Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 3: 2086 - 2094

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.167

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Chromium Supplementation on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function and Milk Composition in Late-Gestation Does

  • LI Depeng ,
  • WANG Botao * ,
  • ZOU Yutong ,
  • XIAO Fang ,
  • SHI Haitao ,
  • BAI Xue ,
  • JIANG Fei ,
  • HUANG Yanling , **
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  • Key Laboratory of Animal Science of National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resources Reservation and Utilization, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
**professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-09-09

  Online published: 2026-03-16

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on antioxidant capacity, immune function and milk composition in late-gestation does, so as to determine the appropriate dietary chromium supplementation level for pregnant does. Forty multiparous Lezhi black goats at (90±4) days of gestation with similar body weight [(52.36±8.24) kg] and body condition were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 replicates (pens) per group and 1 doe per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were supplemented with 0.4, 1.2 and 2.0 mg/d chromium (in the form of chromium propionate) on the basis of the basal diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 81 days from day 90 of gestation to day 21 of lactation, including a 7-day pre-experimental period. Blood samples of does were collected on day 120 of gestation, and milk samples were collected on day 1 (colostrum), day 3, day 7, day 14 and day 21 of lactation. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary chromium supplementation significantly reduced the mortality rate of kids born to does during 1 to 7 days of age and 1 to 21 days of age (P<0.05), and tended to reduce the mortality rate of kids during 1 to 14 days of age (P=0.074 5), and no dead individuals were found in the group supplemented with 1.2 mg/d chromium. 2) Dietary supplementation with different levels of chromium had no significant effects on the serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities, glucose, urea nitrogen and immunoglobulin A contents of does (P>0.05); the serum malondialdehyde content had linear and quadratic effects with the increase of dietary chromium supplementation level (P<0.05), compared with the control group, the serum malondialdehyde content in the group supplemented with 1.2 mg/d chromium had no significant change (P>0.05), while that in the group supplemented with 2.0 mg/d chromium was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum total protein, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M contents increased linearly with the increase of dietary chromium supplementation level (P<0.05), and the serum immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M contents in the groups supplemented with 1.2 and 2.0 mg/d chromium were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). 3) The colostrum milk fat content of does increased linearly with the increase of dietary chromium supplementation level (P<0.05), and the colostrum milk fat contents in the groups supplemented with 1.2 and 2.0 mg/d chromium were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). It can be concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate dietary chromium supplementation level for late-gestation does is 1.2 mg/d; this supplementation level can significantly improve the immune function of does and effectively increase the colostrum milk fat content.

Key words： chromium; does; antioxidant capacity; immune function; milk composition

Cite this article

LI Depeng , WANG Botao , ZOU Yutong , XIAO Fang , SHI Haitao , BAI Xue , JIANG Fei , HUANG Yanling . Effects of Dietary Chromium Supplementation on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function and Milk Composition in Late-Gestation Does[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(3) : 2086 -2094 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.167

