REVIEW

Research Progress on Biological Functions of Ferulic Acid and Its Regulation of Intestinal Health in Livestock and Poultry

  • ZHU Huilun ,
  • WANG Yuxuan ,
  • YANG Xia ,
  • XIA Bing , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-16

  Online published: 2026-04-14

Abstract

Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic acid widely found in plants, possessing various biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulation of lipid metabolism, and maintenance of intestinal barrier function. In recent years, with the ban on the use of feed antibiotics, the application of FA as a natural plant-derived feed additive in livestock production has gained increasing attention. Studies have shown that FA can improve animal intestinal health, enhance immune function, and improve growth performance. This article systematically reviews the physicochemical properties, sources, biological functions, and potential mechanisms of action in regulating intestinal health in livestock for FA, aiming to provide reference for FA as a safe and effective plant-derived alternative to antibiotic feed additives.

Cite this article

ZHU Huilun , WANG Yuxuan , YANG Xia , XIA Bing . Research Progress on Biological Functions of Ferulic Acid and Its Regulation of Intestinal Health in Livestock and Poultry[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(4) : 2459 -2469 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.197

在全球范围内,饲料中全面禁用抗生素已成为提升动物健康水平和保障食品安全的重要趋势。寻找安全、绿色且高效的抗生素替代品,已成为畜禽养殖领域的迫切需求[1]。阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)是一种广泛存在于蔬菜、水果和谷物细胞壁中的酚酸类天然植物提取物,常见于阿魏、当归和蒲公英等中药以及玉米、大豆、糠皮等谷物中。FA具备抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌及代谢调节等多重生物活性,且毒性低、使用安全,因而被视为替代青霉素、链霉素等传统抗生素的潜在候选物。本文综述FA的理化性质、主要来源及其在调节畜禽肠道健康中的作用机制,旨在为其在“禁抗”背景下的应用提供科学依据,推动绿色养殖技术的研发与实践。

1 FA的理化性质及提取方法

1.1 FA的理化性质

FA分子式为C10H10O4,结构式如图1所示,其相对分子质量为194.18,熔点为168~173 ℃;FA在热水中可溶,在冷水中溶解度较低,易溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮等极性溶剂,难溶于苯、石油醚等非极性溶剂[2]。FA主要来源于植物,其在植物体中常以反式异构体形式存在,因此FA通常指的是反式FA[3]。FA顺式与反式异构体在形态上存在差异,其中顺式FA呈现黄色油状物,而反式FA则表现为无色正方形或纤维状结晶;与顺式FA相比,反式FA在肿瘤生长抑制、细胞凋亡诱导、血管生成抑制和转移等方面有更高的应用价值[4]。FA在肉鸡、猪、牛等多种养殖动物中表现出显著的增重、饲料转化率提升及健康改善效果。在雏鸡阶段补饲可提升日增重并降低料重比[5];在仔猪饲粮中添加FA能促进体重增长并改善肝脏健康[6];在泌乳后期奶牛饲粮中添加FA,其乳汁有抗氧化和潜在抗癌功能,提升了乳品的功能价值[7]。FA主要以结合态形式存在,与阿拉伯木聚糖等多糖共价连接形成糖苷或与氨基盐酸盐反应生成酰胺等物质,存在于植物细胞壁中[8]。FA结构上的羟基、甲氧基和羧基官能团赋予其强抗氧化能力,可以清除过氧化氢、羟自由基、超氧自由基以及过氧化亚硝基等氧自由基发挥抗氧化性能[9]
图1 FA的结构式

A:顺式阿魏酸 cis-ferulic acid;B:反式阿魏酸 trans-ferulic acid。

Fig.1 Structural formula of FA[10]

1.2 FA的提取方法

FA的提取方法一般有3种,包括直接提取法、化学合成法和生物合成法。其中,直接提取法包括碱解法、酶解法和组织培养法。直接提取法在动物营养领域已形成成熟的技术体系,可用于维生素检测[11]和植物活性成分提取[12]。化学合成法已成为获取高效天然饲料添加剂的核心技术,涉及精油[13]、皂苷[14]和多糖[15]等多类活性物质,研究正向工艺优化、功能验证和产业化应用方向快速推进。FA的化学合成主要采用Knoevenagel反应和Wittig-Horner反应,这2种方法均用于合成FA。生物合成法从单一营养素向多功能复合产品扩展,并进入商业化生产阶段;未来的研究重点在代谢工程、工艺放大和成本压缩,以满足日益增长的动物蛋白质需求。FA的提取方法和优缺点见表1[16-23]
表1 FA的提取方法和优缺点

