REVIEW

Regulatory Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Intestinal Barrier Functions of Animals and Its Application in Livestock Production

  • CHEN Jifa , 1 ,
  • XU Mingming 1 ,
  • QU Xiangyong 2 ,
  • ZHANG Jiaxin , 1, *
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  • 1 School of Life Sciences and Environmental Resources, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
*experimentalist, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-24

  Online published: 2026-04-14

Abstract

Bacillus subtilis (BS) is a widely used probiotic in animal husbandry presently, and often used as an additive in livestock production by adding BS to diet or drinking water. It is reported that BS can regulate the gut barrier functions of animals by maintaining the intestinal microecological balance, increasing the number of goblet cells in the intestinal tract, promoting the gene expression of mucin and tight junction proteins in the intestine, improving the morphological structure of intestinal mucosa, and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, as well as enhancing the antioxidant capacity of gut mucosa. Meanwhile, BS can effectively mitigate the structural damage and functional disorder of the intestinal barrier in animals caused by pathogenic bacteria, mycotoxins, and heat stress. Additionally, BS has been shown to increase the performance of animals, improve the quality of meat and eggs, and alleviate the negative impacts of stress on animal production and health. This article expounded the regulatory effects and mechanisms of BS on the intestinal mucosal barrier functions of animals, and reviewed the research progress on the application of BS in livestock production, in order to provide references for regulating animal gut health by BS and the scientific application of BS in animal husbandry.

Cite this article

CHEN Jifa , XU Mingming , QU Xiangyong , ZHANG Jiaxin . Regulatory Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Intestinal Barrier Functions of Animals and Its Application in Livestock Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(4) : 2382 -2392 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.190

肠道是动物机体进行物质交换与养分消化吸收的关键器官,同时其结构亦是抵御外来病原体入侵的首道防线。过去几十年里,抗生素在改善动物肠道健康和促进生长发育等方面起到了重要作用。然而,畜牧生产中长期滥用抗生素引发了“超级细菌”、食品安全和环境污染等系列问题。我国已于2020年7月全面禁止在动物饲料中应用除中药类外的促生长类药物饲料添加剂。后抗生素时代,如何维持动物肠道健康,改善生产性能与产品品质是畜牧业健康高质量发展的关键问题。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)是一类安全性高、抗逆性强的益生菌。BS作为饲用益生菌对动物具有多重益生作用。研究证实,BS能够优化动物肠道菌群结构[1-2]、增加肠道杯状细胞数量[3]、上调黏蛋白与紧密连接蛋白表达[3-5]、改善肠道形态结构[6-7],以及增强肠黏膜抗氧化和免疫功能[8-9],并可提升动物生产性能[6,10-11]、改善肉蛋品质[12-14]。同时,BS能够缓解应激诱导的动物肠道屏障结构损伤与功能障碍[15-16]。因此,BS可作为一种优良的动物肠道健康促进剂。本文以动物肠道功能为焦点,系统地总结了BS对动物肠黏膜屏障功能的调控作用及机制,综述了BS应用于畜牧生产中的研究成果,重点关注其对动物生产性能、屠宰性能及肉蛋品质的影响,同时提出了BS作为饲用益生菌未来的研究方向和应用前景,以期为通过营养调控改善动物肠道健康以及BS在畜牧生产中的科学应用提供参考。

1 BS对动物肠道屏障功能的调控作用及机制

1.1 对肠道微生物屏障的调控作用

研究表明,BS能够改善动物肠道菌群结构,提高肠道微生物群落多样性及代谢产物短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量,同时可干预热应激、致病菌等诱发的动物肠道菌群结构紊乱,维持肠道微生态平衡(表1)。BS的抑菌机制主要为生物夺氧和生物拮抗,其在肠道内可消耗游离氧,抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等好氧致病菌的增殖[17-18];同时,BS可产生多种抗菌活性物质如细菌素、有机酸和酶,对致病菌具有拮抗作用[17,19]
表1 BS对动物肠道或粪便菌群及SCFAs含量的影响

Table 1 Effects of BS on intestinal or fecal microbiota and SCFAs content in animals

