REVIEW

Research Progress on Tryptophan Metabolic Network Regulating in Reproductive System of Animals

  • HUANG Hongjie , 1 ,
  • WANG Dan 1 ,
  • CAO Suizhong 1 ,
  • HUANG Yixin , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformation, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*lecturer, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-10-10

  Online published: 2026-04-14

Abstract

Tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites are extensively involved in regulating the animal reproductive system through three key metabolic pathways: the kynurenine pathway, the serotonin pathway, and the indole pathway. Current researches indicate that the Trp metabolic network modulates physiological and pathological processes such as pregnancy establishment and reproductive senescence by affecting multiple mechanisms, including the synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones, immune microenvironment homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and antioxidant. This article systematically reviewed recent advances in Trp metabolism within the field of animal reproduction, focusing on its roles in hormonal regulation, immune adaptation, and antioxidant stress response. It aimed to provide insights for a deeper understanding of reproductive regulatory mechanisms and for developing new strategies to improve reproductive efficiency and prevent reproductive disorders.

Cite this article

HUANG Hongjie , WANG Dan , CAO Suizhong , HUANG Yixin . Research Progress on Tryptophan Metabolic Network Regulating in Reproductive System of Animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(4) : 2470 -2479 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.198

色氨酸(tryptophan,Trp)作为必需氨基酸,不仅参与蛋白质的合成,还能通过犬尿氨酸(kynurenine,Kyn)途径、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)途径和吲哚途径产生多种生物活性物质,通过多途径、多靶点的调控机制,广泛调控包括神经活动[1]、免疫调节[2]、能量代谢[3-4]等过程,在机体各项生理活动中发挥着重要作用。
近来研究发现,Trp代谢网络与生殖功能的关联也尤为密切:在雄性生殖中,Trp水平与精子活力呈正相关[5],Trp代谢紊乱可导致睾酮水平降低和精子受损[6],而外源性补充Trp可提高血清睾酮水平[7],补充Trp代谢产物吲哚-3-丙酸可以减轻大鼠睾丸的损伤[8-9];在雌性生殖中,补饲Trp能调控生殖相关激素分泌、促进生殖器官发育,进而维持妊娠、提高胚胎存活率,改善泌乳性能与子代生长性能[10-13]。Trp及其代谢产物广泛参与调控激素分泌、免疫功能、炎症反应和氧化应激等,直接或间接地影响动物生殖生理,对维持妊娠和生殖系统稳态具有重要意义[14-17]。本文系统综述了Trp代谢网络调控动物生殖系统的研究进展,以期为进一步探究Trp调控动物生殖功能奠定理论基础。

