1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 2个生长阶段所用复方中草药的常规营养成分含量(干物质基础)Table 1 Conventional nutrient contents of compound Chinese herbal medicine used in two growth phases (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 10.55 | 10.85 | |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 1.83 | 3.14 | |
| 粗纤维 CF | 17.63 | 14.05 | |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.75 | 7.05 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.42 | 0.69 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.13 | 0.16 | |
表中各营养成分含量为实际测定结果。 | |
The contents of nutrients in the table are the actual measured results. |
1.2 试验设计
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 55.60 | 60.40 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 37.80 | 32.80 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.80 | 0.60 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.70 | 1.50 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.40 | 0.30 | |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 2.20 | 3.00 | |
| L-赖氨酸 L-Lys (70%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.15 | 0.10 | |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.15 | 0.10 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.40 | 13.20 | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.50 | 19.80 | |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 11.54 | 11.23 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.94 | 0.88 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.66 | 0.62 | |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.45 | 0.41 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.35 | 1.14 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.55 | 0.45 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.94 | 0.82 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VD3 3 800 IU,VE 30 IU,VK3 2.65 mg,VB1 3.00 mg,VB2 7.00 mg,VB6 3.00 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12.00 mg,烟酸 niacin 50.00 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.25 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 700.00 mg,生物素 biotin 0.032 5 mg,Fe 80.00 mg,Cu 8.00 mg,Mn 100.00 mg,Zn 70.00 mg,I 0.35 mg,Se 0.15 mg。 | |
2)代谢能和有效磷为依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2017年第28版)》所得计算值,粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)和氨基酸(GB/T 18246—2019)为参照对应国标方法所得实测值。ME and AP were calculated according to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (28th edition, 2017), while CP (GB/T 6432—2018), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018), TP (GB/T 6437—2018) and amino acids (GB/T 18246—2019) were determined according to the corresponding national standard methods. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 测定指标与方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 屠宰性能与免疫器官指数
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 空肠形态
1.4.5 盲肠菌群结构
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 复方中草药对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 复方中草药对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 63.82±0.50a | 62.97±0.98ab | 61.88±0.35b | 62.17±1.17b | 0.003 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 41.90±0.90 | 42.20±0.69 | 43.01±1.25 | 42.14±0.10 | 0.156 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.52±0.04a | 1.49±0.01ab | 1.44±0.05b | 1.48±0.03ab | 0.004 |
| 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 148.71±7.90 | 146.90±7.33 | 142.03±1.07 | 149.07±7.76 | 0.266 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 87.92±1.48 | 88.32±2.04 | 90.45±0.86 | 89.04±4.35 | 0.354 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.69±0.11 | 1.66±0.11 | 1.57±0.02 | 1.68±0.12 | 0.171 |
| 1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 115.04±1.03 | 112.37±2.26 | 112.20±0.78 | 113.34±3.53 | 0.130 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 65.03±0.72 | 65.66±0.63 | 66.32±0.41 | 65.47±1.92 | 0.254 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.77±0.01a | 1.71±0.02bc | 1.69±0.01c | 1.73±0.01b | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with on letter or the same superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 复方中草药对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表4 复方中草药对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on slaughter performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 91.57±1.28b | 92.96±1.09ab | 93.33±0.25a | 93.08±0.33ab | 0.036 |
| 半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated percentage | 82.84±1.38b | 84.86±1.52ab | 86.74±0.97a | 84.20±1.34b | 0.004 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage | 72.16±1.46b | 74.48±1.97ab | 75.50±0.61a | 75.07±0.85a | 0.009 |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage | 27.66±0.80b | 30.20±1.67a | 28.40±0.94ab | 29.47±0.85ab | 0.024 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage | 17.57±1.94 | 18.42±1.89 | 17.61±1.30 | 17.41±1.74 | 0.784 |
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage | 1.85±0.08a | 1.74±0.06ab | 1.67±0.03b | 1.75±0.06ab | 0.013 |
2.3 复方中草药对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表5 复方中草药对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 5 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on immune organ indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 2.16±0.31b | 2.21±0.20ab | 2.62±0.24a | 2.37±0.31ab | 0.020 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 1.10±0.32 | 1.07±0.25 | 1.21±0.17 | 1.16±0.24 | 0.793 |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.34±0.16b | 0.63±0.18a | 0.56±0.08ab | 0.51±0.11ab | 0.037 |
2.4 复方中草药对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 复方中草药对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on serum biochemical indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 4.42±0.40a | 3.97±0.14ab | 3.83±0.24b | 4.24±0.28ab | 0.041 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 50.55±0.54b | 51.68±1.74b | 55.47±2.00a | 52.45±0.41b | 0.002 |
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 29.89±1.46b | 32.44±4.77ab | 35.25±2.20a | 30.00±1.80ab | 0.037 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 21.17±1.41b | 21.66±0.91b | 22.60±1.17ab | 25.48±2.03a | 0.006 |
| 尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) | 341.68±8.56a | 325.64±8.81ab | 325.24±5.10ab | 322.45±8.60b | 0.019 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 236.88±12.01a | 220.30±10.35ab | 213.84±11.80b | 224.46±12.80ab | 0.021 |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 6.84±0.42 | 6.49±0.60 | 6.38±0.38 | 6.45±0.17 | 0.274 |
2.5 复方中草药对肉鸡空肠形态的影响
表7 复方中草药对肉鸡空肠形态的影响Table 7 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on jejunal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 1 486.87±201.23b | 1 679.09±60.49ab | 1 760.31±93.18a | 1 607.78±86.22ab | 0.006 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 350.33±29.75a | 308.05±33.36b | 275.62±27.23b | 291.95±8.54b | <0.001 |
| 绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值 Villus height/crypt depth ratio | 4.86±0.56c | 5.22±0.48bc | 6.03±0.26a | 5.56±0.11ab | <0.001 |
2.6 复方中草药对肉鸡盲肠菌群结构的影响
2.6.1 复方中草药对肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性的影响
表8 复方中草药对肉鸡盲肠菌群α多样性的影响Table 8 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on cecal microbiota α diversity of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复方中草药添加量 Compound Chinese herbal medicine supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 6.15±0.13 | 6.98±0.38 | 6.39±0.41 | 6.66±0.71 | 0.214 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.93±0.01b | 0.97±0.01a | 0.94±0.02ab | 0.96±0.02ab | 0.016 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 2 404.56±186.76 | 2 771.58±288.59 | 2 630.54±168.94 | 2 693.31±576.46 | 0.619 |
| Ace指数 Ace index | 2 506.51±213.31 | 2 871.63±334.49 | 2 744.79±177.56 | 2 808.65±603.61 | 0.661 |
2.6.2 复方中草药对肉鸡盲肠菌群组成的影响
图3 盲肠菌群门水平和属水平组成分析A:盲肠菌群门水平组成;B:盲肠菌群属水平组成;C:另枝菌属组间差异分析;D:粪杆菌属组间差异分析。“*”表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.3 Analysis of cecal microbiota composition at phylum and genus levels A: cecal microbiota composition at phylum level; B: cecal microbiota composition at genus level; C: analysis of differences of Alistipes among groups; D: analysis of differences of Faecalibacterium among groups. “*” represented significant difference (P<0.05). |
