1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲养管理
1.3 检测指标和方法
1.3.1 生长性能
1.3.2 屠宰性能、器官指数、肠道相对长度和肉品质
1.3.3 血清生化指标
1.3.4 血清、肝脏和空肠黏膜抗氧化指标
1.3.5 盲肠微生物区系
1.4 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对AA肉鸡生长性能的影响
表1 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对AA肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 1 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on growth performance of AA broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | ||||
体重 BW/g | 21 | 976.65 | 1 019.72 | 988.13 | 11.094 | 0.274 |
| 42 | 3 182.18b | 3 399.17a | 3 350.46a | 31.100 | 0.004 | |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 1~21 | 46.64 | 48.77 | 47.20 | 0.553 | 0.279 |
| 22~42 | 110.28b | 118.97a | 118.12a | 1.253 | 0.002 | |
| 1~42 | 78.46b | 83.87a | 82.66a | 0.776 | 0.004 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 1~21 | 59.92 | 62.12 | 59.60 | 0.530 | 0.102 |
| 22~42 | 180.06 | 185.24 | 178.42 | 1.760 | 0.269 | |
| 1~42 | 119.99 | 123.68 | 121.66 | 1.191 | 0.475 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 1~21 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 0.007 | 0.420 |
| 22~42 | 1.63a | 1.56b | 1.51b | 0.018 | 0.011 | |
| 1~42 | 1.53 | 1.48 | 1.47 | 0.016 | 0.293 | |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡屠宰性能、器官指数、肠道相对长度和肉品质的影响
表2 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 2 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on slaughter performance of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | |||
| 全净膛重Eviscerated weight/g | 2 467.17 | 2 499.33 | 2 612.83 | 42.648 | 0.363 |
| 半净膛重Half-eviscerated weight/g | 2 844.67 | 2 893.33 | 2 987.50 | 49.647 | 0.518 |
| 全净膛率Eviscerated percentage/% | 72.75 | 73.59 | 74.32 | 0.318 | 0.131 |
| 半净膛率Half-eviscerated percentage/% | 83.90 | 85.14 | 84.97 | 0.334 | 0.267 |
| 胸肌重Breast muscle weight/g | 366.83 | 398.00 | 390.67 | 8.505 | 0.312 |
| 腿肌重Leg muscle weight/g | 340.17 | 307.83 | 314.83 | 14.133 | 0.645 |
| 腹脂重Abdominal fat weight/g | 42.83 | 43.33 | 50.83 | 2.646 | 0.409 |
| 相对胸肌重Relative breast muscle weight/% | 10.80 | 11.72 | 11.13 | 0.177 | 0.090 |
| 相对腿肌重Relative leg muscle weight/% | 9.97 | 9.09 | 8.92 | 0.350 | 0.445 |
| 相对腹脂重Relative abdominal fat weight/% | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.44 | 0.067 | 0.484 |
表3 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡器官指数和肠道相对长度的影响Table 3 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on organ indexes and intestinal relative length of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | |||
| 肌胃指数Gizzard index/(g/kg) | 6.78 | 6.57 | 6.78 | 0.448 | 0.979 |
| 腺胃指数Proventriculus index/(g/kg) | 4.64 | 4.22 | 4.64 | 0.154 | 0.457 |
| 肝脏指数Liver index/(g/kg) | 19.01 | 17.75 | 17.22 | 0.498 | 0.344 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index/(g/kg) | 1.10 | 1.24 | 1.45 | 0.070 | 0.113 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index/(g/kg) | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.091 | 0.233 |
| 十二指肠相对长度 Relative length of duodenum/(cm/kg) | 6.84 | 6.25 | 6.32 | 0.159 | 0.257 |
| 空肠相对长度Relative length of jejunum/(cm/kg) | 17.29 | 16.23 | 15.98 | 0.656 | 0.713 |
| 回肠相对长度Relative length of ileum/(cm/kg) | 14.07 | 13.59 | 11.69 | 0.593 | 0.233 |
表4 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡肉品质的影响Table 4 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on meat quality of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | ||||
| 系水率Water holding rate/% | 29.83 | 28.66 | 23.35 | 1.345 | 0.116 | |
| 剪切力Shear force/kgf | 2.35 | 1.93 | 2.24 | 0.107 | 0.266 | |
| 24 h pH | 6.25 | 6.32 | 6.15 | 0.033 | 0.100 | |
| 45 min肉色 Meat color at 45 min | L* | 54.27 | 53.42 | 54.19 | 0.766 | 0.895 |
| a* | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.12 | 0.286 | 0.550 | |