序号
No.
菌种
Strains
添加水平
Supplemental
level
试验动物
Experimental
animals
影响
Effects
参考文献
References
1 PB6 2×107 CFU/kg 肉鸭 提高盲肠微生物群落Chao1指数和β多样性,
提高盲肠萨特沃斯氏菌属、未分类鼠杆菌
科相对丰度以及乙酸、丁酸含量
Zhang等[3]
2 PB6 4×105
4×106 CFU/胚蛋
雏鸡 降低盲肠细菌总数、酵母菌和霉菌总数以及
总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌数量,增加芽孢
杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量
Shehata等[5]
3 C-3102 30、60 mg/kg
(活菌数1×1010 CFU/g)
提高盲肠苏黎世杆菌属、
普雷沃氏菌科Ga6Al相对丰度
Li等[6]
4 C-3102 3×105 CFU/g 蛋鸡 增加粪便肠杆菌科、乳酸杆菌和总厌氧
菌数量,降低产气荚膜梭菌数量
Nishiyama
[14]
5 ATCC19659 500 mg/kg(活菌
数5×108 CFU/g)
肉鸡 增加热应激肉鸡盲肠乳酸杆菌数量,
降低产气荚膜梭菌和大肠杆菌数量
Abdel-Moneim
[4]
6 ACCC 11025 0.15、0.30、
0.45 g/kg
肉鸡 粪便中乳酸杆菌数量呈线性增加,沙门氏菌
数量呈线性降低,大肠杆菌数量
有线性降低的趋势
Fang等[20]
7 66 5×108 CFU/kg 肉鸡 提高盲肠互养菌门相对丰度和
厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门值
刘顺[21]
8 MZ-01 断奶仔猪 改善大肠杆菌攻毒仔猪结肠微生物
群落结构,提高结肠乙酸、丙酸、
戊酸和异戊酸含量
Qin等[16]
9 C-3102 300 g/t
(活菌数≥1×
109 CFU/g)
断奶仔猪 有降低粪便大肠杆菌数量的趋势,
有提高乳酸杆菌数量的趋势
Hu等[22]
10 C-3102 100、200 mg/kg
(活菌数≥1×
109 CFU/g)
肥育猪 100 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)提高了粪便双歧
杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌相对丰度,200 mg/kg BS
增加了粪便双歧杆菌相对丰度,降低了产气
荚膜梭菌相对丰度
朱瑾[23]
11 PB6 2×1011 CFU/kg 断奶仔猪 在高蛋白质饲粮(20.97%粗蛋白质)中
添加BS提高了结肠丁酸含量,有提高
总短链脂肪酸含量的趋势
Liu等[24]

1.2 对肠道化学屏障的调控作用

杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白是肠道黏液层的核心成分,在构建肠道化学屏障中发挥关键作用。Zhang等[3]报道,饲粮添加2×107 CFU/kg BS(PB6)可提高肉鸭空肠杯状细胞数量和回肠黏膜黏蛋白-2(MUC-2)mRNA表达量。Liu等[25]研究发现,在母猪妊娠后期(第80天)饲粮中添加BS提高了8日龄仔猪空肠杯状细胞数量,上调了空肠MUC-2 mRNA表达量。Shehata等[5]研究证实,胚蛋注射BS(PB6,4×106 CFU/蛋)一定程度上提高了雏鸡回肠MUC-2 mRNA表达量。此外,Abdel-Moneim等[4]研究指出,在热应激条件下,饲粮添加500 mg/kg BS(ATCC19659)上调了肉鸡回肠MUC-2 mRNA表达量。类似的报道,饲粮添加1×106、1×107 CFU/g BS(14823)不同程度上提高了热应激肉鸡空肠黏膜MUC-2 mRNA表达量[11]。综上所述,BS主要通过增加肠道杯状细胞数量和提高肠黏膜MUC-2表达来调控动物肠黏膜化学屏障功能。BS对肠道化学屏障功能的调控与其抑菌作用密切相关。一方面,BS减少了致病菌及毒素等对肠黏膜结构造成的损害,维持肠道屏障结构和功能完整,为肠道干细胞的增殖和分化营造有利条件,进而增加杯状细胞数量,促进黏蛋白的基因表达与合成;另一方面,BS通过竞争性排斥致病菌,防止它们过度增殖及降解内层黏蛋白,从而维持肠道黏液层的完整性和功能。

