REVIEW

Research Progress on Application of Copper-Based Feed Additives in Aquaculture

  • XIE Yuting , 1 ,
  • WANG Aimin , 1, * ,
  • WANG Shangchu 2 ,
  • LEI Junyi 2
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  • 1 College of Ocean and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  • 2 Changsha Xingjia Biotechnology Share Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-08-28

  Online published: 2026-03-16

Abstract

Copper is one of the essential trace nutrients for aquatic animals, serving as a key component of various enzymes and proteins within cells. It plays a crucial role in the growth, immunity and antioxidant capacity, as well as respiratory physiological functions of aquatic animals. Feed is one of the primary source for aquatic animals to obtain copper. Therefore, considering the species-specific characteristics and the requirements of different growth stages, selecting appropriate copper source feed additives is of great significance for ensuring the healthy growth of aquatic animals and improving aquaculture efficiency. This paper systematically reviews the three major types of copper-based feed additives and their characteristics, explains the physiological functions of copper in aquatic animals, as well as its absorption, metabolism and transport mechanisms, and the relationship between copper and respiration-related enzymes and genes, and reviews the research progress in the application of copper-based additives in aquatic animals. On this basis, the main problems existing in the current research and application of copper-based feed additives are further summarized, and the future research trends are prospected, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the scientific, efficient and green application of copper-based additives in aquaculture and promote the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

Cite this article

XIE Yuting , WANG Aimin , WANG Shangchu , LEI Junyi . Research Progress on Application of Copper-Based Feed Additives in Aquaculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(3) : 1655 -1665 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.133

随着全球水产养殖业的集约化与规模化发展,虾、蟹等甲壳类水产动物已成为其中经济价值高、发展迅猛的养殖品类,养殖产量持续攀升[1]。饲料营养是保障养殖动物健康与产量的基石,目前已经对大多数水产养殖动物的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂类、脂肪酸及碳水化合物等主要营养素需求开展了系统评估[2],而矿物元素作为饲料营养的重要组成部分,其精准供给对维持水产动物正常生理功能尤为关键[3]。饲料中营养素的适宜剂量是保障水产动物健康与正常生命活动的重要前提[4]。铜(copper,Cu)作为动物机体必需的微量矿物元素,广泛参与水产动物体内多种生理生化过程,在酶促反应、氧气运输、色素沉着及结构蛋白(包括胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白)合成中发挥着至关重要的作用[5],同时也是能量代谢、抗氧化系统及免疫防御过程中关键酶的重要辅因子。饲料摄入是水产动物获取铜的主要途径,因此铜源饲料添加剂的类型与利用效率已成为影响水产动物健康生长及养殖效益的关键因素。然而,当前饲料原料中铜含量普遍不足,且常存在植酸等抗营养因子拮抗铜的吸收利用,导致无机铜的生物利用率低、排放率高[6]。近年来,有机铜(如氨基酸螯合铜)和纳米铜等新型铜源添加剂因其高生物利用率、强稳定性及环境友好特性,展现出替代传统无机铜源添加剂的潜力[7-9]。深入探究这些新型铜源添加剂在水产动物体内的吸收转运机制、免疫与抗氧化调节通路及环境互作效应,对推动水产养殖业绿色发展具有重要意义。因此,本文旨在系统综述铜源饲料添加剂的类型和特点,以及其在水产动物体内的生理功能与代谢机制,重点探讨其对生长、免疫及抗氧化能力的影响,并汇总部分养殖鱼类及甲壳动物对铜的适宜需求量。同时,分析当前研究存在的问题与未来研究方向,以期为水产养殖中铜源添加剂的精准、高效、绿色应用提供理论依据,为优化水产动物饲料配方提供科学参考,推动水产养殖业的可持续发展。

1 铜源饲料添加剂的类型和特点

铜作为水产动物实现最佳生长与健康所需的重要微量元素,参与多种酶的组成与激活过程,这些酶在碳水化合物、蛋白质及脂肪的代谢中发挥着关键作用。由于常规饲料原料中铜含量普遍不足,通常以添加剂形式提供水产动物必需的铜量,其实际利用效果则取决于铜的添加形式及其理化性质[10]。目前,水产饲料中的铜源主要包括无机铜、有机铜和纳米铜3种形式,不同类型铜源在鱼类及甲壳动物体内的吸收、转运、代谢方式及效率存在差异。