围产期包括妊娠后期和泌乳早期,是母体妊娠、分娩和哺乳的重要过渡生理阶段。妊娠后期是母羊繁殖的关键时期之一,此阶段母羊会经历明显的生理与代谢应激。妊娠后期发生的氧化应激会加剧母羊脂质、蛋白质和DNA损伤,最终损害母羊的繁殖性能[1]。更严重的是,妊娠最后3周母羊的采食量通常会下降,导致必需营养素失衡,且常引发能量负平衡,进而更易出现健康与繁殖问题[2]。充分证据表明,妊娠后期营养限制或缺乏会改变母羊激素分泌及代谢状态[3-4]。能量受限的母羊血浆胰岛素含量降低,限制了母体及羔羊对营养物质的利用。此外,母体营养限制还会损害妊娠期间营养物质从母体向胎儿的传递[5],进而降低初乳和常乳的产量及营养价值,而这些因素直接关系到后代的存活与发育[6]。因此,优化母羊妊娠后期的营养对保障母羊和羔羊健康至关重要。在妊娠后期母羊饲粮中补充抗氧化微量营养素是保护母羊及其羔羊的一种策略。铬(Cr)作为葡萄糖耐量因子的活性成分,可参与胰岛素信号通路调控。它通过刺激葡萄糖摄取、上调胰岛素受体和葡萄糖转运蛋白的mRNA表达来调节胰岛素代谢,进而借助胰岛素依赖机制调控碳水化合物与脂质代谢[7-8]。铬还可通过抑制高胰岛素水平和阻止葡萄糖自身氧化发挥间接抗氧化作用[9]。因此,铬在哺乳动物碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪代谢中发挥基础性作用,可减轻应激诱导的损伤,尤其对氧化应激或免疫应激引发的不良反应缓解效果显著[10-11]。多项研究已证实铬的上述生理功能,例如,在热应激奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)中添加3.13 g/d丙酸铬(CrPro)可提高其泌乳性能,增加瘤胃的挥发性脂肪酸浓度,有效缓解热应激[12];补充铬能增强机体免疫应答与疾病抵抗力(尤其在应激牛群中),提高奶牛产奶量[13],并调节牛的葡萄糖代谢[14];Bompadre等[15]证实补充吡啶甲酸铬(CrPic)可增强经产圣伊内斯母羊初乳的免疫特性和抗氧化能力。这提示,补充铬可能是缓解母羊妊娠后期代谢与能量应激的有效策略。此外,有机铬形式[如CrPro、蛋氨酸铬(CrMet)]相较无机铬源具有更优的吸收效率[16]。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)于2013年批准CrPro作为牛饲粮中唯一允许添加的铬源,并于2016年将批准范围延伸至肉鸡饲粮。目前关于铬的研究主要集中于热应激奶牛及家禽的饲粮铬补充,而针对妊娠后期母羊,铬对其抗氧化和免疫功能影响的研究仍较为不足。传统观点认为常规母羊饲粮通常含有足够的铬以满足其营养需求。然而,在妊娠后期、分娩、泌乳启动、断奶和运输等关键时期,母羊可能因应激反应导致尿铬排泄增加,进而引发铬缺乏,因此在这些时期补充铬尤为重要。基于此,本研究提出假设,在妊娠后期母羊饲粮中以CrPro形式添加铬可增强母羊的免疫功能、提升抗氧化能力并改善乳成分。为验证该假设,本研究设置了4个不同水平铬添加组,通过分析血清免疫球蛋白、氧化应激标志物及乳成分等关键指标的变化,评估铬的生理作用并确定其最适添加水平,为通过优化铬营养缓解母羊妊娠应激提供基础数据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲粮

本试验通过西南民族大学实验动物福利伦理委员会的审查批准(批准编号:smu-202301147),试验过程中严格遵循动物福利和伦理原则。选取100只经产(2或3胎)乐至黑山羊,经激素同步发情处理后与单一公羊进行本交,并通过超声检查确认妊娠。于妊娠(90±4) d时,从中选择体重[(52.36±8.24) kg]、体况相近的40只母羊,随机分为4组,每组10头,单栏单饲。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮的基础上添加0.4、1.2和2.0 mg/d铬(以CrPro形式添加)。试验从妊娠第90天持续至泌乳第21天,共81 d,其中包括预试期7 d。试验所用CrPro与本实验室前期研究[17]为同一产品,铬添加水平参考已有研究[18-19]设定。每日晨饲前,将设定水平的CrPro混入50 g玉米粉中供试验组母羊采食,确保每只母羊均完全摄入(实测铬供应量分别为0.47、1.42和2.41 mg/d);对照组饲喂等量不添加CrPro的玉米粉。基础饲粮参照NRC(2007)配制,营养水平满足或高于妊娠后期母羊的营养需求,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
苜蓿草颗粒 Alfalfa pellets 30.00
玉米青贮 Corn silage 15.00
黑麦草 Ryegrass 5.00
玉米 Corn 21.13
甜菜渣 Beet pulp 15.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 13.00
氯化钠 NaCl 0.28
碳酸钙 CaCO3 0.50
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix1) 0.05
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix2) 0.04
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 8.10
粗蛋白质 CP 14.40
钙 Ca 0.97
总磷 TP 0.33
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 40.60
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 23.50
铬 Cr/(mg/kg) 0.29

