Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 1158 - 1168

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.093

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Phosphorus Levels on Laying Performance, Eggshell Quality and Plasma Biochemical Indices of Laying Pigeons

  • FU Shengyong ,
  • CHANG Lingling ,
  • TANG Qingping ,
  • SHEN Xinyue ,
  • MU Chunyu ,
  • ZHANG Rui ,
  • GAO Wen ,
  • ZHANG Dan ,
  • BU Zhu , *
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  • Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-07-16

  Online published: 2026-02-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on laying performance, eggshell quality and plasma biochemical indices of laying pigeons. A total of 360 pairs of 12-month-old double-female paired Silver King pigeons were randomly divided into 6 groups with 5 replicates per group and 12 pairs per replicate. The pigeons were fed isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcic experimental diets with available phosphorus levels of 0.08% (group 1), 0.19% (group 2), 0.30% (group 3), 0.42% (group 4), 0.53% (group 5) and 0.64% (group 6), respectively. The pre-test period lasted for 2 weeks, and the formal test period was 6 months, which was divided into three phases: early period (months 1 to 2), middle period (months 3 to 4) and late period (months 5 to 6). The results showed as follows: 1) dietary phosphorus levels significantly affected the average egg weight in the early period, as well as the egg number, egg weight and average daily feed intake throughout the entire period (P<0.05), and extremely significantly affected the egg number and egg weight in the middle period, and the feed-to-egg ratio in both the middle period and entire period (P<0.01). The average egg weight in the early period of groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 was significantly higher than that of group 1 (P<0.05); the egg number and egg weight throughout the entire period of groups 4, 5 and 6 were significantly higher than those of group 1 (P<0.05), their egg number and egg weight in the middle period were extremely significantly higher than those of group 1 (P<0.01), and their feed-to-egg ratio in the middle period and entire period was extremely significantly lower than that of group 1 (P<0.01). Among all groups, group 4 had the highest egg number and egg weight, and the lowest feed-to-egg ratio in the middle period, late period and entire period. 2) Dietary phosphorus levels significantly affected the eggshell percentage and eggshell thickness in the middle period (P<0.05), extremely significantly affected the eggshell weight in the middle period and late period, and the eggshell percentage and eggshell thickness in the late period (P<0.01), and had a tendency to affect the eggshell strength in the late period (P=0.092). The eggshell weight and eggshell thickness in the middle period, as well as the eggshell weight, eggshell percentage and eggshell thickness in the late period of group 1, were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of groups 4, 5 and 6 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3) Dietary phosphorus levels significantly affected the plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration (P<0.05), but had no significant effects on the plasma phosphorus, calcium concentrations or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P>0.05). The plasma calcium concentration was the highest in group 4, while the plasma ALP activity and PTH concentration were the lowest in group 4. In summary, under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal dietary available phosphorus level for laying pigeons is 0.42%, at which the laying pigeons have the lowest feed-to-egg ratio, the highest egg weight, and improve eggshell quality.

Key words： phosphorus; laying pigeons; laying performance; eggshell quality; plasma biochemical indices

Cite this article

FU Shengyong , CHANG Lingling , TANG Qingping , SHEN Xinyue , MU Chunyu , ZHANG Rui , GAO Wen , ZHANG Dan , BU Zhu . Effects of Dietary Phosphorus Levels on Laying Performance, Eggshell Quality and Plasma Biochemical Indices of Laying Pigeons[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(2) : 1158 -1168 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.093