1 Trp代谢途径

动物体内约95%的Trp通过Kyn途径转化为多种具有调控炎症、免疫反应和内分泌等功能的生物活性物质,Trp在该通路中首先被催化生成Kyn,其通路中的关键酶包括吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1)、吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶2(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2,IDO2)和色氨酸-2,3-双加氧酶(tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase,TDO)[18]。Kyn经氨基转移酶Ⅰ~Ⅳ催化为具有抗炎活性的犬尿酸(kynurenic acid,KynA),并可增强促性腺激素释放激素水平[19-20];Kyn也可经犬尿氨酸酶催化为邻氨基苯甲酸(anthranilic acid,AA)参与烟酸代谢,最终生成氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+),为细胞能量代谢提供辅酶[21]。而NAD+含量的减少会导致线粒体功能下降和氧化损伤累积。此外,Kyn还可被犬尿氨酸-3-单加氧酶、犬尿氨酸酶、3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸-3,4-双加氧酶逐步催化生成3-羟基犬尿氨酸(3-hydroxykynurenine,3-HK)、3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸(3-hydroxyanthranilic acid,3-HAA)、喹啉酸(quinolinic acid,QA),参与调节妊娠免疫抑制[22]。QA最终在喹啉酸磷酸核糖转移酶和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)合酶的催化下转化生成NAD+
Trp仅有一小部分(1%~5%)参与5-HT的合成,但5-HT途径的代谢产物对于神经递质的合成至关重要,在情绪、睡眠-觉醒周期和其他生理功能方面的调控中也起着关键作用。该途径首先由色氨酸羟化酶将Trp转化为5-羟色氨酸(5-hydroxytryptophan,5-HTP),接着在芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶的作用下生成5-HT。5-HT还可进一步代谢为5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,5-HIAA)并通过肾脏排出,或在松果体中被转化为褪黑素(melatonin,MLT),具有调控动物昼夜节律、抑制细胞凋亡、抗细胞自噬以及抗氧化等作用[23]
肠道微生物是Trp经吲哚途径代谢的执行者,可将少量的Trp转化为吲哚及其衍生物,如吲哚丙烯酸(indole acrylic acid,IAcrA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、吲哚-3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid,IPA)、吲哚-3-乙醛(3-indolealdehyde,3-IAld)和色胺(tryptamine)[18]。这些代谢物通过与芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)结合参与维持肠道黏膜屏障、调控免疫反应、抑制炎症以及调节氧化应激,进而在机体健康与疾病状态中发挥重要的调节作用[24-25]

2 Trp代谢产物通过多途径调控生殖功能

Trp代谢网络通过调节神经活动、激素分泌、免疫功能、炎症反应、抗氧化应激等直接或间接调控生殖功能。正常的Trp代谢有助于发情周期、排卵、受精、妊娠的建立和维持,其紊乱可导致生殖障碍。

2.1 调节生殖激素水平及受体活性

哺乳动物的生殖活动主要由神经内分泌系统调控。下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴在生殖激素的合成与分泌中具有核心作用,通过多级激素的分泌与反馈,调控生殖过程。已有研究表明,Trp显著提高卵巢颗粒细胞培养物上清液中孕酮和雌二醇水平,且补饲Trp有助于提高母猪繁殖性能[15-16]。Trp的Kyn途径代谢产物可直接作用于生殖细胞或性腺轴,调节动物机体内分泌稳态。Kyn可抑制颗粒细胞中细胞色素P450家族19亚家族A成员1(cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1,CYP19A1)的生成,促进颗粒细胞增殖并调控雌二醇的代谢,在调节类固醇生成和卵泡发育中发挥重要作用[26]。Kyn还可作为AhR内源性配体,下调GATA结合蛋白4(gata binding protein 4,GATA4)、GATA结合蛋白6(gata binding protein 6,GATA6)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白β(CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β,CEBPβ)等转录因子的表达,从而抑制类固醇生成急性调节蛋白(steroidogenic acute regulatory protein,StAR)和3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)的表达,最终减少猪黄体颗粒细胞中孕酮的生物合成,影响黄体功能和妊娠维持[27]。Kyn途径的另一个代谢产物KynA可通过下丘脑-垂体轴,调控促性腺激素释放激素信号通路,影响促性腺激素、促黄体生成素和促卵泡激素的合成和分泌,间接作用于生殖器官[20]。而Kyn途径的失调,包括黄藤酸(xanthurenic acid,XA)的过度形成,可能会通过与胰岛素形成具有毒性作用的螯合物损伤胰腺,抑制胰岛素的合成、释放以及生物活性,进而影响孕期代谢适应性和生殖结局[28]
Trp的5-HT途径代谢产物在调控生殖激素方面也具有重要生理功能。已有研究发现,向孕晚期母猪补饲Trp,可显著提高母猪血清MLT和雌二醇水平,对仔猪出生体重和存活率有积极影响[15]。向大鼠腹腔注射5-HTP会通过增加下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴中5-HT的合成,提高卵巢中5-HT和5-HIAA的水平,进而提高卵巢以及血清中雌二醇的水平[29]。向雄性胡羊植入MLT缓释物能显著提高血清和精液中促间质细胞刺激激素和睾酮水平,进而改善精液质量[30]。5-HT可通过多种受体亚型调节不同生殖激素的合成与分泌,例如,通过5-HT1受体激活卵泡细胞合成孕酮和雌二醇[29],有助于维持黄体功能和卵泡成熟;通过激活5-HT2受体,可逆地增加前下丘脑区域KISS1神经元的活性,参与排卵期促黄体生成素分泌的神经调控,使促黄体生成素合成激增[31];通过5-HT3受体发出信号,调节胰岛素分泌,维持妊娠期糖代谢稳态[32]。MLT通过褪黑素受体1(melatonin receptor 1,MT1)和褪黑素受体2(melatonin receptor 2,MT2)作用于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴,促进排卵相关激素如促黄体生成素及其受体的表达,同时增强雌二醇的合成,进而提高排卵效率[33-34]。在窦状卵泡和黄体中表达的MT1和MT2的激活可能通过环磷酸腺苷介导的信号传导影响类固醇生成[35],这可能与下游分子,如环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)和环鸟苷一磷酸(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)的减少,以及磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)的增加有关[36]
Trp的吲哚途径代谢产物通过激活AhR可以调节类固醇激素受体的活性,尤其是雌激素受体。IPA可诱导处于高糖环境中的大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞的类固醇生成基因[细胞色素P450家族11亚家族A成员1(cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1,CYP11A1)、3β-HSDCYP19A1、StAR]的表达,增加孕酮和雌二醇的水平,并减少颗粒细胞的凋亡从而提高大鼠颗粒细胞的存活率[37]。IPA可显著提高雄性病理模型小鼠睾酮和促黄体生成素在血清中的水平,并降低血清中催乳素的水平,恢复附睾精子数量和精子活力,降低精子异常发生率[8-9]。在雌性小鼠中,IPA也可防止表柔比星(epirubicin,EPB)诱导的促卵泡激素、雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素水平的下降[38]。吲哚途径代谢产物色胺可以促进肠嗜铬细胞分泌5-HT[18],进而参与激素调节。