1.3 对肠道物理屏障的调控作用

研究表明,BS能够改善动物肠道形态结构。李晶等[26]报道,饲粮添加4×109、8×109 CFU/kg BS提高了保育猪回肠和空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值,降低了回肠和空肠隐窝深度。Wang等[27]研究指出,饲粮添加2×109 CFU/kg BS(C-3102)提高了第79周龄蛋鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值。Bahrampour等[28]研究表明,在鹌鹑饲粮中添加200 mg/kg BS(活菌数4×109 CFU/g)可提高其空肠绒毛高度。彭豫东等[29]研究发现,饲粮添加300 mg/kg BS(C-3102,活菌数≥1×109 CFU/g)提高了石门土鸡空肠黏膜绒毛宽度。研究证实,饲粮添加2×107 CFU/kg BS(PB6)和30、60 mg/kg BS(C-3102)分别改善了肉鸭[3]、鹅[6]的小肠黏膜形态结构。此外,BS对霉菌毒素诱发的动物肠道结构损伤具有缓解作用。杨胜兰[30]报道,饲粮添加500 mg/kg BS(KC29,活菌数1×1011 CFU/kg)提高了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)攻毒肉鸡回肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度,降低了血清二胺氧化酶活性,恢复了肠道黏膜屏障功能。
紧密连接蛋白通过维持肠黏膜上皮细胞间的紧密连接,在维系动物肠道物理屏障功能中起着核心作用。研究已证实,BS能调节动物肠道紧密连接蛋白表达。Zhang等[3]研究表明,肉鸭饲粮添加2×107 CFU/kg BS(PB6)可上调其空肠黏膜闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)mRNA表达量。刘顺[21]报道,饲粮添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(66)能上调肉鸡空肠黏膜ZO-1、闭锁蛋白(Occludin)和密封蛋白-1(Claudin-1)mRNA表达量。同时,胚蛋注射BS可改善雏鸡肠黏膜形态,维护肠道物理屏障。Shehata等[5]研究表明,给孵化第12.5 d的胚蛋注射BS(PB6,4×106 CFU/蛋)提高了雏鸡回肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度,胚蛋注射BS(PB6,4×105 CFU/蛋)提高了雏鸡回肠Occludin和连接黏附分子2(JAM2)mRNA表达量。此外,BS能有效干预热应激对肉鸡肠道物理屏障造成的破坏。Khongthong等[11]研究发现,饲粮添加1×106、1×107 CFU/g BS(14823)上调了热应激肉鸡空肠OccludinClaudin-1和紧密连接蛋白1(TJP1)mRNA表达量,改善了小肠黏膜形态结构,并降低了血清荧光素异硫氰酸酯-葡聚糖和皮质酮含量。综上可知,BS对动物肠道物理屏障功能的调控作用体现在:1)改善肠黏膜形态结构;2)上调肠黏膜上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白表达;3)降低肠道通透性。BS改善动物肠道物理屏障功能的主要原因是竞争性抑制或排斥肠道致病菌,减少致病菌诱发肠道结构的损伤与肠黏膜上皮细胞间紧密连接结构的破坏。