磷与钙作为畜禽饲粮中重要的常量矿物元素,广泛存在于动物机体各器官和组织,参与众多关键生理生化及新陈代谢活动。磷不仅是DNA和RNA的重要组成成分,还参与3大营养物质的代谢及能量转换利用;钙则在血液凝固、酸碱平衡和肌肉收缩过程中扮演重要角色。同时,二者是骨骼发育生长、蛋壳钙沉积与形成的必需物质,其协同作用对机体正常生理功能的维持至关重要。饲粮中钙、磷的含量及其比例过高或过低,均会干扰机体对钙、磷及其他养分的吸收利用,进而对动物生长性能与生产效益产生不利影响。近年来,钙、磷营养相关研究多集中于大宗畜禽,如肉鸡[1-3]、蛋鸡[4-5]、猪[6-7]、奶牛[8]等,针对特色家禽鸽,尤其是蛋鸽方面鲜见报道。因此,本研究旨在通过养殖试验探究饲粮磷水平对银羽王鸽产蛋性能、蛋壳质量及血浆生化指标的影响,以确定蛋鸽饲粮中适宜磷水平与钙磷比,为今后蛋鸽养殖精准饲粮配制提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本试验中涉及到的动物饲养管理和取样程序等均在江苏省家禽科学研究所实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查委员会的批准与指导下进行,批准编号为:JIPSAEC2024-018。

1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

本试验所用银羽王鸽由南京东晨鸽业有限公司提供。选取360对12月龄双母拼对银羽王鸽,随机分为6个组,每组5个重复,每个重复12对,重复之间体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。6组分别饲喂有效磷水平为0.08%(1组)、0.19%(2组)、0.30%(3组)、0.42%(4组)、0.53%(5组)和0.64%(6组)的试验饲粮。预试期2周,正试期6个月,分为前期(第1~2个月)、中期(第3~4个月)和后期(第5~6个月)3个阶段。试验饲粮均为玉米-豆粕-豌豆-高粱型全价配合颗粒料,各组饲粮代谢能水平(12.00 MJ/kg)、氨基酸模式、粗蛋白质(14.00%)及钙(1.40%)水平均保持一致,参照本团队前期研究[9]设定。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 组别Groups
1 2 3 4 5 6
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 41.3 41.3 41.3 41.3 41.3 41.3
豆粕Soybean meal 12 12 12 12 12 12
大豆油Soybean oil 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
葡萄糖Glucose 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
豌豆Pea 18 18 18 18 18 18
高粱Sorghum 20 20 20 20 20 20
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
L-色氨酸L-Trp 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
L-苏氨酸L-Thr 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
复合多维Multi-vitamin1) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
复合多矿Multi-mineral2) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
食盐NaCl 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
凹凸棒土Attapulgite 1.88 1.55 1.23 0.92 0.6 0.28
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5
石粉Limestone 3.52 3.15 2.77 2.38 2 1.62
合计Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02
干物质DM 88.73 88.53 88.67 88.78 88.58 88.71
粗蛋白质CP 14.12 14.15 14.1 14.08 14.14 14.06
钙Ca 1.42 1.41 1.43 1.42 1.4 1.41
总磷TP 0.34 0.46 0.57 0.66 0.78 0.92
有效磷AP 0.08 0.19 0.3 0.42 0.53 0.64
赖氨酸Lys 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
蛋氨酸Met 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
色氨酸Trp 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
苏氨酸Thr 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
食盐NaCl 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

1)复合多维为每千克饲粮提供 The multi-vitamin provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 4 000 IU,VE 15 IU,VK 2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 1 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 10 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 10 mg,VB12 5 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg。

2)复合多矿为每千克饲粮提供 The multi-mineral provided the following per kg of diets:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 65 mg,Mn 65 mg,Se 0.5 mg,I 1 mg。

3)干物质、粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,分别参考GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018测定;其余为计算值,根据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2019年第30版)》计算得出。DM, CP, Ca and TP were measured values, which were determined according to GB/T 6435—2014, GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively; while the others were calculated values according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (30th edition, 2019).

