1 材料与方法
1.1 试验菌株
1.2 试验试剂与仪器设备
1.3 培养基
1.4 胶红酵母的培养方法
1.4.1 种子培养
1.4.2 发酵培养
1.5 酶解工艺优化的单因素试验设计
1.6 酶解工艺优化的响应面试验设计
1.7 类胡萝卜素提取率测定
1.8 动物试验
1.8.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 61.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.85 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 22.00 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.00 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.40 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 3.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 1.50 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine | 0.12 |
| L-赖氨酸L-lysine | 0.08 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.15 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.80 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.50 |
| 粗纤维CF | 5.50 |
| 钙Ca | 3.80 |
| 总磷TP | 0.65 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.38 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.71 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.85 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet: VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 3.5 mg,VB2 9.00 mg,VB6 5.0 mg,VB12 0.015 mg,烟酸 niacin 50 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 15 mg。 | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:Fe 120 mg,Cu 12 mg,Zn 110 mg,Mn 130 mg,I 12.0 mg,Se 0.4 mg。 |
1.8.2 饲养管理与样品采集
1.8.3 蛋黄类胡萝卜素的提取和含量测定
1.8.4 产蛋率和蛋品质指标测定
1.9 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 单因素优化试验结果
图1 复合酶添加量和添加比例对类胡萝卜素提取率的影响数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.1 Effects of compound enzyme addition amount and addition ratio on carotenoid extraction rate Value columns with the same small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 响应面试验结果
表2 响应面试验设计及结果Table 2 Response surface experimental design and results |
| 项目 Items | 酶解时间 Enzymatic hydrolysis time (A)/h | 酶解温度 Enzymatic hydrolysis temperature (B)/℃ | 酶解pH Enzymatic hydrolysis pH (C) | 类胡萝卜素提取率 Carotenoid extraction rate (Y)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 45 | 4.0 | 61.97 |
| 2 | 4 | 50 | 5.0 | 59.63 |
| 3 | 5 | 55 | 4.0 | 64.94 |
| 4 | 6 | 50 | 5.0 | 66.05 |
| 5 | 4 | 55 | 4.5 | 63.12 |
| 6 | 5 | 45 | 5.0 | 60.59 |
| 7 | 4 | 45 | 4.5 | 69.74 |
| 8 | 5 | 50 | 4.5 | 77.00 |
| 9 | 4 | 50 | 4.0 | 67.02 |
| 10 | 5 | 50 | 4.5 | 75.62 |
| 11 | 6 | 45 | 4.5 | 68.37 |
| 12 | 5 | 50 | 4.5 | 73.91 |
| 13 | 6 | 55 | 4.5 | 69.74 |
| 14 | 6 | 50 | 4.0 | 67.06 |
| 15 | 5 | 55 | 5.0 | 56.68 |
表3 二次多项式回归模型的方差分析Table 3 Analysis of variance for quadratic polynomial regression model |
| 方差来源 Variance sources | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Variance | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 478.02 | 9 | 53.11 | 35.46 | 0.000 5 |
| A | 17.14 | 1 | 17.14 | 11.44 | 0.020 0 |
| B | 4.79 | 1 | 4.79 | 3.20 | 0.133 8 |
| C | 40.68 | 1 | 40.68 | 27.16 | 0.003 4 |
| AB | 15.96 | 1 | 15.96 | 10.66 | 0.022 3 |
| AC | 10.18 | 1 | 10.18 | 6.79 | 0.047 9 |
| BC | 11.83 | 1 | 11.83 | 7.90 | 0.037 5 |
| A2 | 13.84 | 1 | 13.84 | 9.24 | 0.028 8 |
| B2 | 125.55 | 1 | 125.55 | 83.82 | 0.000 3 |
| C2 | 275.23 | 1 | 275.23 | 183.75 | <0.000 1 |
| 残差Residual | 7.49 | 5 | 1.5 | ||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 2.7 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.38 | 0.783 9 |
| 误差项Pure error | 4.79 | 2 | 2.4 | ||
| 总和Total | 485.51 | 14 | |||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.986 4 |
A:酶解时间 enzymatic hydrolysis time;B:酶解温度 enzymatic hydrolysis temperature;C:酶解pH enzymatic hydrolysis pH。 |