1)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as iron sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 20 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg,I (as calcium iodate) 0.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.1 mg,Co (as cobalt carbonate) 0.1 mg。

2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 5 000 IU,VD 700 IU,VE 20 IU。

3)代谢能为参考NRC(2007)所得计算值,其他为实测值。ME was a calculated value according to NRC (2007), while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

试验于四川省资阳市乐至县天隆农牧有限公司开展。母羊入栏前均经消毒处理。试验羊只每天于08:00和16:00各饲喂1次,以TMR的形式饲喂,羊只自由采食,每天保证5%的剩料量。根据母羊实际采食量每14 d调整1次饲喂量。试验期间保障充足饮水及清洁环境,羊舍每周消毒2次。所有羔羊出生后立即与母羊分离,并在15 min内完成擦干体表、打耳标及称重操作;随后放回母羊身边,允许其自由吮吸初乳。羔羊1~7日龄期间与母羊同栏饲养;8~21日龄期间,将羔羊转入羔羊专用栏单独饲养,期间保障充足清洁饮水。

1.3 样品采集

血液:于妊娠第120天经颈静脉采集母羊血样,每份5 mL。血液静置30 min后,以2 500×g离心10 min分离血清,分装保存于-20 ℃,用于测定血清总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。
初乳:于分娩后1 h内采集乳样,采集后立即于-20 ℃冻存。
常乳:分别于泌乳第3、7、14、21天采集乳样,每份样品添加2滴防腐剂(Bronopol-B2,Sigma公司,美国),并于4 ℃保存待测。

1.4 指标测定及方法

1.4.1 饲粮营养物质含量

取玉米粉-CrPro混合物及TMR样品置于消化管中,参照GB/T 13088—2006中的湿法消解方法对样品进行前处理,利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪(SOLAAR S2,赛默飞世尔科技公司,美国)测定样品中的铬含量。分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 20806—2022和NY/T 1459—2022的方法测定饲粮中粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量。

1.4.2 羔羊死亡率

分别于7、14、21日龄时记录死亡羔羊数量,计算1~7日龄、1~14日龄及1~21日龄羔羊死亡率(某母羊所产羔羊死亡率=100×死亡羔羊数/该母羊所产羔羊总数)。

1.4.3 血清指标

血清UN含量采用脲酶比色法测定;TP含量采用考马斯亮蓝G250染色法测定;GLU含量采用碘量法测定;免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM含量采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定;SOD活性采用氮蓝四唑光还原法测定;MDA含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定;GSH-Px活性采用5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)比色法(DTNB法)测定,上述指标测定所用试剂盒均购于南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.4 乳成分

使用乳成分快速分析仪(Milkyway-CP2,杭州鲁恒生物科技有限公司)分别测定初乳及常乳的乳脂、乳固体、乳蛋白、乳糖及乳灰分含量。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用SAS 9.4软件的一般线性模型(GLM)程序对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),差异显著者利用最小显著差异(LSD)法进行组间多重比较,并采用正交对比(orthogonal comparisons)对差异显著的结果进行线性和二次响应趋势分析。羔羊死亡率数据经反正弦转换后采用GLM进行方差分析,以栏位(即母羊个体)作为试验重复单元。试验结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05作为差异显著性判断标准。