试验鸽采用层叠式3层笼养,全程自由采食(半自动食槽)和自由饮水。鸽舍采用人工照明,每日光照时间为06:00至22:00(共16 h)。饲养期间按常规方法进行日常管理和免疫,定期对鸽舍消毒。

1.3 样品采集与指标测定

1.3.1 体重变化与产蛋性能

在正试期开始和结束时,对全部蛋鸽禁食12 h后进行称重,分别记为初始体重和终末体重,并计算体增重。每2周配料1次,以重复为单位进行称料,同时回收剩料并称重,计算平均日采食量;每天记录每对蛋鸽的产蛋数、蛋重、破蛋情况,计算每个月的产蛋数、产蛋重及平均蛋重,并计算料蛋比;每天记录蛋鸽的病死情况,计算死亡率。

1.3.2 蛋壳质量

在试验前期、中期和后期结束当天,即正试期第60天、第120天和第180天,分别根据各组所测蛋重平均值±0.5 g选取鸽蛋样本,每组取15枚,用于各阶段蛋壳质量分析。采用蛋壳强度测定仪(Egg Force Reader,Orka Food Technology,以色列)测定蛋壳强度。随后,将鸽蛋磕破,手动分离蛋壳与蛋液,用纸巾擦干蛋壳内壁残留液体后称量蛋壳重,计算蛋壳百分数(蛋壳重占蛋重的百分比);并使用螺旋测微仪(上海量具刃具厂有限公司)测定蛋壳厚度。

1.3.3 血清生化指标

试验第24周(正试期第165天),从每个重复中随机选取2只雌鸽,经翅静脉采血1.5 mL于肝素钠抗凝管中,4 ℃下以2 016×g离心10 min后,分离血浆于-20 ℃保存备用。采用南京建成生物研究所生产的试剂盒分别测定血浆钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)浓度及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。

1.4 数据统计与分析

采用Excel 2019对试验数据进行初步整理后,利用SAS 8.1软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并使用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较。结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽体重和死亡率的影响

由表2可知,各组间初始体重、终末体重、体增重及死亡率均无显著差异(P>0.05),体增重和死亡率以4组为最低。
表2 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽体重和死亡率的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on body weight and mortality rate of laying pigeons

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
1 2 3 4 5 6
初始体重IBW/g 506.88
±57.88		 503.69
±51.04		 502.89
±49.17		 501.85
±51.18		 495.93
±50.23		 498.48
±50.69		 0.698
终末体重FBW/g 519.72
±53.57		 514.63
±49.76		 509.52
±50.73		 508.23
±49.52		 510.00
±48.34		 517.79
±46.42		 0.425
体增重BWG/g 12.84
±38.64		 10.94
±39.75		 6.63
±37.92		 6.40
±35.73		 14.07
±43.85		 19.31
±39.65		 0.146
死亡率Mortality rate/% 2.50
±3.73		 3.33
±3.49		 3.33
±3.49		 0.00
±0.00		 1.67
±2.28		 2.50
±3.73		 0.545

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽产蛋性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮磷水平对试验前期平均蛋重有显著影响(P<0.05),对试验中期、后期及全期平均蛋重的影响不显著(P>0.05);3组、4组、5组和6组试验前期平均蛋重显著高于1组(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平对试验前期产蛋数和产蛋重的影响不显著(P>0.05),对试验中期产蛋数和产蛋重有极显著影响(P<0.01),对试验全期产蛋数和产蛋重有显著影响(P<0.05),且随着饲粮磷水平的升高,试验中期、全期产蛋数和产蛋重均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;4组、5组和6组试验全期产蛋数和产蛋重显著高于1组(P<0.05),试验中期产蛋数和产蛋重极显著高于1组(P<0.01)。饲粮磷水平对试验前期、中期及后期平均日采食量的影响不显著(P>0.05),但显著影响了试验全期平均日采食量(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平极显著影响了试验中期及全期料蛋比(P<0.01),4组、5组和6组试验中期和全期料蛋比极显著低于1组(P<0.01);在试验中期、后期及全期,料蛋比均以4组为最低。
表3 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽产蛋性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on laying performance of laying pigeons