图3 2种因素交互作用的响应面和等高线图A:酶解时间与酶解温度交互作用响应面图;B:酶解时间与酶解pH交互作用响应面图;C:酶解pH与酶解温度交互作用响应面图;a:酶解时间与酶解温度交互作用等高线图;b:酶解时间与酶解pH交互作用等高线图;c:酶解pH与酶解温度交互作用等高线图。 Fig.3 Response surface and contour plots of two-factor interactions A: response surface plot of enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature interaction; B: response surface plot of enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis pH interaction; C: response surface plot of enzymatic hydrolysis pH and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature interaction; a: contour plot of enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature interaction; b: contour plot of enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis pH interaction; c: contour plot of enzymatic hydrolysis pH and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature interaction. |
2.3 胶红酵母发酵产物对蛋鸡产蛋率的影响
2.4 胶红酵母发酵产物对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
表4 胶红酵母发酵产物对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 4 Effects of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fermentation product on egg quality of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 第7天 Day 7 | 第14天 Day 14 | 第21天 Day 21 | 第28天 Day 28 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | A | 46.40 | 48.79 | 50.76 | 51.01 | ||||||
| B | 44.28 | 48.66 | 49.61 | 48.52 | |||||||
| C | 47.89 | 45.07 | 44.35 | 51.97 | |||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.561 | 1.121 | 0.762 | 0.723 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.274 | 0.312 | 0.721 | 0.151 | |||||||
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | A | 26.44 | 27.59 | 25.53 | 26.50 | ||||||
| B | 26.54 | 25.56 | 27.47 | 25.50 | |||||||
| C | 25.64 | 25.52 | 25.47 | 25.97 | |||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.022 | 0.062 | 0.052 | 0.025 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.372 | 0.342 | 0.321 | 0.381 | |||||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | A | 0.80a | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.80 | ||||||
| B | 0.78b | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.78 | |||||||
| C | 0.79b | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.78 | |||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.122 | 0.032 | 0.072 | 0.072 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.012 | 0.962 | 0.052 | 0.052 | |||||||
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm | A | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | ||||||
| B | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | |||||||
| C | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.39 | |||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.025 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.892 | 0.571 | 0.261 | 0.621 | |||||||
| 哈夫指数Haugh index | A | 83.98 | 84.69 | 85.23 | 84.18 | ||||||
| B | 85.49 | 85.71 | 84.91 | 84.23 | |||||||
| C | 84.81 | 84.86 | 83.53 | 83.82 | |||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.401 | 0.361 | 0.521 | 0.761 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.311 | 0.461 | 0.371 | 0.362 |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
表5 胶红酵母发酵产物对鸡蛋蛋黄Roche色度等级的影响Table 5 Effects of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fermentation product on yolk Roche color level of eggs |
| 项目Items | 第7天Day 7 | 第14天Day 14 | 第21天Day 21 | 第28天Day 28 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | ||||
| A | 10.31c | 10.64c | 10.18c | 10.43c |
| B | 11.97b | 12.27b | 12.14b | 13.38b |
| C | 12.57a | 13.17a | 13.29a | 13.93a |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.027 | 0.114 | 0.192 | 0.197 |
| P值P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
2.5 胶红酵母发酵产物对鸡蛋蛋黄类胡萝卜素含量的影响
表6 胶红酵母发酵产物对鸡蛋蛋黄类胡萝卜素含量的影响Table 6 Effects of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fermentation product on yolk carotenoid content of eggs μg/g |
| 项目Items | 第7天Day 7 | 第14天Day 14 | 第21天Day 21 | 第28天Day 28 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | ||||
| A | 25.92c | 24.97c | 26.37c | 26.37c |
| B | 31.66b | 34.83b | 39.10b | 40.88b |
| C | 38.17a | 39.75a | 42.53a | 44.07a |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.141 | 1.402 | 1.623 | 1.714 |
| P值P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