2.2 抑制炎症反应

生殖系统由多个高度分化的器官组成,包括内外生殖器、性腺等,具有独特的组织微环境。炎症是生殖系统常见的病理状态,Trp的Kyn途径关键酶IDO可被促炎因子,如干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等激活[39-40]。但Gualdoni等[41]研究发现,睾丸炎小鼠的IDO1在睾丸及其分离出的支持细胞中表达量降低、酶活性降低,表明睾丸炎症可能与IDO异常表达和酶活性的下调有关。Kyn途径代谢产物可直接介导生殖器官炎症。在脂多糖诱导的子宫内膜炎小鼠模型中,Kyn途径代谢产物KynA通过抑制G蛋白偶联受体35(G protein-coupled receptor 35,GPR35)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路,上调子宫中紧密连接蛋白闭合蛋白(occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)的水平,维持上皮屏障通透性,减轻子宫中性粒细胞浸润,抑制局部炎性反应,降低病理损伤[19]。5-HT途径代谢终产物MLT可以通过下调NF-κB信号通路、促进抗炎因子白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)和白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)的释放,并抑制髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,有助于抑制炎症反应的蔓延,降低促炎介质的产生,从而缓解生殖器官炎症[42]。排卵也与局部炎症反应有关,MLT能调节微环境稳态,有助于维持卵巢功能的稳定性[43-44]
Trp可代谢生成多种AhR配体,如经Kyn途径产生Kyn、KynA、QA、烟酰胺和烟酸,经吲哚途径产生吲哚、IAA、3-IAld和IPA[45]。AhR活化可激活下游细胞色素P450家族1亚家族A成员1(cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1,CYP1A1)等基因的表达,进而通过负反馈机制加速炎症介质的代谢,降低AhR信号强度,以限制过度炎症反应[46]。Trp的吲哚途径代谢产物IPA通过激活AhR抑制IL-1、TNF-α、MPO等促炎生物标志物的表达[37],最终减少子宫和卵巢的组织学损伤[38]或提高精子质量[8-9]