Table 1 FA extraction methods and their advantages and disadvantages

提取方法
Extraction methods
原理
Theory
实例
Examples
优缺点
Advantages and
disadvantages
直接提取法
Direct
extraction
method
碱解法
Alkaline hydrolysis
method
采用碱水解处理植物原料,
使其中的阿魏酸(FA)从
聚合物中释放出来,
进而采用乙醇进行萃提[16]
从啤酒糟中提取FA[17] 优点是操作简便、
成本低,活性
保留好等;缺点是存在
提取率低、纯度差、
工业化难度大等
酶解法
Enzymolysis
method
基于酶催化作用,通过特定的
酶对目标物质进行水解,
以实现其解离和释放
阿魏酸酯酶和木聚糖酶
在大肠杆菌中共表达
高效制备FA[18]
组织培养法
Tissue culture
method
基于植物细胞的全能性,通过
脱分化和再分化过程,实现植物
组织的再生和植株的快速繁殖
利用玉米和甜菜的细胞悬浮
培养技术,制备出水溶性的
阿魏酸蔗糖酯及阿魏酸
葡萄糖酯[19]
化学合成法
Chemical synthesis method
通过有机反应构建其分子结构,
核心原理是利用特定反应将
前体物质转化为目标产物[20]
主要包括Wittig-Horner
反应法、Knoevenagel
反应法[21]
优点是纯度高、杂质少,产
物结构可控,生产效率高
等;缺点是反应条件苛刻,
可能对环境造成污染等
生物合成法
Biosynthesis method
利用生物体内的酶或微生物代谢
途径,将合适的底物转化为FA[22]
该生物合成途径见图2[23] 优点是反应条件温和,
环保可持续;缺点
是生产效率低等
图2 从微生物中构建的FA生物合成途径

PPP:戊糖磷酸途径 pentose phosphate pathway;E4P:赤藓糖4-磷酸 erythrose 4-phosphate;PEP:磷酸烯醇丙酮酸 phosphoenolpyruvate;DAHP:3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate;NAD(P)+:氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(磷酸) oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate);NAD(P)H:还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(磷酸) reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate);Fre:自由电子 free electron;FADH2:还原型黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸 reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide;FAD:黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸 flavin adenine dinucleotide;Hcys:同型半胱氨酸 homocysteine;Met:甲硫氨酸 methionine;SAM:S-腺苷甲硫氨酸 S-adenosylmethionine;SAH:S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸 S-adenosine homocysteine;SRH:S-核糖同型半胱氨酸 S-ribosylhomocysteine。

Fig.2 FA biosynthetic pathways constructed from microorganisms[23]

2 FA的生物体内代谢

FA在胃中被快速吸收,随后在小肠继续吸收,整体肠道吸收率约为59%[24]。绝大部分FA是以游离形式通过被动扩散进行有效转运[25]。酯化型FA需在小肠或结肠的阿魏酸酯酶作用下水解后才能释放出游离FA。吸收后的游离FA经门静脉进入肝脏,在肝细胞中进行Ⅰ相代谢,产生香草酸、二氢阿魏酸等酚酸类化合物[26]。游离FA和Ⅰ相部分代谢产物在肝脏和肠细胞中经历Ⅱ相代谢,通过尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGTs)催化生成阿魏酸葡萄糖醛酸结合物,或经磺基转移酶(SULTs)作用形成硫酸结合物[27-28]。大量结合产物通过肝静脉进入全身血液循环,分布至各组织;少量结合产物经胆汁重新进入肠道,可能参与肠-肝循环[29]。体循环中的FA及其代谢物转化为香草酰甘氨酸、间羟基苯基丙酸、阿魏酰甘氨酸等,最终大部分以硫酸盐或葡萄糖苷的形式经尿液排泄,只有极少量以游离形式排出体外[24]

