1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (as-fed basis) % |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 46.80 | 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 9.79 | |
| 小麦Wheat | 25.00 | 水分Moisture | 12.90 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (43%) | 5.50 | 粗蛋白质CP | 13.00 | |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 8.00 | 粗脂肪EE | 3.20 | |
| 米糠粕Rice bran meal | 6.00 | 粗纤维CF | 3.50 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.35 | 钙Ca | 0.62 | |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 3.00 | 磷P | 0.57 | |
| 干全酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 2.30 | 标准全消化道可消化磷STTD P | 0.23 | |
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-lysine sulfate | 0.55 | 赖氨酸Lys/(g/kg) | 7.80 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.50 | 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys/(g/kg) | 6.70 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID Met/(g/kg) | 2.05 | |
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr/(g/kg) | 4.52 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID Trp/(g/kg) | 1.21 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 155 mg,Cu 9 mg,Zn 30 mg,Mn 18 mg,I 0.14 mg,Se 0.1 mg,VA 3 300 IU,VD3 775 IU,VE 26 IU,VK3 0.25 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.09 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 27 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 13 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,胆碱 choline 275 mg。 | |
2)净能、赖氨酸、标准全消化道可消化磷、标准回肠可消化赖氨酸、标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸、标准回肠可消化苏氨酸、标准回肠可消化色氨酸为计算值,水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷为实测值。NE, Lys, STTD P, SID Lys and SID Met, SID Thr and SID Trp were calculated values, while moisture, CP, EE, CF, Ca and P were measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能
1.5.2 胴体性状
1.5.3 肌肉品质
1.5.4 肌肉中风味物质和挥发性代谢物含量
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 植物甾醇对湘岭猪生长性能的影响
表2 植物甾醇对湘岭猪生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of phytosterols on growth performance of Xiangling pigs |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | 试验组Test group | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 始重IBW/kg | 50.69±6.43 | 51.37±4.04 | 0.815 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 93.71±6.40 | 94.74±6.44 | 0.770 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.75±0.35 | 2.78±0.40 | 0.251 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 753.07±54.16 | 767.05±78.23 | 0.704 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.64±0.45 | 3.65±0.31 | 0.266 |
同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same row with different uppercase letter superscripts indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and with different lowercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 植物甾醇对湘岭猪胴体性状的影响