2.3 维持机体免疫稳态

Trp的代谢产物与机体免疫功能有着密切的关系,在调控免疫细胞的活化和维持机体免疫稳态方面发挥着重要的作用。妊娠早期胎盘中IDO高表达,介导免疫耐受,能避免母体对胚胎的免疫排斥反应[47];IDO介导的Trp耗竭也可在CD4+T细胞中激活一般性控制不可阻遏蛋白2(general control nonderepressible 2,GCN2)途径,抑制17型辅助性T细胞(T helper 17 cells,Th17)分化并促进调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)的分化,增加外周血Treg的数量以降低复发性流产胚胎的吸收率[48]。Kyn是调控T细胞应答的核心代谢物,可作为AhR配体调控T细胞功能以抑制抗原特异性T细胞增殖并诱导1型辅助性T细胞(T helper 1 cells,Th1)凋亡,同时促进2型辅助性T细胞(T helper 2 cells,Th2)分化,从而调控免疫反应,向有利于妊娠维持的方向倾斜[49]。胎盘中的Trp可被细胞因子诱导降解,产生Kyn以抑制T细胞反应,调节局部免疫环境[50]。3-HK、3-HAA、Quin等Kyn途径代谢产物,参与建立母胎免疫耐受,从而维持妊娠稳定[22]。MLT能介导免疫细胞发挥作用,并能够通过MT1刺激白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)的释放,最终导致自然杀伤细胞数量的增加[51]。Trp经肠道微生物代谢生成吲哚衍生物,参与生理功能的调节[52]。IAA、IPA作为AhR配体,可促进免疫相关细胞因子的分泌,包括IL-6、白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)和白细胞介素-22(interleukin-22,IL-22)。IAA可通过孕烷X受体和Toll样受体4诱导IL-35+B细胞的产生[53]

2.4 抗氧化应激

Trp的Kyn途径是NAD+的从头合成途径之一,NAD+是线粒体呼吸链中电子传递的主要辅助因子,对于三磷酸腺苷的合成至关重要,在细胞能量代谢和抗氧化应激中发挥作用。在线粒体中,烟酰胺核苷酸腺苷酸转移酶1和烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶等酶可维持NAD+水平并支持Sirtuin 1(SIRT1)、Sirtuin 2(SIRT2)、Sirtuin 3(SIRT3)等蛋白的活性[54],Sirtuin家族成员在抗氧化过程中发挥重要作用。补充NAD+前体烟酰胺单核苷酸可维持卵巢滤泡液中NAD+水平,改善线粒体功能、降低活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,并减少DNA损伤和卵母细胞凋亡,防止衰老过程中卵巢NAD+水平下降导致线粒体功能障碍和氧化损伤加剧,从而显著提高老年小鼠的排卵率、卵母细胞质量和活产仔数[55-56]
MLT具有强抗氧化能力,可直接作为抗氧化剂或与受体结合发挥抗氧化作用,直接清除自由基并螯合氧或氮反应性的物质,亦可在没有受体的情况下动员细胞内的抗氧化酶[57],或与其受体MT1、MT2结合,激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)通路[58]。例如,MLT可以通过MT1/AMPK通路降低ROS水平并维持线粒体膜电位,使小鼠的卵巢和子宫中总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性升高,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平降低[59]。MLT还可以通过SIRT1/SOD2通路上调线粒体抗氧化酶的表达,降低ROS水平并恢复衰老卵母细胞的减数分裂缺陷,逆转老年小鼠的减数分裂缺陷表型[60];通过SIRT2依赖性H4K16脱乙酰途径改善老年小鼠的卵母细胞质量[61];通过SIRT3/叉头框蛋白O3a(forkhead box O3a,FOXO3a)通路使转录因子叉头盒蛋白O3基因介导的抗氧化应答得到增强,降低线粒体中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的水平,减少线粒体氧化损伤[62],缓解卵巢衰老,提高卵母细胞数量和质量[63]。此外,MLT还可以通过阻断ROS-Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)-雌激素信号通路来逆转基因线粒体内膜肽酶2样突变引起的卵巢衰老[64]。在公畜中,MLT同样可以减轻氧化应激对精子产生的不良影响,降低SOD活性和MDA水平,提高T-AOC和精子活力[30,65]
IPA处理的大鼠通过显著提高SOD、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)的活性以及谷胱甘肽和总巯基的水平,同时降低黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性及ROS、氮和脂质过氧化物的水平,从而减少生殖系统组织细胞的氧化应激,改善睾丸、附睾、子宫、卵巢的微环境[8-9,38]