3 FA的生物学功能

3.1 抗氧化作用

氧化是化学反应中电子转移的过程,生物体内主要表现为活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生。ROS会破坏蛋白质、核酸等大分子,导致细胞损伤[30]。当ROS的产生与抗氧化防御系统清除ROS之间出现不平衡,会引发氧化应激[31]。抗氧化是机体通过超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)等酶类和维生素C、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)等非酶类物质清除ROS,以维持氧化平衡的过程[32]
FA通过增强SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的表达和活性并激活核因子红系2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)信号通路,有效抑制氧化应激[33]。FA对肾脏氧化应激有缓解作用,孙雅荻等[34]研究发现,按体重灌胃300 mg/kg FA显著升高小鼠肾脏和血清SOD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量,抑制脂质过氧化反应进而有效缓解由镉引起的小鼠肾脏损伤。在生产中,液态保存的精子常受到ROS损伤,在西门塔尔公牛精液中添加不同水平FA可提高GSH-Px活性和总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC),降低MDA含量,减少冷冻后的DNA损伤,进一步改善精液质量、运动特性和质膜功能[35]。在卵母细胞上补充5 μmol/L FA可去除过量的ROS并维持细胞内GSH含量和抗氧化酶活性,有效提高抗氧化能力,降低体外老化牛卵母细胞的异常率[36]。Ekhtiar等[37]研究表明,在乙酸诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型中,FA能够显著降低结肠组织中MDA含量,减少脂质过氧化损伤;同时,FA还增强了结肠SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性,并提高了GSH含量,从而有效恢复内源性抗氧化系统的功能。此外,FA通过激活Nrf2信号通路上调了下游抗氧化基因血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的表达,进一步增强了细胞的抗氧化防御能力。

3.2 抗炎作用

炎症是机体对病原体、组织损伤或刺激物产生的非特异性防御反应,其本质在于隔离并清除有害因素,促进组织修复以恢复稳态[38]。炎症通常表现为局部血管通透性增加、白细胞浸润,组织破坏和纤维化[39]。FA可通过调控炎症信号通路抑制炎症介质的生成,缓解机体炎症反应。Park等[40]发现,FA通过调控丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路,抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinase,ERK)及核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)的表达,显著降低炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6和IL-1β以及趋化因子单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)的分泌,改善脂肪细胞的炎症。Zhang等[41]研究表明,FA可以调控Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/NF-κB信号通路,降低促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和TNF-α含量,提高抗炎因子IL-4、IL-10和干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,INF-γ)含量,减少神经元细胞凋亡和炎症浸润,从而促进受伤的坐骨神经修复。张弛等[42]研究发现,在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary epithelial cell,BMEC)炎症模型中,FA、连翘苷(phillyrin,PHI)单独用药和联合用药均显著降低LPS诱导的IL-1βIL-6、TNF-α的表达,进而避免过度炎症的发生。Yin等[43]研究表明,在牛子宫内膜上皮细胞炎症反应中,FA预处理可有效抑制MAPK的激活过程,下调促炎细胞因子IL-1βIL-6、TNF-αIL-8 mRNA的表达,发挥其抗炎效应。

3.3 调节脂质代谢

脂质代谢是生物体内脂类物质合成、分解及转运的动态过程,包括能量储存、细胞膜构建以及信号传导等关键生理功能。该代谢途径包括鞘磷脂、甘油磷脂、甘油三酯和脂肪酸的代谢,以及特化脂蛋白在肠道、肝脏和外周组织间促进脂质运输的过程[44]。脂质代谢障碍会降低繁殖性能,易引发围产期综合征;还会造成免疫抑制,增加患病和死亡风险,影响畜牧生产效益。FA有调节脂质代谢的能力,王尤霞[45]研究表明,饲粮添加FA可降低血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,T-CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)含量,降低背最长肌T-CHO和肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)含量,提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)含量,改善断奶仔猪的脂质代谢。刘艳霞[46]研究发现,高脂饮食诱导后大鼠血浆HDL-C含量会下降,而FA干预后逆转了这一现象。单梅梅等[47]研究发现,在小鼠试验中,FA通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α,PPARα)、单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)等信号通路,促进脂肪酸的β-氧化和脂质代谢相关基因的表达,从而调节脂质代谢平衡。Xu等[48]研究表明,补充40 mg/kg FA能通过下调脂肪生成相关基因硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和二酰甘油酰基转移酶2(DGAT2)的表达和上调脂质分解代谢相关基因1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶(ACO)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)和肝脂酶(HL)的表达来降低大黄鱼幼虫内脏中的TG含量,促进脂质代谢,提高其生存率和生长性能。萝卜和甘蓝水溶性提取物(water-soluble extract of Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea,WERG)的植物化学成分含有FA,Oh等[49]给予100 mg/kg WERG可减少小鼠体重增加和肝脏脂质积累,提高血脂生物标志物含量,同时降低肝脏和白色脂肪组织中脂质代谢相关蛋白的表达。