1.4 对肠道免疫屏障的调控作用

分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)和细胞因子是评价动物肠道黏膜免疫功能的重要指标。研究已证实,BS能够促进动物小肠黏膜sIgA分泌,调节炎症因子表达。邢帅兵等[8]报道,饲粮添加20 mg/kg BS提高了70日龄仔猪空肠黏膜sIgA含量。Rajput等[31]研究表明,肉鸡饲粮添加1×108 CFU/kg BS(B10)提高了其空肠和回肠sIgA含量。研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(C-3102)能下调其十二指肠或空肠Toll样受体4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子-kappa B(NF-κB)p65、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA表达量[9],表明BS可通过干预TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的激活,抑制下游促炎因子合成与释放,进而利于防控肠道炎症。刘顺[21]报道,饲粮添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(66)可提高21、42和63日龄肉鸡空肠黏膜抗炎因子IL-10 mRNA表达量,下调42和63日龄肉鸡空肠TNF-α mRNA表达量,表明BS能够增强肉鸡肠道免疫功能。Liu等[24]研究表明,高蛋白质饲粮(20.97%粗蛋白质)添加2×1011 CFU/kg BS(PB6)下调了断奶仔猪回肠TLR4、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)和TNF-α mRNA表达量。同时,Shehata等[5]研究发现,胚蛋注射BS(PB6,4×106 CFU/蛋)下调了雏鸡回肠TLR4和IL-2 mRNA表达量,说明胚期给养BS能够调节雏鸡肠道黏膜免疫。
此外,BS可干预霉菌毒素、致病菌和热应激等诱导的动物肠黏膜过度免疫,缓解肠道炎症。杨胜兰[30]报道,饲粮添加500 mg/kg BS(KC29)降低了DON感染肉鸡回肠黏膜IL-1β和TNF-α含量。Khongthong等[11]研究发现,在热应激条件下,饲粮添加1×106、1×107 CFU/g BS(14823)下调了肉鸡回肠NF-κBTNF-α、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)mRNA表达量。Qin等[16]研究证实,饲粮添加BS(MZ-01)降低了大肠杆菌攻毒断奶仔猪空肠、回肠TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA表达量和促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)含量,缓解仔猪肠道炎症。以上研究表明,BS能介导TLR4/NF-κB信号途径调节炎症因子表达,以及提高肠黏膜sIgA含量,从而发挥对动物肠道免疫屏障的调控作用。

1.5 对肠道抗氧化功能的调控作用

肠道黏膜的抗氧化能力在维持动物肠道屏障完整性方面发挥重要作用。研究已证实,BS对动物肠道抗氧化功能具有调控作用。Chen等[9]研究发现,饲粮添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(C-3102)提高了产蛋高峰期蛋鸡十二指肠过氧化氢酶(CAT)和回肠总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性。赵佳霓等[32]研究指出,饲粮添加100、150、200 mg/kg BS(PB6,活菌数1×1013 CFU/g)提高了产蛋后期蛋鸡十二指肠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,并有提高总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的趋势。于洁等[33]研究表明,饲粮添加250 mg/kg BS(活菌数2×107 CFU/g)提高了肉鹅空肠T-SOD活性和回肠T-AOC。在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(66)对21日龄肉鸡空肠抗氧化功能无显著影响,但提高了42日龄肉鸡空肠T-AOC以及63日龄肉鸡空肠T-AOC和GSH-Px活性[19],表明BS对肉鸡肠黏膜抗氧化功能的调控作用与其作用时间有关。此外,BS能减轻致病菌诱导的动物氧化损伤,维持肠道氧化还原平衡。Wen等[34]报道,给大肠杆菌攻毒断奶仔猪口服表达抗菌肽KR32的重组BS(WB800)可通过调节核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1)信号途径,提高肠黏膜抗氧化酶CAT、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,进而缓解大肠杆菌诱导的仔猪肠道氧化损伤,表明BS改善动物肠道抗氧化功能的作用与其调控Nrf2/Keap1信号通路有关。

2 BS在畜牧生产中的应用

2.1 猪

2.1.1 对生长和繁殖性能的影响

研究表明,BS能够缓解仔猪断奶应激,降低仔猪腹泻率,改善其生长性能;并可降低霉菌毒素如DON和致病菌如大肠杆菌对仔猪生长发育造成的不利影响。同时,BS对保育猪和肥育猪的生长性能也具有改善作用。此外,在母猪妊娠后期饲粮中添加BS能改善其繁殖性能,降低死胎率,缩短产程,提高活产仔数和仔猪出生重(表2)。
表2 BS对猪生长和繁殖性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of BS on growth and reproduction performance in pigs