1.1 无机铜源饲料添加剂

无机铜有助于体内多种酶功能,其中五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)、氧化铜(CuO)、二水氯化铜(CuCl2·2H2O)和一水碱式碳酸铜[CuCO3Cu(OH)2·H2O]是水产饲料制备中常见的无机铜源形式[11],其中以CuSO4·5H2O最为常见[12]。然而,水产饲料中常含有植酸等植物源性抗营养因子,易与无机铜结合,降低其生物利用率[13]。此外,未被动物利用的无机铜会随排泄物进入环境,长期蓄积可能导致土壤及水体污染。

1.2 有机铜源饲料添加剂

无机铜虽在水产饲料工业中应用广泛,但在生产与使用过程中存在诸多问题,如生物有效性低、效果不稳定、适口性差等;而有机铜通过与氨基酸、多肽或其他有机化合物螯合,在肠道内可避免与其他矿物质发生相互作用,因此具有更高的生物利用率和吸收率[14]。同时,有机铜螯合物在水中的溶解度低于无机铜[15],可以减轻养殖水体污染。由此可见,有机铜作为水产饲料添加剂具备一定优势,但受价格、质量等多种因素限制,其推广与应用仍存在阻碍。当前,寻求安全稳定、高效环保的新型有机微量元素添加剂已成为水产养殖行业的关注焦点[16]。因此,开发可替代无机铜产品的新型有机铜添加剂已成为水产养殖领域的重要研究方向。

1.3 纳米铜源饲料添加剂

相较于有机和无机形态的矿物元素,纳米形态的矿物元素具有粒径更小、比表面积更大、活性更高的特点,这使其在生物体内的生物利用率显著提升。纳米形态矿物元素凭借其高表面活性,能够穿越肠道屏障,产生显著的代谢与生理效应[17-18],但同时也可能产生潜在的毒性效应[19]。纳米颗粒不仅具备穿透细胞膜、靶向作用于生物体多个部位的能力,而且能够改善饲料自身质量、提升吸收性能与生物利用率。因此,在水产动物饲料中添加纳米铜源添加剂,可对水产动物的生长产生显著影响[20]。目前,纳米铜和纳米氧化铜作为饲料添加剂,已在改善水产动物生长、免疫及抗菌能力方面显示出良好效果[9,21]。当前,探索纳米铜源添加剂在饲料中的应用,为提升水产养殖饲料效益开辟了新的方向[22]

2 铜在水产动物中的生理功能及代谢机制

2.1 铜的主要生理功能

铜是形成抗氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶、铜螯合物以及多种参与代谢功能的蛋白质所必需的元素[19],也是各类重要酶的结构组成成分,尤其在细胞色素氧化酶参与的细胞电子传递链及呼吸作用中发挥关键作用[23]。铜也是许多氧化还原酶的辅助因子,铜蓝蛋白(ceruloplasmin,Cp)是生物体内最丰富的铜依赖性铁氧化酶,具有铜依赖的氧化活性[24]。铜在水产动物体内参与生长发育、神经肽合成、抗氧化防御、免疫功能调控、代谢调节等多种生物学过程与生理活动[25-27]。因此,适量的铜对于维持水产动物的生理稳态和生物功能至关重要。