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
1 2 3 4 5 6
产蛋数Egg number/[枚/(对·月)]
前期Early period 3.98 4.17 4.78 4.24 4.41 4.46 0.381
±0.67 ±0.60 ±0.56 ±0.34 ±0.71 ±0.57
中期Middle period 3.48 3.85 3.88 4.77 4.58 4.44 0.002
±0.56Cc ±0.84BCbc ±0.46BCbc ±0.38Aa ±0.26Aa ±0.13ABab
后期Late period 5.05 4.87 5.42 5.95 5.68 5.47 0.146
±0.33 ±0.37 ±0.45 ±0.61 ±0.78 ±1.08
全期Entire period 4.17 4.3 4.69 4.99 4.89 4.79 0.031
±0.34c ±0.44bc ±0.30abc ±0.39a ±0.50ab ±0.54ab
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g
前期Early period 21.42 22.26 22.74 23.15 23.08 22.66 0.025
±0.41b ±0.99ab ±0.25a ±1.32a ±0.45a ±0.87a
中期Middle period 22.76 22.73 22.81 22.76 23.04 22.42 0.932
±0.42 ±0.82 ±1.17 ±1.18 ±0.73 ±0.60
后期Late period 22.55 23.42 22.81 22.75 22.79 23.06 0.862
±0.55 ±1.66 ±1.40 ±0.62 ±1.37 ±0.32
全期Entire period 22.24 22.8 22.79 22.88 22.97 22.72 0.54
±0.24 ±1.01 ±0.69 ±0.40 ±0.63 ±0.50
产蛋重Egg weight/[g/(对·月)]
前期Early period 85.34 93.05 108.74 97.79 101.75 101.16 0.199
±15.77 ±16.49 ±13.14 ±5.04 ±16.45 ±15.15
中期Middle period 79.13 87.26 88.36 108.6 105.55 99.61 0.003
±12.30Cc ±18.59BCbc ±10.34BCbc ±11.68Aa ±7.86Aa ±4.76ABab
后期Late period 113.81 114.1 123.55 135.29 129.92 126.29 0.319
±8.32 ±11.84 ±12.83 ±13.15 ±23.42 ±26.16
全期Entire period 92.66 97.91 106.87 114.07 112.49 108.85 0.024
±7.30c ±10.57bc ±7.11abc ±8.85a ±14.24ab ±13.32ab
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/对)
前期Early period 57.04 54.73 54.69 55.08 55.44 55.53 0.26
±1.34 ±1.86 ±1.20 ±2.73 ±0.63 ±1.21
中期Middle period 53.68 53.33 50.78 52.08 53.29 52.77 0.1
±2.14 ±1.01 ±2.12 ±1.54 ±1.61 ±1.19
后期Late period 61.08 59.25 59.88 59.95 58.93 60.36 0.267
±1.65 ±1.40 ±1.05 ±1.73 ±1.90 ±0.71
全期Entire period 57.26 55.77 55.11 55.7 55.88 56.22 0.043
±1.01a ±0.54ab ±0.93b ±1.66b ±0.77b ±0.40ab
料蛋比Feed/egg
前期Early period 20.63 18.18 15.24 16.92 16.74 16.75 0.107
±3.90 ±3.83 ±1.64 ±1.00 ±3.09 ±2.40
中期Middle period 20.68 19.1 17.45 14.55 15.23 15.92 0.008
±2.73Aa ±4.69ABab ±2.39ABCabc ±1.88Cc ±1.47Cc ±0.80BCbc
后期Late period 16.15 15.69 14.67 13.42 13.92 14.87 0.278
±0.99 ±1.37 ±1.61 ±1.65 ±2.20 ±3.25
全期Entire period 18.64 17.24 15.52 14.74 15.09 15.7 0.008
±1.57Aa ±1.7ABab ±0.99BCbc ±1.48Cc ±1.86BCbc ±2.08BCbc

2.3 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽蛋壳质量的影响

由表4可知,饲粮磷水平对试验前期蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度的影响均不显著(P>0.05),对试验中期蛋壳百分数和蛋壳厚度有显著影响(P<0.05),对试验中期和后期蛋壳重及试验后期蛋壳百分数和蛋壳厚度有极显著影响(P<0.01);1组试验中期蛋壳重、蛋壳厚度及试验后期蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数、蛋壳厚度均显著或极显著低于4组、5组和6组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。饲粮磷水平有影响试验后期蛋壳强度的趋势(P=0.092),且随着饲粮磷水平的升高,试验后期蛋壳强度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以5组为最高,1组为最低。
表4 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽蛋壳质量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on eggshell quality of laying pigeons