2 结果与分析

2.1 母羊饲粮添加铬对其所产羔羊死亡率的影响

由表2可知,母羊饲粮添加铬可显著降低其所产羔羊1~7日龄及1~21日龄的死亡率(P<0.05),且有降低羔羊1~14日龄死亡率的趋势(P=0.074 5),其中1.2 mg/d铬添加组未出现死亡个体。
表2 母羊饲粮添加铬对其所产羔羊死亡率的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary Cr supplementation in does on mortality rate of their offspring kids (n=10)

项目
Items		 铬添加水平 Cr supplemental level/(mg/d) SEM P值
P-value
0(对照 Control) 0.4 1.2 2.0
1~7日龄 1 to 7 days of age 26.3a 17.4a 0.0b 0.0b 2.70 0.020 6
1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age 31.6 17.4 0.0 16.7 3.00 0.074 5
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age 47.3a 30.4a 0.0c 16.7b 3.50 0.005 3

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letters superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts or the same letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮添加铬对母羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表3可知,饲粮添加不同水平的铬对母羊血清SOD和GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲粮铬添加水平的升高,血清MDA含量呈线性和二次变化效应(P<0.05);其中,饲粮铬添加水平为0.4 mg/d时,母羊血清MDA含量最低,表明该添加水平可在一定程度上提升母羊机体抗氧化能力;而当铬添加水平升至2.0 mg/d时,母羊血清MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮添加铬对母羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary Cr supplementation on serum antioxidant indices of does (n=10)

项目
Items		 铬添加水平 Cr supplemental level/(mg/d) SEM P值 P-value
0(对照
Control)		 0.4 1.2 2.0 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) 131.98 138.01 131.94 132.57 2.909 0.335 8
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.54bc 4.03c 5.38ab 5.48a 0.325 0.009 6 0.007 6 0.041 8
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 66.38 64.52 65.98 69.69 3.732 0.810 1

2.3 饲粮添加铬对母羊血清生化及免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,饲粮添加不同水平的铬对母羊血清GLU和UN含量无显著影响(P>0.05),血清TP含量随饲粮铬添加水平的升高呈线性上升(P<0.05)。此外,饲粮添加不同水平的铬对母羊血清IgA含量无显著影响(P>0.05);而血清IgG和IgM含量随饲粮铬添加水平的升高呈线性上升(P<0.05),其中血清IgG和IgM在铬添加水平为1.2和2.0 mg/d时含量较高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示铬的添加可以改善妊娠后期母羊的免疫能力。
表4 饲粮添加铬对母羊血清生化及免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Cr supplementation on serum biochemical and immune indices of does (n=10)

项目
Items		 铬添加水平 Cr supplemental level/(mg/d) SEM P值 P-value
0(对照
Control)		 0.4 1.2 2.0 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 51.75b 51.68b 56.35b 69.33a 3.453 0.002 8 0.000 9 0.818 3
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 1.32 0.93 1.37 1.46 0.241 0.426 8
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 6.41 6.8 6.74 6.42 0.218 0.423 9
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L) 2.41 2.44 2.48 2.57 0.111 0.754 5
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) 7.48b 7.61ab 8.55a 8.56a 0.337 0.046 7 0.011 3 0.250 5
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) 1.91b 1.93b 2.47a 2.59a 0.160 0.007 4 0.001 5 0.192 0

2.4 饲粮添加铬对母羊乳成分的影响

由表5可知,饲粮添加不同水平的铬对母羊初乳及泌乳第3、7、14、21天的乳脂、乳固体、乳蛋白、乳糖及乳灰分含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲粮铬添加水平的升高,初乳的乳脂含量呈线性上升(P<0.05),1.2和2.0 mg/d铬添加组初乳乳脂含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮添加铬对母羊乳成分的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Cr supplementation on milk composition of does (n=10)