表3 植物甾醇对湘岭猪胴体性状的影响Table 3 Effects of phytosterols on carcass traits of Xiangling pigs |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | 试验组Test group | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 宰前体重Pre-slaughter weight/kg | 95.00±7.39 | 95.20±7.69 | 0.970 |
| 胴体重Carcass weight/kg | 72.25±5.01 | 72.60±5.95 | 0.928 |
| 屠宰率Dressing percentage/% | 76.01±1.06 | 76.27±1.96 | 0.928 |
| 胴体长Carcass length/cm | 87.00±1.07 | 87.00±0.96 | 1.000 |
| 胴体直长Carcass straight length/cm | 77.25±1.44 | 76.40±1.29 | 0.673 |
| 3点均膘厚Three-site average backfat thickness/mm | 39.34±3.23 | 39.33±2.89 | 0.999 |
| 3点均皮厚Three-site average skin thickness/mm | 4.60±0.24 | 4.38±0.22 | 0.533 |
| 后腿比例Ham percentage/% | 27.18±0.47 | 28.21±0.42 | 0.145 |
| 瘦肉率Lean percentage/% | 44.89±3.40a | 49.32±2.02b | 0.044 |
| 脂肪率Fat percentage/% | 33.87±3.62 | 31.44±3.74 | 0.360 |
| 骨率Bone percentage/% | 10.94±0.73 | 10.41±0.65 | 0.609 |
| 皮率Skin percentage/% | 10.30±0.65 | 8.84±0.58 | 0.136 |
| 眼肌面积Loin eye area/cm2 | 32.10±3.61 | 36.71±3.23 | 0.372 |
2.3 植物甾醇对湘岭猪肌肉品质的影响
表4 植物甾醇对湘岭猪肌肉品质的影响Table 4 Effects of phytosterols on muscle quality of Xiangling pigs |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | 试验组Test group | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肉色评分Meat color score (1 h) | 3.50±0.77 | 3.83±0.41 | 0.373 |
| 大理石纹评分Marbling score (24 h) | 3.25±0.42 | 2.67±0.52 | 0.057 |
| 肉色Meat color (1 h) | |||
| 亮度L* | 40.91±0.93 | 40.31±1.21 | 0.356 |
| 红度a* | 5.99±0.86 | 7.17±1.02 | 0.056 |
| 黄度b* | 2.81±0.70 | 3.16±0.65 | 0.390 |
| 肉色Meat color (24 h) | |||
| 亮度L* | 44.23±3.23 | 45.31±1.50 | 0.472 |
| 红度a* | 6.42±1.10a | 8.52±1.67b | 0.027 |
| 黄度b* | 4.13±1.15a | 5.60±0.95b | 0.036 |
| pH1 h | 6.53±0.29 | 6.59±0.36 | 0.744 |
| pH24 h | 6.05±0.42 | 5.80±0.06 | 0.186 |
| 失水率Water loss rate/% | 13.92±1.43a | 11.75±1.90b | 0.049 |
| 熟肉率Cooking yield/% | 69.28±7.04 | 64.55±4.54 | 0.197 |
| 贮存损失Storage loss/% | 1.64±0.52 | 1.53±0.52 | 0.742 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 8.81±2.37 | 8.29±2.65 | 0.728 |
| 肌内脂肪含量IMF content/% | 4.61±1.71 | 3.04±0.90 | 0.166 |
| 肌苷酸含量Inosinate content/(mg/g) | 3.09±0.56 | 2.86±0.49 | 0.473 |
2.4 植物甾醇对湘岭猪肌肉中风味物质和挥发性代谢物含量的影响
2.4.1 风味物质含量
表5 植物甾醇对湘岭猪肌肉中风味物质含量的影响Table 5 Effects of phytosterols on flavor compound contents in muscle of Xiangling pigs |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | 试验组Test group | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 苯类Benzenoids | 1.16±0.05 | 1.22±0.10 | 0.215 |
| 氮氧化合物Nitrogen oxides | 1.38±0.08 | 1.45±0.16 | 0.313 |
| 氨类Ammonia | 1.06±0.02 | 1.07±0.03 | 0.336 |
| 氢化物Hydrides | 1.10±0.01 | 1.11±0.02 | 0.439 |