2.2 铜的吸收、代谢及转运机制

水产动物主要从饲料和水源中摄取所需铜,并在肠道内完成吸收。饲料中铜的缺乏或过量都会对水产动物的生长与健康产生不利影响。因此,机体需要通过平衡铜的吸收和排泄来维持铜的稳态,确保细胞内铜离子含量处于最佳范围,从而维持整体健康状态[5]。肝脏是铜的主要储存场所和调节铜稳态的主要器官,铜离子一旦穿过肠腔后会立刻进入门静脉循环,转运到肝脏后铜参与血蓝蛋白(hemocyanin,Hc)的合成并运输到血液,多余的铜则随胆汁排出体外[28-29]。机体内的铜含量会影响其他矿物元素的沉积,铜的吸收利用可以促进铁的吸收,铜蛋白(包括铜蓝蛋白)与肠道铁转运密切相关[30]。铜蓝蛋白能促进肠道内的铁向血液中释放,当机体缺乏铜时,铜蓝蛋白合成减少,会进一步导致铁吸收障碍[30]
在细胞水平,铜稳态通过严格控制铜的流入、分布、螯合与外流过程得以维持,确保细胞内铜含量处于适宜范围,这一过程由一套进化上保守的蛋白质系统调控[31]。其具体机制为:通过高亲和力铜转运体1(high-affinity copper transporter 1,Ctr1)将铜转运进入细胞,随后铜与多种铜伴侣蛋白[包括抗氧化蛋白1铜伴侣蛋白(antioxidant 1 Cu chaperone,Atox1)、超氧化物歧化酶铜伴侣蛋白(Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase,CCS)、细胞色素氧化酶铜伴侣蛋白等]结合,被转运至细胞内不同区室供合成铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase,Cu/Zn-SOD)、细胞色素氧化酶、铜转运ATP酶等利用,或与铜清除剂金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)螯合,最后通过铜转运ATP酶排出细胞[32-34]。因此,调控微量元素流入与流出的特定转运蛋白对维持机体稳态具有关键作用[35]

2.3 铜与水产动物中呼吸相关酶及基因的关系

铜作为动物必需的微量矿物元素,是甲壳动物呼吸蛋白——血蓝蛋白活性中心的关键成分,主要参与氧的运输和储存,还与渗透压调节、周期性蜕壳、外骨骼形成和黑色素合成相关。血蓝蛋白不仅承担氧转运功能,还兼具储存蛋白、渗透调节、蜕皮激素转运、抗真菌肽及酚氧化酶样酶前体等多种作用,是甲壳动物血液中的重要成分[36-37]。因此,甲壳动物对铜的需求和耐受性较高,体内铜含量也显著高于其他依赖血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)携氧的水产养殖动物(如鱼类)[38-39]。铜还与多种金属蛋白及酶的活性密切相关。其中,赖氨酰氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶、胺氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、半乳糖氧化酶、多巴胺羟化酶及铜蓝蛋白等均为典型的铜依赖性酶[40];酪氨酸酶、Cu/Zn-SOD和铁氧化酶为含铜的氧化及免疫相关酶[41]。研究表明,在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲料中补充铜后,能量代谢相关指标(如ATP酶、细胞色素氧化酶、柠檬酸合成酶、5'-三磷酸腺苷等)的活性或含量上升,以及三羧酸循环相关基因[柠檬酸合成酶(cs)、细胞质乌头酸水合酶(aco)、NADP依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶(idh)、酮戊二酸脱氢酶(ogdh)、琥珀酸脱氢酶细胞色素b560亚基(sdhc)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(泛醌)细胞色素b小亚基(sdhd)、延胡索酸水合酶(fh)、苹果酸脱氢酶(mdh)]的表达上调[42]。这说明铜参与调节与呼吸相关的酶和功能基因的表达。

3 铜源饲料添加剂在水产养殖中的应用

3.1 水产动物对饲料铜的需求量

目前已有大量研究探讨了多种鱼类与甲壳动物对饲料中铜的适宜需求量,结果表明,饲料中添加适量的铜可有效提高水产动物的生长性能和饲料效率(表1)。Tang等[43]研究报道,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)对饲料铜的适宜需求量为4.70~4.95 mg/kg,该剂量可提升鱼体的抗氧化能力与消化吸收功能,同时降低肝胰脏和肠道丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及蛋白质羰基(PC)含量。在黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)中,饲料中铜含量不超过5 mg/kg时可改善生长性能和饲料效率(3.13~4.24 mg/kg)[44],并能调节脂质代谢相关酶及基因的表达(4.18 mg/kg)[45]。此外,在大黄鱼(Larimichthys croceus,3.41~7.05 mg/kg)[29]、俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii,7.00~8.00 mg/kg)[46]、月鳢(Channa punctatus,6.66~6.78 mg/kg)[47]、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala,5.21 mg/kg)[48]、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio,6.43~9.47 mg/kg)[49]和银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch,5.29~5.92 mg/kg)[50]的研究中表明,这些鱼类对饲料铜的最适需求量均不超过10 mg/kg。
表1 水产动物对饲料铜的需求量