3.4 维护肠道屏障

肠道屏障作为一道重要的生理防线,其功能在于有效阻止细菌、内毒素等有害物质透过肠壁进入体内其他组织和血液循环。肠道屏障主要由肠上皮细胞间的紧密连接、肠黏液层、免疫细胞和微生物及其代谢产物组成,包括机械屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障和微生物屏障,在结构和功能上相互配合,有效维持肠道稳态[50]。肠上皮屏障受损,以肠道通透性增加为特征,会促进管腔抗原向上皮下组织易位,引起黏膜和全身炎症反应[51]。FA通过多种机制以支持和维护肠道屏障功能,包括修复受损的黏膜层、调节免疫反应以及改善肠道微生态平衡等。何莎莎[52]研究发现,FA抑制热应激诱导的NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的激活,阻止紧密连接蛋白表达量的降低及炎性因子的过度释放,从而显著改善热应激诱导的小鼠小肠黏膜屏障功能障碍。Xu等[53]研究表明,FA通过调节胃饥饿素和肥胖抑制素前肽(ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide,Ghrl)-内皮素1(endothelin 1,Edn1)/甲基-CpG结合蛋白2(methyl-CpG binding protein 2,Mecp2)/磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin,P-mTOR)/血管内皮细胞生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)信号通路,增强肠道上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白密封蛋白(Claudin)-1、闭合蛋白(Occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)的表达,从而修复肠道屏障完整性。Wang等[54]发现,FA通过上调Claudin-1和ZO-1、下调Rho相关卷曲螺旋包含蛋白激酶(Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase,ROCK)1和ROCK2,以及显著下调细胞色素P450家族2亚家族A成员6(cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6,CYP2A6)和细胞色素P450家族3亚家族A成员4(cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4,CYP3A4)的高表达,激活大鼠十二指肠上皮细胞中的谷胱甘肽S转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)来有效缓解黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)诱导的十二指肠屏障损伤。Cai等[55]研究发现,FA通过改善肠道菌群拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、臭气杆菌属(Odoribacter)失调,进而改善控制性皮质冲击(controlled cortical impact,CCI)诱导的生长素释放肽表达降低引发的肠道屏障损伤,并减少炎症反应。

4 FA对畜禽肠道健康的调控作用

4.1 FA调控肠道形态

肠道黏膜的形态结构,尤其是小肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度,是评估消化吸收功能和肠道健康的关键指标。健康肠道绒毛高且密集,表面积大,吸收效率高;断奶后仔猪常出现绒毛降低、隐窝加深及屏障受损[56],导致采食量下降、腹泻率增加和生长迟缓等[57]。Wan等[58]研究发现,给宫内发育迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR)仔猪补充FA能提高十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度,降低十二指肠隐窝深度,改善肠道的吸收面积和屏障功能,从而显著提高早产仔猪的饲料转化效率。Liu等[59]研究发现,饲粮添加400 mg/kg FA降低临武鸭空肠和盲肠隐窝深度,提高空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比(绒毛高度/隐窝深度值),优化肠道形态结构,并增强黏液屏障功能。绒毛高度的提高能上调肠道屏障蛋白的表达,从而改善肠上皮的完整性,营养吸收面积的扩大可直接提升营养物质的消化与吸收效率,最终表现为饲料转化率的提升[60]。Ospina-Romero等[61]研究发现,育肥猪补充FA后十二指肠绒隐比提高,改善其肠道健康。综上可知,FA能通过提高肠道绒毛高度和降低隐窝深度调控肠道黏膜形态,显著扩大有效吸收面积,从而提升消化吸收能力,促进肠道健康。

4.2 FA增强抗氧化能力

外界刺激可诱导肠道氧化应激水平升高,而FA作为一种强效抗氧化剂,其核心作用机制在于通过维持肠道细胞的氧化还原平衡,从而有效缓解氧化应激过程[62]。Nrf2是细胞抵抗氧化应激的核心转录因子。在应激状态下,FA通过促使Nrf2脱离Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)的抑制,进而使其入核并激活ARE调控的基因转录,表达出一系列抗氧化酶和Ⅱ相解毒酶,这一过程极大地增强了肠道上皮细胞的内源性抗氧化防御能力[63]。邹立军等[64]研究表明,黄酮类化合物显著提高了仔猪血清总超氧化物歧化酶(total-superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)和CAT活性,同时降低了MDA和蛋白羰基含量,从而增强肠道的抗氧化能力。Li等[65]发现,在奶山羊青贮饲料中添加FA可增强血清SOD和GSH-Px活性,同时降低血清MDA含量,进而增强奶山羊的消化功能和抗氧化能力。Chen等[66]研究发现,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加FA可显著提升CAT活性、Nrf2及其下游还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(磷酸)[NAD(P)H]、SOD1蛋白表达量,提高谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)活性和Nrf2 mRNA表达量,从而增强肠道抗氧化能力。