| 短链烷烃Short-chain alkanes | 1.05±0.01 | 1.05±0.01 | 0.365 |
| 甲基类Methyl compounds | 1.76±0.07 | 1.88±0.24 | 0.265 |
| 硫化物Sulfur compounds | 4.57±0.56 | 5.52±1.63 | 0.205 |
| 醇类、醛酮类Alcohols, aldehydes & ketones | 1.43±0.09 | 1.54±0.16 | 0.170 |
| 有机硫化物Organosulfur compounds | 2.82±0.24 | 3.27±0.87 | 0.254 |
| 长链烷烃Long-chain alkanes | 1.37±0.03 | 1.35±0.09 | 0.623 |
2.4.2 挥发性代谢物含量
表6 对照组和试验组肌肉中16类挥发性代谢物含量对比Table 6 Comparison of contents of 16 types of volatile metabolites in muscle between control group and test group % |
| 分类Classes | 对照组Control group | 试验组Test group | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 酸类Acids | 2.99±0.03a | 2.92±0.07b | 0.042 |
| 醇类Alcohols | 14.98±0.12 | 15.10±0.14 | 0.122 |
| 醛类Aldehydes | 11.72±0.21 | 11.68±0.14 | 0.862 |
| 酰胺类Amides | 1.25±0.02 | 1.24±0.02 | 0.393 |
| 胺类Amines | 1.27±0.05a | 1.21±0.03b | 0.032 |
| 酯类Esters | 14.53±0.12 | 14.60±0.15 | 0.530 |
| 醚类Ethers | 2.28±0.02 | 2.30±0.04 | 0.306 |
| 卤代烃类Haloalkanes | 0.27±0.02a | 0.25±0.01b | 0.048 |
| 杂环化合物Heterocyclic compounds | 7.58±0.06 | 7.58±0.09 | 0.957 |
| 烃类Hydrocarbons | 13.44±0.05 | 13.39±0.11 | 0.320 |
| 酮类Ketones | 14.59±0.11 | 14.69±0.07 | 0.088 |
| 含氮有机化合物Organic nitrogen compounds | 1.12±0.04 | 1.11±0.02 | 0.612 |
| 有机硫化合物Organosulfur compounds | 0.43±0.02 | 0.41±0.02 | 0.102 |
| 其他类Others | 10.17±0.04 | 10.12±0.10 | 0.230 |
| 酚类Phenols | 0.61±0.01a | 0.59±0.01b | 0.045 |
| 萜类Terpenoids | 2.78±0.04 | 2.82±0.05 | 0.272 |
图2 差异代谢物聚类分析热图Subcluster:亚群;1-Pentanol:1-戊醇;3-Methylbutyl N-(heptafluorobutyryl)norleucinate:3-甲基丁基N-(七氟丁酰基)-正亮氨酸酯;Trichloromethane:三氯甲烷;N-[4-(benzoylamino)-2-chlorophenyl]-2-furancarboxamide,N,N'-bis-trifluoroacetyl:N,N'- 双三氟乙酰基-N-[4-(苯甲酰氨基)-2-氯苯基]-2-呋喃甲酰胺;Trans-4-decene:反-4-癸烯;Butanenitrile:丁腈;Docosane:二十二烷;Indole:吲哚;Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one:四氢-6-戊基-2H-吡喃-2-酮(也称为δ-癸内酯);Hexano-dibutyrin:己酸二丁酯;Allyl acetate:乙酸烯丙酯;Oxalic acid, cyclobutyl undecyl ester:草酸环丁基十一烷基酯;Benzyl formate:甲酸苄酯;Estragole:草蒿脑;(Z)-3-hexenyl ester hexanoic acid:(Z)-3-己烯基己酸酯;Butyl benzoate:苯甲酸丁酯;2-Hexyl-furan:2-己基呋喃;(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal:(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛;3,4,5-Trimethyl-phenol:3,4,5-三甲基苯酚;Pentanenitrile:戊腈;3-Ethenyl-1,4-pentadiene:3-乙烯基-1,4-戊二烯;4-Pentylphenol:4-戊基苯酚;N-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-N'-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-hudrazine:N-(2-氯苯甲酰基)-N'-(4-氯苯甲酰基)肼;2,4-Dimethyl-benzaldehyde:2,4-二甲基苯甲醛;3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran:3,4-二氢-2H-1-苯并吡喃;(E)-2-octen-1-ol:(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇;2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enone:2-羟基-3,5,5-三甲基-环己-2-烯酮;(Z)-3-Octen-1-ol:(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇;1,3-Cyclohexanediol:1,3-环己二醇;2,3-Epoxyhexanol:2,3-环氧己醇;2-Ethyl-1-hexanol:2-乙基-1-己醇;Pentanoic