Table 1 Dietary copper requirements of aquatic animals

物种
Species
铜源
Copper sources
基础饲料
铜含量
Copper content
of basal diet/
(mg/kg)
适宜需求量
Suitable
requirements/
(mg/kg)
影响
Effects
参考文献
References
鱼类 Fish
草鱼
Ctenopharyngodon
idella
五水硫酸铜
(CuSO4·5H2O)
0.74 4.70~4.95 肝胰脏和肠道抗氧化指标
(SOD、CAT、GPx、GST、GSH)
含量或活性及消化吸收能力↑;
肝胰脏和肠道MDA、
PC含量↓
Tang等[43]
黄颡鱼
Pelteobagrus
fulvidraco
CuSO4·5H2O 2.74 3.13~4.24 生长性能和饲料
效率↑
Tan等[44]
CuSO4·5H2O 0.76 4.18 调节脂质代谢相关酶及
基因的表达
Chen等[45]
大黄鱼
Larimichthys
croceus
CuSO4·5H2O 2.61 3.41~7.05 生长性能↑;血清Cu/Zn-SOD
活性、全鱼铜和椎骨铜
含量最佳
Cao等[29]
俄罗斯鲟
Acipenser
gueldenstaedtii
CuSO4·5H2O 0.30 7.00~8.00 生长性能、饲料效率、肝脏
Cu/Zn-SOD活性和T-AOC、血清
Cp活性↑;肝脏MDA含量↓
Wang等[46]
月鳢
Channa
punctatus
硫酸铜
(CuSO4)
3.70 6.66~6.78 生长性能、饲料效率、Hb含量、
Hct、RBCs↑;肝脏TBARS含量↓
Abdel-Hameid
[47]
团头鲂
Megalobrama
amblycephala
CuSO4·5H2O 1.43 5.21 生长性能,血浆ALB、IgM含量及
CAT、T-SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD活性,
肝脏Nrf2、HSP70、HO-1、IL-10 mRNA
相对表达量↑;血浆ALT活性及TG、
MDA含量,肝脏Keap1、NF-κBTNF-α
IL-8、IL-1β mRNA相对表达量↓
Liang等[48]
异育银鲫
Carassius auratus
gibelio
三碱式氯化铜(TBCC)、
铜氨基酸螯合物
(Cu-AA)、CuSO4
3.45 6.43~9.47 生长性能和饲料效率↑;
生物利用率(TBCC>Cu-AA>
CuSO4)
Shao等[49]
银鲑
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
CuSO4 0.20 5.29~5.92 生长性能、肝脏铜积累、
肝脏和血清抗氧化能力↑;
肝脏MDA含量↓
Yu等[50]
甲壳动物 Crustacean
斑节对虾
Penaeus
monodon
氯化铜
(CuCl2)
0.92 11.87~32.67 生长性能和饲料效率(15~
21 mg/kg)、免疫应答能力
(THC、O2-生成量)(10~
30 mg/kg)↑
Lee等[51]
凡纳滨对虾
Litopenaeus
vannamei
CuSO4
铜氨基酸螯合物
MintrexTM Cu
9 198~286(无机铜源)、
59~96(螯合铜源)
生长性能和饲料效率↑;
抗拮抗作用:螯合铜在含
1.38%植酸的饲料中仍保持
高生物利用率,而CuSO4
植酸结合导致生物利用率
下降,需补充更高剂量
Bharadwaj等[6]
中华鲎
Tachypleus
tridentatus
铜氨基酸螯合物
Availa® Cu 100
5.59 53.176 生长性能、饲料效率,血清
T-AOC及Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT、GPx、
LSZ、AKP、ACP活性和Hc含量↑;
血清MDA、TG、CHO含量↓
Xu等[52]
中华绒螯蟹
Eriocheir
sinensis
CuSO4·5H2O 1.88 20.78~40.34 生长性能、非特异性免疫力
(血清Cu/Zn-SOD、PO活性、
THC)、血淋巴OxyHc含量、
抗嗜水气单胞菌能力↑
Sun等[53]
日本沼虾
Macrobrachium
nipponense
CuSO4·5H2O 2.80 26.90~27.80 生长性能和饲料效率、
肝胰腺Cu/Zn-SOD和GPx
活性及T-AOC、抗嗜水气
单胞菌能力↓;
肝胰腺MDA含量↓
Kong等[54]
克氏原螯虾
Procambarus
clarkii
CuSO4·5H2O 1.48 46.24~47.86 生长性能和饲料效率,肝胰腺
Cu/Zn-SOD、T-SOD、GSH活性
及Cp含量,肠道菌群丰度↑;
肝胰腺MDA含量↓
Naqeebullah[55]

SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;CAT:过氧化氢酶 catalase;GPx:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;GST:谷胱甘肽硫转移酶glutathione-S-transferase;GSH:还原型谷胱甘肽 glutathione;MDA:丙二醛 malondialdehyde;PC:蛋白质羰基 protein carbonyl;Cu/Zn-SOD:铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶 Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力 total antioxidant capacity;Cp:铜蓝蛋白 ceruloplasmin;Hb:血红蛋白 hemoglobin;Hct:血细胞比容 hematocrit;RBCs:红细胞数 red blood cells;TBARS:硫代巴比妥酸反应物 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances;ALB:白蛋白 albumin;IgM:免疫球蛋白M immunoglobulin M;Nrf2:核因子红细胞2相关因子2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;HSP70:热应激蛋白70 heat stress protein 70;HO-1:血红素加氧酶-1 heme oxygenase-1;IL-10:白细胞介素-10 interleukin-10;ALT:丙氨转氨酶 alanine transaminase;TG:甘油三酯 triglyceride;Keap1:Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-κB;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumour necrosis factor-α;IL-8:白细胞介素-8 interleukin-8;IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β interleukin-1β;THC:总血细胞计数total hemocyte count;O2-:超氧阴离子自由基;LSZ:溶菌酶 lysozyme;AKP:碱性磷酸酶 alkaline phosphatase;ACP:酸性磷酸酶 acid phosphatase;Hc:血蓝蛋白 hemocyanin;CHO:胆固醇 cholesterol;PO:酚氧化酶 phenoloxidase;OxyHc:氧合血蓝蛋白 oxyhemocyanin;T-SOD:总超氧化物歧化酶 total superoxide dismutase;↑:提高 increased;↓:降低 decreased。

甲壳动物对饲料铜的需求量则高于大部分鱼类。研究表明,在斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)饲料中添加10~30 mg/kg的氯化铜,可以提升其非特异性免疫应答能力[51]。凡纳滨对虾对饲料铜的适宜需求量会随铜源添加形式的不同而产生差异。在含1.38%植酸的饲料中添加52~83 mg/kg的蛋氨酸羟基类似物螯合铜,可使凡纳滨对虾获得最佳的生长性能与饲料效率,且该有机铜的生物利用率为无机铜的3~4倍[6]。此外,在中华鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)[52]、中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)[53]、日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)[54]和克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)[55]等甲壳动物的饲料中添加适量铜均能提高其生长性能及抗氧化能力;其中中华绒螯蟹与日本沼虾的抗嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染能力还得到增强。综上可见,甲壳动物对铜的需求量明显高于鱼类。