| b* | 8.00 | 9.12 | 7.64 | 0.575 | 0.578 | |
| 24 h肉色 Meat color at 24 h | L* | 50.26 | 51.72 | 51.60 | 0.451 | 0.362 |
| a* | 1.44 | 1.29 | 1.07 | 0.176 | 0.724 | |
| b* | 7.53 | 7.35 | 6.98 | 0.371 | 0.844 | |
L*:亮度 brightness;a*:红度 redness;b*:黄度 yellowness。 |
2.3 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表5 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on serum biochemical indexes of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 5.82 | 1.72 | 2.12 | 1.140 | 0.285 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 322.45 | 418.52 | 423.37 | 29.647 | 0.310 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 27.48 | 32.23 | 30.85 | 0.948 | 0.104 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 11.05 | 13.18 | 11.92 | 0.401 | 0.084 |
| 球蛋白GLO/(g/L) | 16.43 | 19.05 | 18.93 | 0.577 | 0.108 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 12.83 | 13.34 | 12.40 | 0.213 | 0.206 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.99 | 3.34 | 3.12 | 0.086 | 0.253 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.030 | 0.806 |
| 尿素UREA/(mmol/L) | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.022 | 0.339 |
2.4 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡血清、肝脏和空肠黏膜抗氧化指标的影响
表6 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡血清、肝脏和空肠黏膜抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on antioxidant indexes in serum, liver and jejunal mucosa of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C(对照Control) | T1 | T2 | ||||
| 血清 Serum | 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.33b | 0.63a | 0.72a | 0.045 | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 2.19 | 2.10 | 1.99 | 0.099 | 0.738 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 31.81 | 32.23 | 31.13 | 5.802 | 0.997 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 4 853.15 | 2 917.54 | 4 586.46 | 485.495 | 0.245 | |
| 肝脏 Liver | 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/kg prot) | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.006 | 0.753 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 1.16 | 1.44 | 1.27 | 0.139 | 0.741 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 135.57 | 145.25 | 134.08 | 8.016 | 0.843 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/g prot) | 55.96 | 58.35 | 47.38 | 4.423 | 0.596 | |
| 空肠黏膜 Jejunal mucosa | 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/kg prot) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.005 | 0.719 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 1.14 | 1.37 | 0.56 | 0.281 | 0.504 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 62.34 | 67.13 | 62.05 | 2.591 | 0.694 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/g prot) | 36.55 | 31.83 | 30.65 | 3.362 | 0.772 | |
2.5 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响
图1 不同纯度橡椀水解单宁对42日龄AA肉鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响C:对照组 Control group;T1:T1组 T1 group; T2:T2组 T2 group。下图同 the same as below。 A:Venn图 Venn diagram;B:Shannon指数 Shannon index;C:PLS-DA分析图 PLS-DA analysis diagram;D:门水平相对丰度 relative abundance at phylum level;E:属水平相对丰度 relative abundance at genus level。 Fig.1 Effects of valonia hydrolyzed tannin of different purities on cecal microflora of AA broilers at 42 days of age |
2.6 AA肉鸡盲肠微生物代谢功能预测以及相关性分析
图2 AA肉鸡盲肠微生物代谢功能预测以及相关性分析F/G:22~42日龄料重比 F/G during 22 to 42 days of age;BW:42日龄体重 BW at 42 days of age;T-AOC:42日龄血清总抗氧化能力 serum T-AOC at 42 days of age。 A:42日龄肉鸡盲肠微生物PICRUSt2分析代谢功能热图 metabolic function heatmap of cecal microbes of AA broilers at 42 days of age analyzed by PICRUSt2;B:相关性分析热图 heatmap of correlation analysis;C:微生物相对丰度热图 heatmap of microbial relative abundance。 *代表显著相关(P<0.05)。* represented significant correlation (P<0.05). Fig.2 Prediction of metabolic function of cecal microbes and correlation analysis of AA broilers |