序号
No.
菌种
Strains
添加水平
Supplemental
level
试验动物
Experimental
animals
影响
Effects
参考文献
References
1 C-3102 300 g/t 断奶仔猪
(28~70日龄)
末重、平均日增重(ADG)、平均
日采食量(ADFI)、饲料转化率分别
提高了6.45%、9.24%、3.55%、5.38%,
试验第1~7天仔猪腹泻率降低了4.07%
Hu等[22]
2 C43 3.65×108
7.3×108
1.46×109 CFU/kg
断奶仔猪
(21~49日龄)
饲粮添加7.3×108、1.46×109 CFU/kg
枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)提高了仔猪ADG和
ADFI,降低了腹泻率和料重比
郑凯天等[35]
3 500、800 mg/kg
(活菌数≥1×
1010 CFU/g)
仔猪
(35~56日龄)
饲粮添加500 mg/kg BS提高了
试验第8~14天大肠杆菌攻毒
仔猪末重和ADG
茹敏等[36]
4 ASAG 216 1×108 CFU/kg 断奶仔猪
(21~42日龄)
缓解脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)对仔猪生
长性能造成的负面影响,提高ADFI和ADG
Jia等[37]
5 2×109
4×109
8×109 CFU/kg
保育猪 饲粮添加4×109、8×109 CFU/kg
BS提高了末重和ADG,降低了料重比
李晶等[26]
6 0.01%、0.05%、
0.10%
肥育猪[(100±2)至
(160±2)日龄]
饲粮添加0.05%、0.10% BS提高了
末重和ADG,降低了料重比;添加
0.01% BS提高了末重
陈为峰等[38]
7 PB6 4×108 CFU/kg 妊娠母猪
(妊娠90 d)
总产仔数、活产仔猪数分别提高了13.79%、
20.38%,仔猪出生间隔缩短了30.58%;断奶
仔猪数、哺乳仔猪成活率和断奶
窝重显著提高
Zhang等[39]
8 QST 713 1×1010 CFU/
(d·头)
妊娠母猪
(妊娠85 d)
死胎率和仔猪死亡率分别降低了38.03%
和40.26%,仔猪出生均重提高了3.10%
Khoudphaithoune
[40]
9 C-3102 妊娠期5×
105 CFU/g,
哺乳期1×
106 CFU/g
妊娠母猪和哺乳
母猪(妊娠30 d
至哺乳19 d)
有提高产仔数(第2天)和哺乳
母猪ADFI的趋势
Menegat等[41]

2.1.2 对屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

BS可以改善猪的屠宰性能和肉品质。陈为峰等[38]研究发现,饲粮添加0.05%、0.10% BS提高了肥育猪屠体重、屠宰率、瘦肉率和宰后24 h pH(pH24 h),降低了背膘厚、肌肉剪切力和滴水损失率。张国梁等[42]研究指出,饲粮添加0.1 g/kg BS(活菌数≥1×1010 CFU/g)降低了肥育猪背膘厚,提高了瘦肉率、肌内脂肪含量以及肌肉中油酸、亚油酸和二十碳二烯酸含量。Liao等[43]报道,给肥育猪饲喂6% BS发酵的湿态玉米酒精糟提高了其腰肌深度和瘦肉率,降低了肌肉中重金属(铅、镉和铜)的残留量。张明花等[44]研究表明,饲粮添加1 000、1 500 mg/kg BS(活菌数1×1010 CFU/g)提高了肥育猪肌肉pH24 h,降低了剪切力、滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率。另外,Zhang等[45]给30日龄仔猪持续120 d饲喂添加4 g/kg BS(NBRC 13719T,活菌数≥3×109 CFU/g)的饲粮,结果表明,其可通过Nrf2/Keap1信号通路增强肌肉中抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)的活性,降低肌肉脂质和蛋白质氧化水平,提高猪肉储存过程中的肉色稳定性,表明添加BS有利于延长猪肉的货架期。