3.2 无机铜对水产动物生长、免疫及抗氧化能力的影响

大量研究证实,相较于未额外添加铜的基础饲料,饲料中添加铜可对水产动物的生长性能及健康状况产生积极影响。在鱼类研究中发现,连续投喂4周80 mg/kg的硫酸铜(CuSO4)可增强斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)对柱状黄杆菌(Flavobacterium columnare)的抵抗力[56]。Yu等[50]的研究也发现,饲料中铜含量升高会诱导银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch)组织中铜的积累,且与基础饲料相比,添加无机铜能增强其肝脏和血清的抗氧化能力,同时降低肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量。在甲壳动物中,相关研究同样证实了饲料中添加铜的积极作用:Sun等[53]研究表明,给中华绒螯蟹投喂铜含量为1.88~40.34 mg/kg的饲粮8周后,其生长性能、血清Cu/Zn-SOD活性、血淋巴酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性、总血细胞计数(total hemocyte count,THC)、抗嗜水气单胞菌的能力及存活率均得到提高;Kong等[54]以嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的死亡率和全虾铜沉积量为评价指标,确定日本沼虾饲料铜的最适需求量为26.90~27.80 mg/kg,且其组织铜含量随饲料铜添加量的增加而上升。此外,Naqeebullah等[55]的最新研究发现,在亚成年克氏原螯虾饲料中添加适量的CuSO4·5H2O(饲料铜含量30 mg/kg),可促进其生长、提升免疫与抗氧化能力,而铜含量过高(120 mg/kg)则可能破坏其肠道微生态平衡;基于增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)的二次回归分析,该研究确定亚成年克氏原螯虾的最适铜需要量为46.24~47.86 mg/kg。

3.3 有机铜对水产动物生长、免疫及抗氧化能力的影响

Lin等[15]研究发现,石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)摄食添加2~3 mg/kg铜肽的饲料8周后,其生长性能、饲料转化率(FCR)和肝脏Cu/Zn-SOD活性均显著提高,肝脏硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量显著降低。Shao等[49]在异育银鲫饲料中分别添加1.18~1.73 mg/kg三碱式氯化铜(TBCC)、铜氨基酸螯合物(Cu-AA)和CuSO4后发现,TBCC能够提高生长性能和饲料效率,是一种有效的铜源添加剂。类似地,给牙鲆(Paralichthyls olivaceus)投喂添加286 mg/kg螯合铜的饲料12周后,其生长性能、饲料效率和存活率均显著提升[57];给日本花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)投喂添加4 mg/kg螯合铜的饲料8周后,其生长性能和饲料效率显著提高[58];在俄罗斯鲟饲料中添加5 mg/kg蛋氨酸铜并连续投喂8周,其生长性能、肝脏Cu/Zn-SOD活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和血清溶菌酶(lysozyme,LSZ)活性、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量以及对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力均显著提高[21]。然而,Chen等[59]研究发现,在红鼓鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)饲料中添加3 mg/kg铜乙醇胺对其生长性能无显著影响。也有研究发现,给尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)投喂添加30 mg/kg生物相容性N-氨基甲酰甲硫氨酸铜(NCM-Cu)的饲料60 d,其生长性能、抗氧化能力显著提高,脂质过氧化程度减轻,免疫反应增强[60];在中华鲎饲料中添加50 mg/kg铜氨基酸螯合物并连续投喂28 d,其生长性能、饲料效率、血清T-AOC及Cu/Zn-SOD、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)、LSZ、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均显著提高,MDA、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHO)含量显著降低[52]。已有多项试验研究了有机铜对凡纳滨对虾长性能的影响。Yuan等[61]研究表明,给凡纳滨对虾投喂添加15 mg/kg铜氨基酸螯合物Availa® Cu100的饲料8周,其生长性能和肠道菌群多样性显著提高。Zhou等[62]、Bharadwaj等[6]和Shi等[63]研究发现,添加6~24 mg/kg TBCC、52~83 mg/kg铜氨基酸螯合物MintrexTM Cu和50 mg/kg铜氨基酸螯合物Availa® Cu100可提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和饲料转化率。以上研究结果表明,不同种类有机铜源的应用效果存在差异,且同种有机铜源在同一物种饲料中的最佳添加量也不同,这可能是由于同一物种在不同的生长阶段对铜的需求量不同。Katya等[64]研究发现,在植物蛋白质饲料中添加2.5~8.5 g/kg铜氨基酸螯合物Mintrex® Cu,显著提升了凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长性能和饲料效率,且添加2.5 g/kg Mintrex® Cu的对虾增重率显著高于添加5 g/kg无机铜组,并与添加20 g/kg无机铜组效果相当。这表明在植物蛋白质饲料中添加有机螯合矿物元素可能通过形成更加稳定的复合物,减少植酸等抗营养因子的结合,从而提高了矿物元素在对虾体内的吸收效率,促进其生长,达到优于无机矿物元素添加形式的效果。

