1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 75.200 | 64.800 | 54.300 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 20.800 | 22.700 | 24.500 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 |
| 沸石粉 Zeolite powder | 0.200 | 8.750 | 17.490 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.105 | 0.105 | 0.105 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 0.595 | 0.595 | 0.595 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 |
| 胆碱 Choline | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.160 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.100 | 0.050 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 |
| 合计 Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.34 | 11.11 | 9.87 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 15.72 | 15.71 | 15.72 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.77 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.51 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 800 IU,VD3 3 300 IU,VE 20 IU,VB12 23 μg,核黄素 riboflavin 5.5 mg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8 mg,VK3 1.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.75 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 1.2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 55 μg,Cu [Cu2(OH)3Cl] 8.12 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 80.1 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80.04 mg,I [Ca(IO3)2] 1.2 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。 | |
2)代谢能为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.1 饲粮营养水平
1.3.2 生长性能
1.3.3 体尺指标
1.3.4 消化道发育指标
1.3.5 空肠组织形态
1.3.6 盲肠微生物
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 不同ME摄入量蛋鸡模型构建
表2 7~15周龄蛋鸡的采食量和ME摄入量Table 2 Feed intake and ME intake of laying hens during 7 to 15 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 61.70 | 61.70 | 61.70 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| 平均日代谢能摄入量 ADMEI/kJ | 761.95a | 686.00b | 609.43c | 18.774 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 ME摄入量对7~15周龄蛋鸡生长性能的影响
表3 ME摄入量对7~15周龄蛋鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of ME intake on growth performance of laying hens during 7 to 15 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 13.58a | 12.53b | 11.33c | 0.300 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.788 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 4.56c | 4.94b | 5.45a | 0.121 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.553 | |
| 代谢能转化比 MECR/(kJ/g) | 56.18 | 54.82 | 53.83 | 0.592 | 0.289 | 0.127 | 0.886 | |
2.3 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡体重、体重CV和体尺的影响
表4 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡体重、体重CV和体尺的影响Table 4 Effects of ME intake on body weight, body weight CV and body measurement of laying hens at 15 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 体重 Body weight/g | 1 259.03a | 1 184.21b | 1 127.51c | 14.589 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.452 | |
| 体重CV Body weight CV/% | 8.90a | 6.52b | 7.33b | 0.543 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 0.276 | |
| 体斜长 Body slope length/cm | 20.38a | 20.02b | 19.67c | 0.067 | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.780 | |
| 龙骨长 Keel length/cm | 9.92 | 10.01 | 10.01 | 0.056 | 0.267 | 0.154 | 0.446 | |
| 跖长 Shank length/cm | 10.06 | 10.08 | 9.98 | 0.022 | 0.862 | 0.599 | 0.897 | |
2.4 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡消化道发育指标的影响
表5 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡消化道发育指标的影响Table 5 Effects of ME intake on digestive tract development indices of laying hens at 15 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 腺胃乳头数 Number of proventriculus papilla/个 | 103.83 | 110.17 | 103.00 | 2.175 | 0.360 | 0.877 | 0.162 | |
| 腺胃乳头相对数 Relative number of proventriculus papilla/(个/kg) | 84.05 | 94.58 | 92.04 | 2.426 | 0.185 | 0.178 | 0.202 | |
| 肌胃相对厚度 Relative thickness of gastric wall/(cm/kg) | 3.08b | 3.66a | 3.79a | 0.113 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.267 | |
| 相对长度 Relative length/(cm/kg) | ||||||||
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | 18.80b | 22.35a | 22.35a | 0.650 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.143 | |
| 空肠 Jejunum | 30.12b | 35.52a | 36.87a | 1.638 | 0.036 | 0.029 | 0.550 | |
| 回肠 Ileum | 35.43b | 39.94a | 40.31a | 1.377 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.478 | |
| 盲肠 Cecum | 11.24 | 12.81 | 13.38 | 0.451 | 0.050 | 0.061 | 0.581 | |
| 直肠 Rectum | 6.42 | 6.33 | 6.51 | 0.202 | 0.942 | 0.877 | 0.770 | |
| 相对重量 Relative weight/(g/kg) | ||||||||
| 腺胃 Proventriculus | 4.49 | 3.99 | 4.61 | 0.155 | 0.235 | 0.753 | 0.099 | |
| 肌胃 Gizzard | 23.81b | 24.21b | 26.35a | 0.680 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 0.545 | |
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | 4.84b | 5.17a | 5.15a | 0.138 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.575 | |
| 空肠 Jejunum | 8.83b | 9.25a | 9.17ab | 0.278 | 0.038 | 0.039 | 0.691 | |
| 回肠 Ileum | 7.25 | 6.74 | 7.71 | 0.276 | 0.361 | 0.511 | 0.222 | |
| 盲肠 Cecum | 4.43 | 4.12 | 4.60 | 0.197 | 0.617 | 0.793 | 0.373 | |
| 直肠 Rectum | 2.76 | 2.53 | 2.87 | 0.120 | 0.522 | 0.731 | 0.293 | |
2.5 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响
表6 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响Table 6 Effects of ME intake on jejunum tissue morphology of laying hens at 15 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 90% ME组 90% ME group | 80% ME组 80% ME group | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 991.23b | 1 251.08a | 1 114.44ab | 35.248 | 0.010 | 0.118 | 0.008 | |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 190.50a | 174.43b | 160.78c | 7.518 | 0.049 | 0.045 | 0.942 | |
| 绒隐比 Villus height/crypt depth | 5.72b | 7.43a | 7.17a | 0.277 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.091 | |
2.6 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物的影响
2.6.1 ME摄入量对盲肠微生物多样性及OTU数量的影响
图1 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物多样性和OTU数量的影响A:Observed species指数;B:Chao 1指数;C:主成分分析;D:非度量多维排列分析;E:Venn图。 FF.15W:对照组;RF90.15W:90% ME组;RF80.15W:80% ME组。*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。图2至图5同。 Fig.1 Effects of ME intake on microbial diversity and OTU number in cecum of laying hens at 15 weeks of age A: Observed species index; B: Chao l index; C: PCA; D: NMDS analysis; E: Venn graph. FF.15W: control group; RF90.15W: 90% ME group; RF80.15W: 80% ME group. * indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as Fig.2 to Fig.5. |
2.6.2 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物组成的影响
图2 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物组成的影响A:门水平上物种相对丰度柱形图 relative abundance of species at phylum level;B:科水平上物种相对丰度柱形图 relative abundance of species at family level;C:属水平上物种相对丰度柱形图 relative abundance of species at genus level。 Fig.2 Effects of ME intake on microbial composition in cecum of laying hens at 15 weeks of age |
2.6.3 ME摄入量对15周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物的功能预测
2.7 不同ME摄入量蛋鸡盲肠微生物与空肠组织形态的相关性分析
图6 不同ME摄入量蛋鸡盲肠微生物与空肠组织形态的相关性分析*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。 Fig.6 Correlation analysis between cecal microbiota and jejunum tissue morphology of laying hens with different levels of ME intake * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). |