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
1 2 3 4 5 6
蛋壳重Eggshell weight/(g/枚)
前期Early period 1.79 1.85 1.87 1.84 1.87 1.77 0.618
±0.20 ±0.19 ±0.14 ±0.21 ±0.19 ±0.15
中期Middle period 1.91 1.96 1.95 2 2.04 2.07 0.002
±0.09Cc ±0.12BCbc ±0.13BCbc ±0.10Bb ±0.07ABab ±0.16Aa
后期Late period 1.9 1.94 1.99 2.02 2.05 2.02 <0.001
±0.14Cc ±0.08BCbc ±0.12ABab ±0.09Aa ±0.10Aa ±0.16Aa
蛋壳百分数Eggshell percentage/%
前期Early period 7.82 8.14 8.11 8.01 8.15 7.99 0.807
±0.56 ±0.52 ±0.59 ±0.40 ±0.99 ±0.43
中期Middle period 8.47 8.52 8.55 8.7 8.94 8.94 0.01
±0.43b ±0.40b ±0.54b ±0.45ab ±0.30a ±0.62a
后期Late period 8.41 8.61 8.73 8.72 8.92 8.83 0.008
±0.54Cc ±0.40BCbc ±0.42ABab ±0.39ABab ±0.41Aa ±0.48ABab
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/μm
前期Early period 253.72 267.99 266.77 256.64 260.78 256.3 0.407
±32.05 ±20.75 ±16.56 ±14.54 ±17.34 ±17.57
中期Middle period 251.22 255.35 257.53 262.04 264.96 267.39 0.014
±20.27c ±11.50bc ±15.25abc ±11.42ab ±12.14ab ±13.43a
后期Late period 237.04 241.32 250.49 254.25 267.88 259.7 <0.001
±15.71Cc ±13.59Cc ±14.99Bb ±11.12Bb ±13.90Aa ±18.42ABab
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N
前期Early period 8.89 9.08 9.24 8.64 8.4 7.98 0.632
±0.16 ±0.14 ±0.25 ±0.20 ±0.21 ±0.85
中期Middle period 8.58 8.63 8.73 8.85 8.88 8.78 0.995
±0.12 ±0.20 ±0.20 ±0.15 ±0.15 ±0.15
后期Late period 8.12 8.53 8.81 9.21 9.28 9.02 0.092
±0.11 ±0.13 ±0.14 ±0.12 ±0.18 ±0.16

2.4 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽血浆生化指标的影响

由表5可知,血浆PTH浓度随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势,以4组为最低且显著低于1组(P<0.05)。尽管饲粮磷水平对血浆钙、磷浓度和ALP活性的影响均不显著(P>0.05),但血浆磷浓度随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现持续上升的趋势;血浆ALP活性的变化趋势与PTH浓度一致,随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势;血浆钙浓度则随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现先上升后略微下降的趋势;血浆钙浓度以4组为最高,而血浆ALP活性和PTH浓度以4组为最低。
表5 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽血浆生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on plasma biochemical indices of laying pigeons

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
1 2 3 4 5 6
磷P/(mmol/L) 1.95
±0.37		 2.03
±0.28		 2.07
±0.34		 2.15
±0.40		 2.19
±0.41		 2.24
±0.28		 0.347
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(kU/L) 1.60
±0.30		 1.49
±0.36		 1.45
±0.21		 1.40
±0.30		 1.50
±0.34		 1.53
±0.33		 0.689
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.61
±0.56		 2.75
±0.62		 2.79
±0.45		 2.90
±0.39		 2.76
±0.57		 2.73
±0.67		 0.888
甲状旁腺素PTH/(pg/mL) 83.78
±23.75a		 79.11
±12.55ab		 78.31
±13.66ab		 65.77
±10.20b		 67.63
±9.59b		 71.53
±14.17ab		 0.023