3.4 纳米铜对水产动物生长、免疫及抗氧化能力的影响

与无机铜和有机铜相关研究相比,关于水产动物对纳米铜最佳需求量的研究较少。El Basuini等[65]研究表明,在真鲷(Pagrus major)饲料中添加2 mg/kg纳米铜并持续饲喂60 d,其生长性能、饲料效率和免疫反应均得到显著提升。Dawood等[66]研究发现,给鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)投喂纳米铜含量为2.19~2.91 mg/kg的饲料8周,其生长性能、饲料效率与血清IgM含量显著提高,同时血清MDA含量明显降低。Afshari等[67]研究报道,在雪鳟(Schizothorax zarudnyi)饲料中添加3 mg/kg纳米铜可提高其生长性能、THC及血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、CAT、GPx和LSZ活性,同时降低血清葡萄糖和MDA含量。在其他水产动物如俄罗斯鲟[21]和淡水鲨鱼(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)[68]的研究中也证实,投喂纳米铜对其生长性能、饲料转化率、抗氧化酶活性及抗菌能力具有积极影响。在罗氏沼虾的研究中发现,饲喂添加20 mg/kg纳米铜的饲料90 d,其生长性能、饲料转化率、消化酶活性及免疫应答水平均有所提高[69]。尽管已有研究证实了纳米铜作为饲料添加剂在水产养殖中表现出一定的潜力,但纳米铜的潜在生物安全性与毒性风险同样不容忽视。研究发现,在斑马鱼胚胎中小尺寸的铜纳米颗粒比大尺寸的铜纳米颗粒具有更高的毒性[70],这可能是由于小尺寸纳米颗粒具有更大的比表面积与更强的组织穿透能力,进而表现出更高的毒性效应。黄鳍鲷(Epinephelus coioides)摄入纳米铜后,可通过线粒体途径诱导肠道细胞发生凋亡;且随着纳米铜含量增加,机体氧化应激损伤程度加剧,白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)与肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达呈剂量依赖性上调[71]。Noureen等[72]的研究也表明,纳米铜对鲤鱼也表现出显著的剂量依赖性毒性,可诱导鳃组织发生剂量依赖性病变及氧化应激损伤。由此可见,精准控制纳米铜的尺寸大小和添加剂量是最大化其应用效益、规避潜在毒性的关键。此外,还应开展更多有关纳米铜作为水产饲料添加剂的应用研究,重点关注其在水产动物体内的组织蓄积与残留动态、对肠道微生物群落及其代谢产物的影响等方面。这些研究将有助于丰富纳米铜在水产养殖中的应用数据,优化其添加剂量,从而为更系统评估其生物安全性与毒理效应提供科学依据。

4 小结与展望

铜作为水产动物健康养殖中的关键微量营养元素,在促进生长、增强免疫与抗氧化能力等方面具有重要作用。当前,铜源饲料添加剂在水产动物中的研究还面临较多亟待解决的问题与挑战:1)不同铜源的生物利用率、稳定性和质量安全性缺乏系统评价与标准规范;2)不同物种及其生长阶段的精准铜需求量研究及代谢机制还不明确;3)铜调控甲壳动物的免疫、抗氧化、肠道健康及能量代谢的分子通路与信号网络尚未阐明;4)高性价比、低排放的新型铜源在研发与实际推广之间存在差距,尤其是在高植物蛋白质饲料中的拮抗效应问题亟待解决。未来的研究应重点聚焦以下几个方面:1)探究铜的精准营养机制,建立基于肠道微生态和抗逆功能的铜营养策略,并结合多组学技术解析其代谢调控途径;2)研发新型高效、安全稳定、低排放的有机铜和纳米铜源添加剂,并优化制备工艺以降低成本,提高养殖经济效益;3)加强铜与多类营养素的互作研究,构建营养协同调控策略;4)建立基于铜高效利用(铜高沉积、低排放)的精准投喂模型,推动饲料铜的绿色应用,保障水产养殖业的可持续发展。
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