2.2 家禽

2.2.1 对生产性能的影响

目前,关于BS对家禽生产性能影响的研究结果有差异,但总的来说BS对家禽生产性能具有积极影响。由表3可知,BS能够提升肉鸡生长性能,增强机体抗应激能力,有效缓解坏死性肠炎、热应激和霉菌毒素(如DON)等对肉鸡生长发育造成的负面影响[6,9,11,20,27-28,30,46-50]。BS对蛋鸡生产性能具有调控作用,可提高产蛋率和合格蛋率,并改善产蛋末期蛋鸡产蛋性能,有助于延长蛋鸡产蛋周期。在种禽中的研究表明,BS能促进其生长发育,提升繁殖性能,并提高种蛋孵化效果。在鹅和特禽(鹌鹑、火鸡)饲粮中添加BS亦能改善其生长性能。此外,胚蛋注射BS(PB6,4×106 CFU/蛋)可提高雏鸡的体长[5],提示胚期给养BS有利于促进鸡胚生长发育,改善雏鸡生长性能。
表3 BS对家禽生产性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of BS on performance in poultry

序号
No.
菌种
Strains
添加水平
Supplemental
level
试验动物
Experimental
animals
影响
Effects
参考文献
References
1 ACCC 11025 0.15、0.30、
0.45 g/kg
肉鸡
(1~42日龄)
提高体增重和饲料转化率,
对采食量无显著影响
Fang等[20]
2 PB6 1×108 CFU/kg 肉鸡
(1~35日龄)
降低坏死性肠炎肉鸡
采食量和料重比
Khairunnesa
[46]
3 14823 1×106
1×107 CFU/g
肉鸡
(1~42日龄)
饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)提高热应激肉鸡
42日龄体重、1~42日龄体增重;饲粮添加
1×107 CFU/g BS提高热应激肉鸡采食量;
饲粮添加1×106 CFU/g BS降低料重比
Khongthong
[11]
4 KC29 500 mg/kg 肉鸡
(1~28日龄)
提高脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)感染
肉鸡平均日增重(ADG),降低料重比
杨胜兰[30]
5 C-3102 5×108 CFU/kg 蛋鸡
(29~38周龄)
提高产蛋率和日产蛋重 Chen等[9]
6 ZY1 0.5、1.0、
2.0 g/kg
蛋鸡
(59~70周龄)
饲粮添加0.5、2.0 g/kg BS提高产蛋率;
饲粮添加2.0 g/kg BS降低料蛋比;饲粮
添加0.5、1.0 g/kg BS提高合格蛋率
Dong等[47]
7 C-3102 2×109 CFU/kg 蛋鸡
(72~79周龄)
有降低平均日采食量(ADFI)的趋势,
显著降低料蛋比
Wang等[27]
8 C-3102 3×105、6×
105、9×105 CFU/g
种鸡
(25周龄)
饲粮添加6×105、9×105 CFU/g BS提高
蛋重;饲粮添加3×105、9×105 CFU/g
BS提高种蛋受精率;饲粮添加BS线性
提高种蛋孵化率
Liu等[48]
9 5×108
8×108 CFU/kg
肉用种母鸭
(1~60周龄)
饲粮添加BS提高第1、3、10和13周活重、
日绝对生长量和ADFI,降低料重比,且添加
8×108 CFU/kg BS的促生长效果优于
添加5×108 CFU/kg
都振玉等[49]
10 C-3102 30、
60 mg/kg

(5~9周龄)
饲粮添加60 mg/kg BS提高末重和
ADG;饲粮添加30、60 mg/kg
BS提高饲料转化率
Li等[6]
11 200 mg/kg 鹌鹑
(1~35日龄)
提高ADG和ADFI,降低料重比 Bahrampour
[28]
12 C-3102 5×105 CFU/g
(1~35日龄),3×
105 CFU/g(36~
133日龄)
火鸡
(1~133日龄)
有提高体增重的趋势,
降低料重比
Erb等[50]