2.5 其他作用

Trp还可通过调控生殖细胞自噬、改善卵巢储备功能及增强子宫容受性等多条途径,正向调节动物生殖系统的生理状态。在D-半乳糖诱导的卵巢早衰小鼠模型中,MLT处理可显著下调自噬相关基因微管相关蛋白1轻链3a(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3a,LC3a)和微管相关蛋白1轻链3b(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3b,LC3b)的表达,提示其可通过调节自噬过程延缓生殖衰老[66]。Owumi等[8]研究发现,外源IPA对农药或毒素诱导的雄性生殖毒性具有保护作用,IPA通过降低大鼠睾丸附睾和下丘脑中B淋巴细胞瘤-2的水平来恢复抗细胞凋亡作用。Liu等[67]研究发现,与正常女性相比,卵巢储备功能下降的不孕症女性卵泡液中Trp及其吲哚途径代谢产物IAA和IPA的水平明显降低,网络药理学研究也发现同一现象,提示吲哚途径的代谢产物可能与卵巢储备功能密切相关。补饲Trp可通过Trp-TDO2-AhR通路调节牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白1的表达[68],该蛋白是反刍动物孕囊延伸及子宫内膜容受性的常见子宫内膜标志物。Chen等[69]在对比含0、0.062%和0.2% Trp饲粮喂养的小鼠后发现,0 Trp组在妊娠第5天蜕膜化相关基因表达紊乱,妊娠第8天无任何着床点,而0.2%Trp组和0.062% Trp组正常,在0 Trp组的着床位点,Trp分解酶IDO和受体AhR的表达明显升高,导致Kyn及2-羟基/4-羟基雌二醇累积,从而抑制蜕膜化进程,说明长期缺乏Trp可能通过激活IDO-Kyn-AhR信号通路,损害子宫蜕膜化过程,从而影响胚胎的正常着床与发育。

3 小结与展望

目前,Trp代谢研究的热点主要集中于肿瘤免疫、炎性反应、氧化应激等领域,其在生殖调控过程中的具体作用途径和调节机制仍缺乏系统性的整合与深入分析。本文系统梳理了Trp及其代谢产物通过Kyn、5-HT及吲哚3条主要代谢途径参与动物生殖系统调控的研究进展(图1)。
图1 色氨酸及其代谢产物对生殖系统的调控作用[基于BioGDP在线网站(https://biogdp.com)绘制]