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽产蛋性能的影响

本试验结果表明,饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽产蛋性能的影响呈现明显时序性特征。在试验前期,饲粮磷水平显著影响了平均蛋重,而对产蛋数的影响尚未达到显著水平;在试验中期,饲粮磷水平对产蛋数产生了极显著影响,对平均蛋重的影响则趋于减弱。这种阶段性时序效应最终导致试验全期产蛋重受到显著影响,且产蛋重随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现先上升后下降的典型趋势。这一现象与家禽生理学中磷代谢的优先级规律相吻合,即在磷供应缺乏初期,机体优先保障卵黄磷沉积,以维持胚胎发育的基本需求,此时蛋重成为敏感响应指标。张帅[10]在肉种鸽研究中发现,当饲粮总磷水平从0.33%提升至0.73%时,种鸽蛋重显著提高2.29%~7.81%,且0.73%总磷组蛋重最高。随着试验持续,磷缺乏或过量对卵巢功能和蛋壳形成的累积效应逐渐显现,进而影响产蛋数。这一机制在蛋鸡研究中已得到验证,即当产蛋鸡饲粮有效磷水平低于0.12%时,不仅显著降低蛋黄钙浓度,卵巢功能也会受到明显抑制[11]。
本试验的重要发现之一是饲粮磷水平可极显著影响料蛋比。无论试验中期、后期还是全期,均以0.42%有效磷组料蛋比最低,饲料转化效率最高,该结果与多项禽类营养研究结论相一致。张帅[10]在肉种鸽研究中推荐饲粮总磷水平为0.53%~0.73%,其中0.73%总磷组(有效磷水平约为0.45%)肉种鸽产蛋周期最短,较0.33%总磷组缩短了6.5%,且产蛋量显著增加。从营养学角度分析,适宜的饲粮磷水平可保障营养素的协同利用。磷作为ATP的关键组成成分,参与能量代谢全过程,当磷供应适宜时,3大营养物质代谢效率提升,表现为产蛋重增加而采食量无显著变化。马霞等[12]在海兰褐蛋鸡上的研究支持这一机制,即当饲粮非植酸磷水平从0.11%提升至0.19%时,料蛋比显著降低;但非植酸磷水平超过0.23%后该改善效应消失。从生理学角度分析,磷失衡会导致机体代谢能耗增加。同为蛋禽的蛋鸡相关研究也证实,低磷(有效磷水平<0.19%)状态下,机体需动员骨骼磷储备,这一过程消耗大量能量;而高磷(有效磷水平>0.53%)状态下,过量的磷需经肾脏排泄,同样增加能量损耗[13]。本试验中0.64%有效磷组产蛋重下降而平均日采食量未减少,表明饲粮磷水平过高会使代谢能向产蛋以外方向分流。
本试验结果表明,0.42%有效磷组(总磷水平0.66%)的产蛋性能表现最佳,该适宜水平高于蛋鸡饲粮有效磷推荐水平(0.30%~0.40%)[12-13],但略低于肉种鸽[10]研究报道的推荐水平上限值(总磷水平0.73%,有效磷水平0.45%)。造成这一差异的原因可能与物种特异性生理特征相关:一方面,蛋鸡体重通常为蛋鸽的3~4倍,高峰期采食量约为蛋鸽的4倍以上,所产鸡蛋重量约为鸽蛋的3倍,体内磷贮存总量也相应高于蛋鸽;另一方面,蛋鸡高峰期可实现1 d产1枚蛋,而蛋鸽产完第1枚蛋后需间隔1~3 d才能产下第2枚蛋,鸽蛋形成周期超过24 h,蛋壳沉积时间理论上长于鸡蛋,对钙、磷的持续供应需求更高。此外,高产带仔肉种鸽的生理需求较为特殊,公、母鸽通常在下窝前完成交配,雏鸽下窝后1~2 d(甚至下窝前)即开始产蛋,其泌乳哺育期与产蛋期完全重叠,需同时兼顾乳鸽骨骼发育的鸽乳分泌需求和下一窝产2枚合格种蛋的营养需求,因此磷营养需求理论上更高。代谢组学研究揭示了鸽磷代谢的独特分子机制,即亲鸽饲粮磷水平可显著影响乳鸽磷酸盐转运蛋白基因的表达,特别是钠依赖Ⅱb型磷转运蛋白(Na/Pi-Ⅱb)[14]。这种磷营养的跨代调控效应在蛋鸡研究中尚未见报道,提示鸽可能具有独特的磷营养分配优先级,即后代生长发育需求可能优先于产蛋本身的营养需求。
此外,本试验中全期平均日采食量虽受饲粮磷水平显著影响,但分阶段(前期、中期、后期)统计分析时,组间差异均未达显著水平。这表明饲粮磷水平对采食量的影响可能是长期代谢适应的累积效应,而非直接调控作用。这与张帅[10]在肉种鸽上的研究结论相符,即饲粮磷水平对肉种鸽采食量及体重变化无显著影响,但二者随饲粮磷水平升高存在一定趋势性变化。