4.3 FA缓解肠道炎症反应

FA通过抑制炎症因子的表达,可减轻肠道的炎症反应。张雪梅等[67]研究表明,FA对辐射诱导肠道上皮细胞的炎症反应具有改善作用,是经由激活细胞衰老相关蛋白沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,Sirt1),进而介导对NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体活化的抑制,最终下调胱天蛋白酶1和IL-1β的表达来实现的。此外,FA还能通过增加小肠绒毛细胞核中高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1 protein,HMGB1)来抑制炎症反应。Hu等[62]研究发现,在仔猪饲粮中添加FA可显著降低血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高Occludin的表达来缓解炎症。Liu等[68]在临武鸭的研究中发现,FA通过抑制TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达,减轻炎症反应;通过上调ZO-1和Occludin表达,修复物理屏障,阻止LPS对氧化应激和炎症相关细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ的影响,缓解LPS诱导的氧化应激和肠道菌群失衡。

4.4 FA调节肠道菌群

肠道菌群在饲粮消化和营养物质吸收中发挥重要作用,同时对免疫功能、肠道结构发育及抵抗内毒素侵袭等方面也至关重要[69]。FA通过与肠道菌群的相互作用,能够显著改变肠道微生物群落的组成和结构。Hu等[62]在断奶仔猪的研究中发现,FA可显著降低肠道内普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)相对丰度,同时提高毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)相对丰度。路士熠等[70]研究表明,FA可以促进有益菌乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)等的生长,同时抑制有害菌脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、丹毒丝菌属(Erysipelatoclostridium)和螺旋菌属(Spirillum)的增殖。Tang等[71]研究了FA对LPS诱导的天府肉鸡肠道功能和菌群的影响,发现FA可减弱LPS诱发肉鸡的回肠菌群紊乱,保持分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)含量,提高ClaudinZO-1的mRNA表达量,并促进回肠上皮增殖。Liu等[59]研究发现,临武鸭饲粮添加FA提高盲肠粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、Paludicola、RF39和Faecalicoccus相对丰度,而降低厌氧细杆菌属(Anaerofilum)和UCG-002相对丰度。Yi等[69]研究表明,FA可提高肉鸡盲肠蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)相对丰度,提高厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)与拟杆菌门比例,促进有益肠道细菌的生长和定植进而显著改善肉鸡的肠道微生态。

5 阿魏酸与其他营养素的协同作用

FA在畜禽中的应用不仅限于其单一作用,还可以与其他营养素协同作用,从而进一步提高其效果。谷氨酰胺作为一种重要的氨基酸,能够与FA协同作用,共同改善畜禽的肠道健康。Fang等[72]研究表明,FA与β-葡聚糖联合使用可显著提高小鼠血清胰高血糖素样肽-1含量和结肠中紧密连接蛋白的表达。孙菲泽[73]研究表明,在小鼠模型中,FA通过与丁酸钠的联合应用显著提高了空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度,这表明其能有效促进断奶后受损肠黏膜的修复与发育;与单独使用FA或丁酸钠相比,二者联合应用也能显著提高细胞内SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性及T-AOC;在炎症因子方面,联合应用组的促炎因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量被显著抑制,而抗炎因子IL-10含量则显著升高。此外,基于光子抗菌技术,FA协同紫外线A(ultraviolet A,UV-A)作用,可显著降低鸡肉表面大肠杆菌的存活率,维持肉品的感官和营养品质,从而减少对传统化学防腐剂的依赖,并为食品工业中控制病原微生物提供新的途径[74]。同时,Huang等[75]研究发现,丁酸和阿魏酸组合降低小鼠空肠厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度,促进假小链双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum)和嗜酸拟杆菌(Bacteroides acidifaciens)的生长,降低回肠约氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus johnsonii)相对丰度,同时降低空肠IL-6、TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA表达量,显示出更好的抗氧化酶活性,进一步调节宿主免疫功能。以上研究表明,今后在实际应用中,可以考虑将FA与其他营养素结合使用,以达到更好的效果。

6 小结

随着饲料端全面禁抗以及消费者对动物福利和食品安全的关注日益增加,天然饲料添加剂的应用逐渐受到重视。FA作为一种天然的植物多酚,在改善畜禽肠道健康方面展现出巨大的应用潜力。其作用机制是多维度的,主要通过激活Nrf2信号通路发挥抗氧化作用,通过上调紧密连接蛋白的表达来增强肠道物理屏障,通过抑制炎症通路来缓解肠道炎症,并通过选择性调节肠道微生物群落来营造健康的肠道微生态,显著提高畜禽的肠道健康水平。研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加100 mg/kg FA能够显著提高仔猪生长性能、饲料转化率和肠道健康水平[58]。因此,优化FA在畜禽饲粮中的配伍方案,明确其适宜添加水平和方式,对提高饲粮营养价值和提升畜禽生长性能具有重要意义。
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