项目
Items		 铬添加水平 Cr supplemental level/(mg/d) SEM P值 P-value
0(对照
Control)		 0.4 1.2 2.0 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
乳脂
Milk Fat		 D1(初乳 Colostrum) 10.10b 12.36ab 12.64a 13.85a 0.849 0.037 7 0.005 8 0.448 7
D3 4.60 6.17 6.48 6.87 0.571 0.070 9
D7 4.20 4.22 4.55 4.58 0.325 0.752 2
D14 4.33 3.79 3.99 4.13 0.292 0.620 1
D21 3.33 3.71 3.68 3.67 0.268 0.748 6
平均值 Mean 5.62 6.29 6.52 6.68 0.284 0.102 3
乳固体
Milk solids		 D1(初乳 Colostrum) 25.16 25.48 26.17 26.54 1.674 0.938 4
D3 9.98 11.18 9.24 10.57 0.788 0.312 0
D7 9.78 9.88 9.60 9.95 0.210 0.667 3
D14 8.60 9.09 9.06 9.12 0.188 0.239 2
D21 7.69 7.67 7.88 6.75 0.631 0.595 2
平均值 Mean 12.18 12.60 12.19 12.49 0.324 0.715 6
乳蛋白
Milk protein		 D1(初乳 Colostrum) 9.13 9.18 10.11 9.63 0.448 0.386 0
D3 3.53 3.97 3.62 3.77 0.181 0.318 1
D7 3.45 3.47 3.36 3.50 0.079 0.679 1
D14 3.17 3.18 3.24 3.25 0.075 0.815 1
D21 2.72 2.74 3.04 2.83 0.244 0.804 6
平均值 Mean 4.46 4.66 4.58 4.56 0.100 0.595 4
乳糖
Lactose		 D1(初乳 Colostrum) 15.09 14.24 14.05 15.52 1.056 0.727 3
D3 5.75 6.53 5.92 6.04 0.394 0.504 5
D7 5.48 5.56 5.35 5.59 0.114 0.451 9
D14 4.65 4.97 4.88 4.90 0.164 0.591 9
D21 4.39 4.16 4.77 4.27 0.284 0.463 0
平均值 Mean 7.05 7.21 6.86 7.03 0.236 0.753 8
乳灰分 Milk ash D1(初乳 Colostrum) 1.87 2.25 2.16 2.30 0.134 0.187 1
D3 0.81 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.033 0.198 6
D7 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.87 0.020 0.747 0
D14 0.76 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.019 0.517 4
D21 0.66 0.63 0.72 0.65 0.046 0.519 7
平均值 Mean 1.04 1.07 1.05 1.11 0.039 0.632 5

D1、D3、D7、D14和D21分别表示泌乳第1、3、7、14和21天。

D1, D3, D7, D14 and D21 represented day 1, day 3, day 7, day 14 and day 21 of lactation, respectively.