3.2 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽蛋壳质量的影响

本研究发现,饲粮磷水平对蛋壳质量的影响存在明显的剂量-时间效应,具体表现为:在试验前期,饲粮磷水平对蛋壳质量参数(蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度)均无显著影响;在试验中期,饲粮磷水平开始显著影响蛋壳百分数和蛋壳厚度;到了试验后期,其对蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数和蛋壳厚度的影响达到极显著水平。
蛋壳中磷含量约为0.11%,主要存在于壳膜蛋白基质中,对赋予蛋壳弹性和抗冲击能力具有重要作用[15]。在蛋鸡中的研究发现,蛋壳钙化过程约持续20 h,期间需动员2.0~2.5 g钙,其中30%直接来源于饲粮钙,70%依赖髓质骨钙池储备,磷通过调节骨钙重吸收效率和碳酸酐酶活性进而影响蛋壳基质矿化[16-18]。本试验中0.42%有效磷组在试验后期表现出较优的蛋壳质量,可能与该组磷水平适宜,能够优化钙、磷代谢有关。高磷环境会抑制骨钙动员,过量磷酸盐与血钙形成不溶性复合物磷酸氢钙(CaHPO4),导致钙离子浓度降低,同时刺激成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)表达升高,抑制1,25-(OH)2D3的合成,共同阻碍髓质骨钙释放[15]。这一机制可解释为何0.64%(高水平)有效磷组在试验后期的蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数相较于0.53%有效磷组均出现一定程度的下降(2.02 g vs 2.05 g、8.83% vs 8.92%)。本研究发现,随着饲粮磷水平的升高,试验后期蛋壳强度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,这与蛋鸡相关研究结果类似,即当饲粮有效磷水平维持在一定范围时,蛋壳弹性模量最优,破蛋率最低,水平过高时则蛋壳韧性下降,破蛋率显著增加[5,17]。这种非线性响应表明,蛋壳质量对饲粮磷水平的适应可能存在一个精确的磷稳态窗口,且与钙磷比例密切相关。

