Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 4: 2677 - 2686

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.215

RESEARCH PAPER

Study on Arginine Requirement of Youxian Partridge Ducks during Late Growing Period

  • DENG Ping ,
  • LI Chuang ,
  • LIU Yang ,
  • ZHANG Xu ,
  • HU Yan ,
  • DAI Qiuzhong , * ,
  • HUANG Xuan , *
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  • Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha 410131, China
*DAI Qiuzhong, professor, E-mail: ;
HUANG Xuan, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-12

  Online published: 2026-04-14

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary arginine level on growth performance, immune organ indices, reproductive organ development and serum biochemical, antioxidant, immune and reproductive hormone indices of Youxian partridge ducks, so as to determine the arginine requirement of Youxian partridge ducks during late growing period. A total of 600 healthy 70-day-old Youxian partridge ducks with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 20 ducks per replicate. The dietary arginine levels in 5 groups were 0.68%, 0.76%, 0.84%, 0.92% and 1.00%, respectively. The experimental period was 30 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary arginine level had no significant effect on growth performance of Youxian partridge ducks (P>0.05). 2) The dominant follicle amount of 0.68% and 0.76% arginine level groups was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), and the oviduct weight index of 0.68% arginine level group was significantly lower than that of 0.84%, 0.92% and 1.00% arginine level groups (P<0.05). 3) The serum uric acid content of 0.84% arginine level group was significantly lower than that of 0.68% arginine level group (P<0.05), and the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein contents of 0.68% and 0.76% arginine level groups were significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). 4) The serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities of 0.68% arginine level group were significantly lower than that of 0.84%, 0.92% and 1.00% arginine level groups (P<0.05), the serum immunoglobulin G content of 0.68% arginine level group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), and the serum immunoglobulin A content of 0.68% arginine level group was significantly lower than that of 0.84%, 0.92% and 1.00% arginine level groups (P<0.05). 5) The serum follicle-stimulating hormone content of 0.68% and 0.76% arginine level group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), and the serum luteinizing hormone content of 0.84% arginine level group was significantly higher than that of 0.68% arginine level group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary arginine level of 0.68% can meet the growth needs of Youxian partridge ducks during late growing period; and dietary arginine levels of 0.84% to 0.92% can promote the development of reproductive organs and the secretion of reproductive hormones, and can obtain better serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indices. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary optimal arginine level is 0.84%.

Key words： Youxian partridge ducks; late growing period; arginine; requirement; reproductive organs

Cite this article

DENG Ping , LI Chuang , LIU Yang , ZHANG Xu , HU Yan , DAI Qiuzhong , HUANG Xuan . Study on Arginine Requirement of Youxian Partridge Ducks during Late Growing Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(4) : 2677 -2686 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.215

随着蛋鸭由依赖水体传统养殖模式向笼养方式转变,其营养需要量参数也发生相应改变。育成期是蛋鸭生殖器官、骨架和肌肉等发育的主要阶段,为开产做准备,开产时只有当蛋鸭体成熟和性成熟趋于一致,才能获得较好的产蛋性能。精氨酸(Arg)为家禽生长发育所必需的氨基酸,补充精氨酸不仅能促进机体蛋白质合成,而且能改善繁殖性能,调节机体免疫功能[1-2]。饲粮精氨酸水平可以调控蛋鸭营养物质代谢以及骨架、肌肉和生殖器官等发育状态,精氨酸缺乏会导致生殖器官发育延迟、性成熟推迟,进而潜在影响整个饲养期产蛋性能[3]。有研究表明,饲粮适宜精氨酸水平可促进促黄体生成素(LH)释放,从而诱导种禽排卵,提高其繁殖性能[4]。相较于蛋鸡营养需要量,蛋鸭营养需要量的相关研究起步较晚,仅有部分学者对金定鸭、绍兴鸭等典型蛋鸭品种的营养需要量开展了研究。目前,关于小体型蛋用型鸭精氨酸需要量的研究鲜有报道,《蛋鸭营养需要量》(GB/T 41189—2021)给出的5~12周龄小型和中型蛋鸭达到特定生产性能的精氨酸最低需要量均为0.80%[5],而《肉鸭饲养标准》(NY/T 2122—2012)给出8~18周龄肉蛋兼用型鸭的精氨酸推荐量为0.65%[6]。以上标准推荐的精氨酸水平可能不足以支持蛋鸭生产性能增长和应激环境下精氨酸依赖的免疫反应,以及获得最佳细胞和体液免疫所需的精氨酸水平。攸县麻鸭作为我国知名的蛋用型地方特色品种,拥有诸多优良特性,比如性成熟早、生长速度快,且具备出色的产蛋性能。因此,本试验以71~100日龄攸县麻鸭为研究对象,探讨饲粮精氨酸水平对其生长性能、免疫器官指数、生殖器官发育及血清生化、免疫、抗氧化和生殖激素指标的影响,并确定其饲粮中适宜精氨酸水平,为小体型蛋鸭达到特定生产性能及饲粮精准配制提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲粮

本试验经湖南省畜牧兽医研究所实验动物科技伦理审查委员会批准,批准编号为HNSYDW20240008。采用单因素试验设计,选取70日龄体重无显著差异(P>0.05)且健康的攸县麻鸭600只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸭。5组试验鸭饲粮精氨酸水平分别为0.68%、0.76%、0.84%、0.92%、1.00%,保持其他营养水平基本一致。试验期30 d。根据《攸县麻鸭营养需要》(DB 43/T 2970—2024)配制试验饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1,各组饲粮均制成粒径4 mm的颗粒料。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/%
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 51.00 51.00 50.50 50.30 50.30
豆粕Soybean meal 4.50 8.70 13.20 16.20 16.00
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 5.00 3.75 2.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 8.00 6.00 4.00 3.00 3.05
面粉Flour 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
麦麸Wheat bran 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
统糠Rice bran 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
石粉Limestone 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
沸石粉Zeolite powder 3.00 3.18 3.04 3.25 3.32
赖氨酸Lysine 0.70 0.57 0.44 0.38 0.38
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12
精氨酸Arginine 0.05 0.13
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
预混料Premix 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平(计算值) Nutrient levels (calculated values)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46
粗蛋白质CP 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
赖氨酸Lys 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
蛋氨酸Met 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
钙Ca 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
总磷TP 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
有效磷AP 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
苏氨酸Thr 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
精氨酸Arg 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
异亮氨酸Iso 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
营养水平(实测值) Nutrient levels (measured values)
粗蛋白质CP 15.25 15.16 15.08 15.11 15.20
精氨酸Arg 0.66 0.75 0.85 0.90 1.03
钙Ca 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.86

预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 000 IU,VB12 0.02 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB2 15 mg,VB1 2 mg,VD3 800 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VE 20 IU,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 60 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,胆碱 choline 1 500 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 100 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 50 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.20 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg。

1.2 饲养管理

试验鸭采用层叠式笼养,每笼2只鸭,期间每天饲喂2次,自由饮水并保证料槽随时有料,以满足其自由采食,其他饲养管理按常规方法进行。

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分

营养水平(计算值)参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算得出。营养水平(实测值)中粗蛋白质、精氨酸和钙含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 18246—2019和GB/T 6436—2018的方法测定。

1.3.2 生长性能

在试验开始和结束时,分别对空腹12 h的试验鸭称重,并每周按重复记录采食量,试验结束时以组为单位统计试验鸭末重、平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比。

1.3.3 免疫器官指数和生殖器官发育指标

在试验结束时,每个重复随机选取空腹12 h且体重相近的试验鸭2只,进行宰杀并迅速取出胸腺和脾脏以及生殖器官,统计优势卵泡(直径>8 mm)个数,称量胸腺、脾脏、优势卵泡、输卵管和卵巢等组织器官重量,测量输卵管长度,并计算其与体重的比值,即为免疫器官指数。