3 讨论

本研究结果表明,相较于对照组,铬添加组母羊的免疫功能得到增强,乳成分也有所改善,这为铬在妊娠期母羊中的合理应用提供了理论依据。子代出生率与存活率是决定母体繁殖效率的核心指标。有研究表明,围产期营养干预不会改变母羊妊娠时长或羔羊存活率,但会显著影响羔羊的生长发育及行为参数[20]。本研究发现,母羊饲粮添加铬可显著降低其所产羔羊1~7日龄及1~21日龄的死亡率,且1~14日龄死亡率也呈下降趋势。结合本研究中观察到的铬添加组母羊血清IgG、IgM含量升高以及初乳乳脂含量提升的结果,推测饲粮添加铬可能通过增强母体免疫功能及优化初乳品质,间接支持了后代的生命早期健康,从而降低了死亡风险。
妊娠期间,环境变化与母体生理状态的改变会加剧氧化应激。血清SOD和GSH-Px的活性是反映母体抗氧化能力的关键指标,而MDA含量则可指示氧化应激程度。Zhang等[21]研究发现,在高温高湿条件下,向热应激奶牛饲粮中添加铬可提高其血清SOD活性并降低MDA含量,但对血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)无显著影响。与Zhang等[21]关于T-AOC的研究结果一致,本研究发现饲粮添加铬对妊娠后期母羊血清SOD和GSH-Px活性未产生显著影响。但值得关注的是,2.0 mg/d铬添加组母羊血清MDA含量较对照组显著升高,这表明铬添加水平过高会加剧妊娠后期母羊的氧化应激水平。这种血清SOD活性与MDA含量响应不一致的现象,可能源于不同研究间试验动物所处的温湿指数(THI)条件及初始免疫应激状态存在差异。
研究表明,以Cr-Met形式于围产期奶牛饲粮中添加0.03 mg/kg BW0.75铬,可提高其产前血浆GLU含量,但添加0.06 mg/kg BW0.75铬时未产生此效应[22]。而Soltan[23]研究表明,补铬未能改变泌乳初期奶牛血清GLU含量;Sadri等[24]同样观察到围产期奶牛血清GLU及UN含量未因铬的添加产生显著变化。与之相符,本试验结果显示,各铬添加组母羊的血清GLU和UN含量均未受到显著影响。铬在维持核酸结构完整性方面具有重要作用,可通过促进RNA合成、调节氨基酸转运、增强蛋白质沉积从而促进畜禽生长。然而,有关铬的添加对血清TP含量影响的研究结果尚不一致。Staniek等[25]研究发现,向孕鼠饲粮中添加100 mg/kg CrPro会降低其血清TP含量。与之相反,本研究发现,饲粮添加2.0 mg/d铬(CrPro形式)可显著提高妊娠后期母羊血清TP含量。上述差异可能源于物种差异及添加水平的不同。
体液免疫由B淋巴细胞介导,主要发挥清除细胞外病原体的作用。血清抗体含量是衡量机体疾病抵抗力的重要生物标志物,其中免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)更是评估免疫功能的关键指标。研究表明,补充铬能够改变处于应激状态奶牛的特异性免疫反应[26]。与此一致,本研究同样观察到,与对照组相比,1.2和2.0 mg/d铬添加组妊娠母羊的血清IgG和IgM含量显著升高。新生羔羊主要通过摄取母羊初乳中的免疫球蛋白建立被动免疫,因此初乳中免疫球蛋白含量对羔羊早期免疫发育起着决定性作用。而母体免疫功能与初乳中免疫球蛋白含量密切相关,尽管目前关于铬对初乳免疫球蛋白影响的研究尚有限,但已有证据表明补铬可提高包括热应激奶牛[12]和肉牛[27]在内的多种动物的免疫功能。
妊娠后期是妊娠母羊最为关键的生理阶段,此阶段母体营养不良会损害初乳/常乳的产量及营养品质。乳汁作为新生羔羊的唯一营养来源,其品质直接决定后代的存活、生长发育及免疫机能的建立[6]。乳汁可分为初乳(营养价值更高)和常乳,多数研究表明补铬对常乳成分无显著改变。本研究结果与之相符,即饲粮添加铬对母羊常乳成分未产生显著影响。这一结果也与多项研究结果相吻合,例如,Yasui等[28]发现,妊娠后期奶牛饲粮添加8 mg/d铬,并未改变其乳脂、乳蛋白及乳糖含量;Soltan[23]也证实,补铬对热应激条件下泌乳初期奶牛的乳成分无显著影响。但值得关注的是,本研究观察到饲粮添加铬显著提高了初乳乳脂含量,而常乳成分未受显著影响。这与Zade等[29]在围产期水牛上观察到的饲粮添加铬使常乳乳脂含量提升的现象不一致,这种差异可能源于物种的不同,铬对乳脂代谢的影响机制有待进一步探究。

4 结论

饲粮添加1.2或2.0 mg/d铬可提升妊娠后期母羊血清免疫球蛋白含量及其初乳乳脂含量,同时降低所产羔羊的死亡率。值得注意的是,铬添加水平为2.0 mg/d时虽提高了母羊血清TP含量,但同步加剧了机体氧化应激程度。由此可见,本试验条件下妊娠后期母羊饲粮适宜铬添加水平为1.2 mg/d。

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