acid-3-butenyl ester:戊酸-3-丁烯酯;1-Methyl-3-vinyloxy-cyclohexene:1-甲基-3-乙烯氧基-环己烯;3,6,6-Trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enone:3,6,6-三甲基-环己-2-烯酮;Cycloheptanol:环庚醇;3,3'-Oxybis-cyclopentene:3,3'-氧代二环戊烯;2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-pentadiene:2,3-二甲基-1,4-戊二烯;1,2,3-Trimethyl-benzene:1,2,3-三甲基苯。图4和图5同 the same as Fig.4 and Fig.5。 Fig.2 Cluster analysis heatmap of differential metabolites |
图5 感官风味特征与风味物质的关联网络图alcoholic:酒味;alkane:石蜡味;almond:杏仁味;animal:动物味;anise:八角味;apricot:杏子味;balsam:香脂味;balsamic:香醋味;bitter:苦味;black tea:红茶香味;burnt:焦糊味;buttery:黄油味;cherry:樱桃味;citrus:柑橘味;clean:干净味;coconut:椰子味;creamy:奶油味;cranberry:蔓越莓味;dairy:奶香;dry:干型;fatty:脂肪味;fecal:粪便味;fennel:茴香味;fish:鱼腥味;fresh:新鲜味;fruity:水果味;fusel:杂醇油味;grassy:青草味;green:生青味;herbal:草本味;honey:蜂蜜香;intensely:强烈的味;jasmine:茉莉花香;lemon:柠檬味;licorice:甘草味;melon:甜瓜味;mild:柔和的味;minty:薄荷味;mothball:樟脑丸味;naphthelene:霉味;naphthyl:萘味;nutty:坚果味;oily:油味;peach:桃子味;pear:梨味;phenolic:酚味;pineapple:菠萝味;plastic:塑料味;plum:李子味;powdery:粉感;prune:西梅干味;rose:玫瑰花香;sassafrass:黄樟木味;sharp:刺激味;soapy:肥皂味;spice:香料味;spicy:辛辣味;suffocating:令人窒息的味;sweet:甜味;tobacco:烟草味;tropical:热带水果味;vanilla:香草味;waxy:蜡感;wine:葡萄酒香;woody:木质味;metabolite:代谢物;odor:气味。图6同 the same as Fig.6。 Fig.5 Correlation Network diagram of sensory flavor characteristics and flavor compounds |
表7 15种代谢物所对应的具体气味描述Table 7 Specific odor descriptions corresponding to 15 metabolites |
| 代谢物Metabolites | 相关的气味Associated odors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 四氢-6-戊基-2H-吡喃-2-酮 Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one | 黄油味、椰子味、李子味、新鲜味、杏子味、水果味、甜味、 奶油味、油味、奶香、桃子味 | ||
| 吲哚Indole | 蜂蜜香、霉味、樟脑丸味、茉莉花香、焦糊味、动物味、鱼腥味、粪便味 | ||
| 草蒿脑Estragole | 甘草味、酒味、茴香味、八角味、薄荷味、草本味、生青味、 黄樟木味、甜味、香料味、香草味 | ||
| 甲酸苄酯Benzyl formate | 杏仁味、菠萝味、杏子味、水果味、蔓越莓味、红茶香、辛辣味 | ||
| 2,4-二甲基苯甲醛 2,4-Dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 杏仁味、萘味、樱桃味、香料味、香草味 | ||
| 2-羟基-3,5,5-三甲基-环己-2-烯酮 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enone | 干净味、坚果味、粉感、干型、 酚味、辛辣味、烟草味、木质味 | ||
| 二十二烷Docosane | 石蜡味、蜡感 | ||
| (E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛 (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal | 柑橘味、苦味、薄荷味、柠檬味、刺激味、甜味 | ||
| (E)-2-辛烯-1-醇(E)-2-octen-1-ol | 柑橘味、塑料味、生青味、肥皂味 | ||
| 2-乙基-1-己醇2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 柑橘味、新鲜味、生青味、甜味、油味、玫瑰花香 | ||
| (Z)-3-己烯基己酸酯 (Z)-3-hexenyl ester hexanoic acid | 梨味、菠萝味、西梅干味、热带水果味、生青味、 葡萄酒香、水果味、蜡感、青草味 | ||
| (Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇(Z)-3-octen-1-ol | 甜瓜味、新鲜味、水果味、强烈味、脂肪味 | ||
| 1-戊醇1-Pentanol | 香醋味、甜味、杂醇油味、香脂味、油味、香草味 | ||
| 苯甲酸丁酯Butyl benzoate | 香醋味、水果味、柔和的味 | ||
| 三氯甲烷Trichloromethane | 甜味、令人窒息的味 |