2.2.2 对屠宰性能和肉蛋品质的影响

饲粮添加BS能够提升鸡蛋品质。Nishiyama等[14]报道,饲粮添加3×105 CFU/g BS(C-3102)可改善蛋鸡强制换羽前、后鸡蛋的蛋壳质量,提高蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳重量和蛋壳比例。Dong等[47]研究发现,蛋鸡饲粮添加BS(ZY1)提高了鸡蛋蛋壳重、蛋黄重和蛋黄红度值,降低了蛋黄亮度值。产蛋后期蛋鸡的鸡蛋品质逐渐下降。研究证实,产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮添加BS能够改善鸡蛋品质。Wang等[27]报道,饲粮添加2×109 CFU/kg BS(C-3102)提高了蛋鸡第79周龄鸡蛋蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳比例和蛋壳重量,同时发现其提高了蛋鸡血清和蛋壳中钙含量、钙表观存留率以及十二指肠钙结合蛋白D28K mRNA表达量,表明BS通过促进蛋鸡对钙的消化吸收提高蛋壳质量,进而改善蛋品质。赵佳霓等[32]研究发现,在产蛋后期(60周龄)蛋鸡饲粮中添加150、200 mg/kg BS(PB6)提高了鸡蛋哈氏单位和蛋壳强度,添加100、150 mg/kg BS(PB6)提高了蛋壳厚度,提示BS有利于鸡蛋的运输与保鲜。
另外,BS对家禽屠宰性能和肉品质亦具有调控作用。Fang等[20]研究表明,随饲粮BS(ACCC 11025)后生元添加量的增加,肉鸡腿肌率呈线性提高,胸肌滴水损失率有线性降低的趋势,且添加0.15 g/kg BS(ACCC 11025)后生元提高了肉鸡胸肌率。研究发现,在石门土鸡饲粮中添加600 mg/kg BS(C-3102)提高了其屠宰率[29]。李泽然[51]研究指出,饲粮添加200、400 mg/kg BS(活菌数1×109 CFU/g)提高了肉鸡半净膛率,降低了胸肌滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率;添加200 mg/kg BS提高了屠宰率和胸肌率。刘顺[21]报道,饲粮添加5×108 CFU/kg BS(66)提高了肉鸡全净膛率、胸肌24 h肉色和粗脂肪含量,降低了腹脂率和胸肌蒸煮剪切力。同时,在鹌鹑饲粮中添加200 mg/kg BS可提高其屠宰率和胸肌率[28]。此外,BS能缓解不良应激对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质造成的负面影响。Abdel-Moneim等[4]研究指出,饲粮添加500 mg/kg BS(ATCC19659)降低了热应激肉鸡腹脂率。Mohammed等[52]研究发现,饲粮添加0.25、0.50 g/kg BS(PB6)提高了宰前运输应激肉鸡胸肌、腿肌的风味和口感,降低了胸肌、腿肌30 min pH、5 h pH和蒸煮损失率,且提高了肉色亮度值、红度值、黄度值以及肌肉系水力。

3 小结与展望

综上可知,BS对热应激、致病菌和霉菌毒素等应激状态下动物肠道黏膜屏障结构与功能具有保护作用。同时,BS可通过优化肠道菌群结构、增加肠道杯状细胞数量、上调肠上皮细胞MUC-2与紧密连接蛋白表达和改善肠道形态结构,以及调节肠黏膜抗氧化和免疫功能,来发挥对动物肠道屏障功能的调控作用。为推动BS在畜牧生产中的广泛应用,以下问题亟需关注与探讨:1)持续挖掘、筛选安全高效的BS菌种,并优化加工技术,提升BS制剂稳定性,充分发挥其益生功效;2)借助现代分子生物学方法、人工智能技术等深入研究BS的益生作用机制,并系统地探讨BS在不同应激下对动物的保护作用及机制;3)加强BS与其他添加剂的复配研究,阐明BS与其他益生菌、酶制剂、益生元或植物提取物等的互作效应及机制,并重点研制具有调节免疫、促生长及调控肠道功能的复方;4)全面开展BS作为疫苗载体、养殖环境改良剂和免疫诱导剂等的应用研究,明确BS的使用效果、添加剂量、应用方式及作用机制等,拓宽BS的用途与应用场景,并制定其在不同目标视域下的应用方案。随着BS制剂加工技术的持续优化,益生作用、调控机制及复配研究的全面深入,以及新应用场景研究的不断推进,BS及其相关产品将在促进畜牧业绿色高质量发展中扮演一定角色。
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