ组的宰前活重、屠体重、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌重、腿肌重和皮脂率显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),腹脂率显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。各组之间屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of fermented flaxseed meal on slaughter performance of Wulong geese

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter/g 2 962.50b 2 975.83b 3 145.00a 18.573 <0.001
屠体重Dressed weight/g 2 551.67b 2 565.83b 2 726.67a 18.988 <0.001
屠宰率Dressing rate/% 86.11 86.22 86.69 0.172 0.378
半净膛率Semi-eviscerated rate/% 78.55b 78.30b 81.19a 0.516 0.028
全净膛率Eviscerated rate/% 67.62b 67.71b 70.75a 0.471 0.002
胸肌重Breast muscle weight/g 175.00b 177.50b 217.50a 5.463 0.001
胸肌率Breast muscle rate/% 8.71 8.82 9.79 0.219 0.080
腿肌重Leg muscle weight/g 286.67b 278.33b 330.00a 7.699 0.009
腿肌率Leg muscle rate/% 14.34 13.83 14.82 0.322 0.475
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate/% 2.36ab 2.14b 2.83a 0.111 0.021
皮脂率Sebum rate/% 16.25b 15.60b 19.11a 0.498 0.002

2.3 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清脂类代谢指标的影响

如表4所示,试验Ⅱ组的血清TG和LDL-C含量显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),血清HDL-C含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清TC含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清脂类代谢指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of fermented flaxseed meal on serum lipid metabolism indices of Wulong geesem mol/L

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ
甘油三脂TG 0.94a 0.88a 0.62b 0.042 0.004
总胆固醇TC 6.98 6.89 6.03 0.289 0.321
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C 3.15b 3.78ab 4.28a 0.159 0.009
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C 2.71a 2.47a 1.77b 0.132 0.007

2.4 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响

由表5可知,试验Ⅱ组的胸肌α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(C20∶5n3)、二十二碳六烯酸(C22∶6n3)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。各组之间其他脂肪酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响

Table 5 Effects of fermented flaxseed meal on breast muscle fatty acid composition of Wulong geese

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ
辛酸C8∶0/% 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.013 0.996
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0/% 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.005 0.710
棕榈酸C16∶0/% 11.11 10.88 10.80 0.140 0.663
棕榈油酸C16∶1/% 1.73 1.86 2.14 0.112 0.322
十七碳一烯酸C17∶1/% 1.48 1.38 1.56 0.054 0.420
硬脂酸C18∶0/% 11.57 11.40 11.57 0.182 0.913
油酸C18∶1n9c/% 20.39 22.17 19.59 0.747 0.354
亚油酸C18∶2n6c/% 26.90 26.59 26.61 0.331 0.918
γ-亚麻酸C18∶3n6/% 0.23 0.29 0.27 0.012 0.196
α-亚麻酸C18∶3n3/% 0.64b 0.65b 1.17a 0.055 <0.001
二十碳一烯酸C20∶1/% 0.51 0.53 0.50 0.013 0.535
二十碳二烯酸C20∶2/% 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.027 0.874
二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n6/% 1.14 1.05 1.17 0.043 0.483
花生四烯酸C20∶4n6/% 18.88 17.62 18.39 0.664 0.748
山嵛酸C22∶0/% 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.008 0.400
芥酸C22∶1n9/% 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.007 0.630
二十碳五烯酸C20∶5n3/% 0.20b 0.18b 0.33a 0.015 <0.001
木焦油酸C24∶0/% 2.56 2.32 2.26 0.080 0.285
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n3/% 1.18b 1.07b 2.08a 0.094 <0.001
饱和脂肪酸SFA/% 25.82 25.21 25.25 0.193 0.375
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/% 24.30 26.10 23.96 0.775 0.487
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/% 49.88 47.97 50.75 0.717 0.267
n-3多不饱和脂肪酸n-3 PUFA/% 2.03b 1.90b 3.58a 0.136 <0.001
n-6多不饱和脂肪酸n-6 PUFA/% 47.16 45.38 46.45 0.666 0.563
n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值
n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio		 23.44a 23.98a 13.00b 0.938 <0.001

2.5 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,试验Ⅱ组的血清SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),血清MDA含量显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),血清GSH-Px活性和T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表6 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of fermented flaxseed meal on serum antioxidant indices of Wulong geese