Trp:色氨酸 tryptophan;5-HTP:5-羟色氨酸 5-hydroxytryptophan;5-HT:5-羟色胺5-hydroxytryptamine;IPA:吲哚-3-丙酸 indole-3-propionic acid;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;CAT:过氧化氢酶 catalase;GST:谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 glutathione S-transferase;GPX:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;T:睾酮 testosterone;KynA:犬尿酸 kynurenic acid;MLT:褪黑素 melatonin;MT:褪黑素受体 melatonin receptor;GnRH:促性腺激素释放激素 gonadotropin-releasing hormone;LH:促黄体生成素 luteinizing hormone;HCG:人绒毛膜促性腺激素 human chorionic gonadotropin;FSH:促卵泡激素 follicle stimulating hormone;PRL:催乳素 prolactin;TDO:色氨酸-2,3-双加氧酶 tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase;Kyn:犬尿氨酸 kynurenine;3-HK:3-羟基犬尿氨酸 3-hydroxykynurenine;3-HAA:3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid;QA:喹啉酸 quinolinic acid;NAD+:氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;AA:邻氨基苯甲酸 anthranilic acid;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-κB;SIRT:Sirtuin家族 Sirtuin family;AMPK:腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase;ROS:活性氧 reactive oxygen species;CYP19A1:细胞色素P450家族19亚家族A成员1 cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 gene;GATA4:GATA结合蛋白4 GATA binding protein 4;GATA6:GATA结合蛋白6 GATA binding protein 6;P:孕酮 progesterone;E2:雌二醇 estradiol;Th1:1型辅助性T细胞 T helper 1 cells;Th2:2型辅助性T细胞 T helper 2 cells;IL-2:白细胞介素-2 interleukin-2;IL-4:白细胞介素-4 interleukin-4;IL-10:白细胞介素-10 interleukin-10;IL-1:白细胞介素-1 interleukin-1;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;MPO:髓过氧化物酶 myeloperoxidase;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-7:白细胞介素-7 interleukin-7;IL-22:白细胞介素-22 interleukin-22;AhR:芳香烃受体 aryl hydrocarbon receptor;GPR35:G蛋白偶联受体35 G protein-coupled receptor 35;occludin:闭合蛋白;ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occludens-1。

Fig.1 Regulatory roles of Trp and its metabolites on reproductive system [created based on BioGDP online website (https://biogdp.com)]

作为Trp最主要的代谢方式,Kyn途径可通过其代谢产物调控促性腺激素释放激素、孕酮和雌二醇等关键生殖激素的合成,进而影响生殖内分泌系统稳态;同时,该途径还广泛参与免疫耐受、炎性反应和氧化应激的调节,对维持妊娠微环境稳态、保障配子质量具有重要作用。5-HT途径的代谢产物5-HT及其衍生的MLT能作用于性腺轴,调控生殖相关激素的水平,还在延缓卵巢衰老、抗氧化及激活促排卵相关信号通路中发挥显著效应,有助于提高卵母细胞质量与胚胎发育能力。吲哚途径作为Trp在肠道微生物作用下的代谢分支,其代谢产物主要通过激活AhR参与类固醇生成、免疫调节与抗炎反应,从而增强动物的生殖能力。总之,Trp及其代谢产物通过激素调控、免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化等多重机制,共同维持了动物生殖系统的稳态和功能完整性。
尽管现有研究已证实Trp代谢产物在动物生殖调控中起关键作用,其具体作用机制与系统调控网络仍存在若干重要问题亟待阐明:1)Trp代谢的3条主要途径(Kyn途径、5-HT途径及吲哚途径)在不同生殖生理状态下的动态交互与整体调控网络尚未明确;2)部分代谢产物在生殖系统中的确切靶器官、受体结合模式及其下游信号通路仍缺乏直接试验证据;3)目前的机制研究多集中于猪和小鼠等模式动物,在牛、羊、家兔等重要经济动物中的研究仍显不足;4)Trp代谢在雄性动物生殖调节中的作用机制研究还较为薄弱。未来的研究应着重于解析Trp代谢网络中不同通路间的协同与拮抗机制,并整合多组学技术、基因编辑动物模型及临床干预试验等多种研究策略,系统探索其在繁殖障碍性疾病防控、饲粮氨基酸精准配比及繁殖效率提升等方面的应用潜力,从而为全面提高动物繁殖性能与畜牧业生产效益提供扎实的理论依据与可行技术途径。
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