3.3 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽血浆生化指标的影响

尽管饲粮磷水平对血浆磷浓度的影响不显著,但本试验中蛋鸽血浆磷浓度随饲粮磷水平的升高而上升,与前人的研究结果[10,12-14]相符。许丹蕾[13]在蛋鸡的研究中发现,低磷组(有效磷水平0.12%)、正常组(有效磷水平0.35%)和高磷组(有效磷水平0.45%)的血磷浓度分别为1.95、2.41和2.63 mmol/L,虽有升高趋势,但各组间统计上未达显著水平。张帅[10]在肉种鸽上的研究显示,种鸽饲粮总磷水平从0.33%提升至0.73%时,乳鸽血磷浓度从2.97 mmol/L显著升至3.58 mmol/L,但亲鸽血磷浓度仅从3.02 mmol/L升至3.21 mmol/L(差异不显著),这证实成年鸽对血磷稳态的调控能力强于幼龄个体。本试验中,饲粮有效磷水平从0.08%提升至0.64%时,蛋鸽血浆磷浓度从1.95 mmol/L升至2.24 mmol/L(差异不显著)。不同研究中血磷浓度绝对数值的差异可能与试验对象不同有关,张帅[10]和安勇等[14]的研究对象为带仔肉种鸽,哺乳期与产蛋期重叠,而本研究在双母配对蛋鸽中进行。
ALP作为钙、磷代谢的关键水解酶,主要由成骨细胞分泌,直接参与骨基质矿化过程,通过水解焦磷酸盐释放磷酸根,促进羟基磷灰石沉积,同时也参与肠道磷吸收和肾脏磷重吸收调节,其活性变化能敏感反映骨代谢状态[19-20]。本研究中,尽管不同饲粮磷水平下血浆ALP活性未达显著差异,但其随饲粮磷水平的升高呈现出先下降后略微上升的趋势,且与血浆PTH浓度的变化同步,这与钙磷稳态调控的深层次机制相符。PTH分泌同时受血液钙和磷的双向调控,主要表现为受钙直接主导及磷间接微调[21]。ALP活性升高通常反映成骨细胞活性增强[20],尤其在低饲粮磷导致低血磷的情况下,如本试验中0.08%有效磷组。长期低血磷会直接抑制肾脏1α-羟化酶的活化,导致活性维生素D3合成下降,进而使十二指肠钙结合蛋白-D28k(CaBP-D28k)表达降低,肠道钙吸收率下降[19];长期钙储备池得不到补充会导致血钙浓度下降,低血钙刺激PTH分泌增加,进而促进ALP活性升高。但长期低血磷会导致骨基质中羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]沉积减少,即便PTH浓度增加,但破骨细胞可动员钙释放减少,因此血钙浓度升高效果不明显。
本研究发现,饲粮磷水平显著影响血浆PTH浓度,而对血浆钙、磷浓度及ALP活性影响不显著,这提示PTH在产蛋禽钙磷稳态调节中具有核心作用。饲粮磷缺乏时,骨骼矿化受阻、骨钙动员能力下降,进而导致血钙浓度降低[5],而低血钙直接刺激甲状旁腺代偿性增生,PTH分泌增加以促进骨钙释放。饲粮磷过量时,超出代谢能力的磷直接进入血液导致血磷升高;过量磷在肠道内形成难溶磷酸钙盐,阻碍钙吸收[11],同时下调肠道Na/Pi-Ⅱb表达以降低磷吸收效率[14];高血磷还通过FGF23介导抑制骨钙释放,进而血钙下降,尽管低血钙会进一步刺激PTH分泌代偿性增加,但持续高磷会抑制PTH受体敏感性以达到新的稳态平衡。此外,肾脏重吸收也是调节磷稳态的重要渠道,肾小管上皮细胞中Na/Pi-Ⅱb的表达同时受FGF23和PTH的双向调控[5,14]。本研究在等钙、不同有效磷水平(0.08%~0.64%)饲粮条件下开展试验,各组蛋鸽血浆钙、磷浓度在骨-肾-肠轴反馈适应调节下差异不显著,进一步验证了上述钙磷稳态调控机制。

4 结论

① 血浆PTH是蛋鸽磷营养的敏感指标,饲粮磷水平显著影响血浆PTH浓度,而血浆钙、磷浓度未见显著变化。
② 饲粮磷水平对蛋壳质量的影响存在剂量-时间效应,对试验前期蛋壳质量的影响不显著,对试验中期蛋壳百分数、蛋壳厚度有显著影响,对试验后期蛋壳重、蛋壳百分数和蛋壳厚度有极显著影响。
③ 饲粮磷水平对蛋鸽产蛋性能的影响具有时序性特征,试验前期主要显著影响蛋重,试验中期则极显著影响产蛋数。
④ 本试验条件下,饲粮最佳有效磷水平为0.42%,该水平下蛋鸽料蛋比最低、产蛋重最高,同时可获得较高蛋壳强度和较大蛋壳厚度。

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