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 3.82a 3.26a 2.36b 0.174 0.001
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 129.20b 131.30b 171.05a 6.132 0.004
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) 0.28b 0.50a 0.65a 0.041 <0.001
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 4.40b 4.83b 5.67a 0.174 0.006
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 823.10b 925.14ab 1 012.96a 32.116 0.049

3 讨论

3.1 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

亚麻籽粕中富含生氰糖苷、单宁等抗营养因子,导致动物采食量、养分消化吸收率降低,影响生长性能[12-14]。Anjum等[15]研究发现,饲粮中添加不同水平膨化亚麻籽会降低肉鸡的体重。郭宝珠[16]研究发现,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕可防止饲养前期肉鸡生长性能下降。上述结论与本研究相似。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕提高了五龙鹅的ADG及育雏期和育成期末重,并改善了F/G,表明经发酵处理有助于亚麻籽粕营养释放及毒性因子的去除,有效缓解了亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅早期生长的抑制作用,可通过改善适口性和营养物质利用率对五龙鹅生长性能起到正向调节作用。
郭宝珠[16]研究发现,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕显著提高了肉鸡的胸肌率和全净膛率。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕提高了五龙鹅的半净膛率、全净膛率等屠宰指标,说明适量添加发酵亚麻籽粕有助于改善五龙鹅的屠宰性能,与前人研究结果一致。

3.2 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清脂类代谢指标的影响

TG含量反映了脂肪合成与利用的动态平衡。LDL-C和HDL-C在维持胆固醇稳态中具有协同作用[17]。血清中TC和TG含量过高,会使血液黏稠,引起高血脂病。LDL-C含量过高会导致动脉粥样硬化。Cunnane等[18]研究指出,亚麻籽摄入能降低人血清TC和LDL-C含量。林非凡等[19]研究发现,亚麻籽油中的α-亚麻酸可有效提升HDL-C含量,降低血清TC、TG和LDL-C含量。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕降低了五龙鹅血清TG和LDL-C含量,提高了血清HDL-C含量,与前人研究结果一致。这表明亚麻籽粕通过益生菌发酵,会产生大量脂肪酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶,促进营养物质消化吸收,进而更好的改善脂质代谢。

3.3 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响

齐志国等[20]研究发现,将亚麻籽进行膨化处理后能显著提高鸡蛋中α-亚麻酸和二十碳五烯酸含量。Eastwood等[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加亚麻籽粕可以提高猪背部脂肪和腰肉的α-亚麻酸含量。本试验结果显示,试验Ⅱ组的胸肌中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量较对照组和试验Ⅰ组提高,特别是α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸较对照组和试验Ⅰ组均显著增加,且n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值较对照组和试验Ⅰ组显著降低。这表明相比于亚麻籽粕,发酵亚麻籽粕改善了五龙鹅胸肌脂肪酸组成,增加有益的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸积累,降低n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值。

3.4 发酵亚麻籽粕对五龙鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

郭蒙霞[22]研究发现,饲粮中添加热处理的亚麻籽提高了绒山羊血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性,降低了血清MDA含量。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加发酵亚麻籽粕提高了五龙鹅血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性及T-AOC,降低了血清MDA含量,表明发酵亚麻籽粕具有显著的抗氧化调控作用,能够有效减轻机体氧化损伤程度。韩民兴[23]研究证实,n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可通过激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路抵抗氧化应激。本研究也发现,发酵亚麻籽粕能够促进n-3多不饱和脂肪酸沉积,从而降低n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值,机体抗氧化能力也得到提升,证实了二者密切相关。

3.5 复合菌酶协同发酵对亚麻籽粕发酵效果的影响

研究表明,复合菌酶协同发酵饲料因其能更彻底降解大分子物质,提高发酵效率,提升营养价值,有效改善饲料发酵品质,效果优于单一菌或酶发酵[24]。例如,混菌发酵可使玉米秸秆粗蛋白质含量从3%~5%提升至15.47%[25]。发酵饲料还可优化肠道健康,提高肌肉多不饱和脂肪酸含量,降低胆固醇和饱和脂肪酸含量[26]。上述结果与本研究结果一致,表明复合菌酶协同发酵是科学利用亚麻籽粕有效途径。

4 结论

饲粮中添加复合菌酶协同发酵亚麻籽粕可提高五龙鹅生长性能和屠宰性能,调节脂类代谢,改善肌肉脂肪酸组成,降低肌肉n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值,增强机体抗氧化能力。

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