1.3.4 血清生化、免疫、抗氧化和激素指标

在试验结束时,每个重复随机选取2只体重接近的试验鸭(空腹12 h),翅下静脉采血。采集的血样静置60 min后,以1 000×g离心15 min,随后收集上清液,用于血清指标测定。采用全自动生化分析仪(7180型,日本日立公司)测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿酸(UA)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡素(FSH)、LH含量,采用生化法测定血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。以上试剂盒均购自上海佰朋生物科技有限公司。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据首先使用Excel 2016进行初步整理,随后采用SPSS 25.0进行单因素方差分析,并通过Duncan氏多重比较法进行进一步分析。结果用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭生长性能的影响

由表2可见,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary Arg level on growth performance of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/% P值
P-value
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
始重IW/g 1 107.50±11.18 1 104.50±10.22 1 120.00±6.37 1 103.00±16.90 1 111.25±10.51 0.490
末重FW/g 1 232.50±20.92 1 237.50±31.22 1 244.38±15.19 1 240.00±27.10 1 228.13±18.75 0.922
平均日增重ADG/g 4.17±0.72 4.43±0.88 4.15±0.61 4.57±1.20 3.90±0.58 0.721
平均日采食量ADFI/g 100.28±2.31 100.08±1.80 101.06±4.72 100.18±2.79 101.25±2.28 0.882
料重比F/G 24.52±3.28 23.35±4.95 24.75±3.48 23.18±5.98 26.47±4.25 0.763

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭免疫器官指数和生殖器官发育指标的影响

由表3可见,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、优势卵泡重、卵巢重、输卵管长度、输卵管重、优势卵泡重/卵巢重、输卵管长度指数和卵巢指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。0.68%和0.76%精氨酸水平组的优势卵泡数显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。随饲粮精氨酸水平增加,输卵管重量指数呈上升趋势,0.68%精氨酸水平组的输卵管重量指数显著低于0.84%、0.92%和1.00%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭免疫器官指数和生殖器官发育指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary Arg level on immune organ indices and reproductive organ development indices of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/% P值
P-value
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
胸腺指数
Thymus index/(g/kg)		 1.19±0.51 1.06±0.33 1.35±0.58 1.46±0.44 1.52±0.62 0.308
脾脏指数
Spleen index/(g/kg)		 0.63±0.23 0.55±0.26 0.62±0.24 0.57±0.19 0.59±0.21 0.982
优势卵泡数
Dominant follicle amount/个		 6.17±2.34b 6.50±2.66b 9.17±2.32a 9.20±1.10a 9.00±1.34a 0.013
优势卵泡重
Dominant follicle weight/g		 56.78±25.24 59.57±28.45 69.64±14.24 76.81±27.45 75.17±28.59 0.500
卵巢重Ovary weight/g 62.13±25.20 63.89±37.87 77.01±16.30 83.27±27.39 80.81±28.66 0.637
输卵管长度
Oviduct length/cm		 32.58±10.80 42.40±10.30 46.33±9.67 49.60±9.07 46.21±9.50 0.057
输卵管重
Oviduct weight/g		 20.70±11.17 31.07±11.20 34.47±4.80 36.96±9.76 36.13±9.17 0.078
优势卵泡重/卵巢重
Dominant follicle weight/
ovary weight		 0.91±0.11 0.85±0.20 0.90±0.05 0.92±0.06 0.93±0.06 0.173
输卵管长度指数
Oviduct length index/
(cm/kg)		 27.22±9.96 34.58±6.04 38.58±10.51 37.86±5.69 38.91±7.95 0.092
输卵管重量指数
Oviduct weight index/
(g/kg)		 16.78±9.05b 25.23±7.06ab 28.43±4.83a 29.74±8.98a 30.85±9.09a 0.041
卵巢指数
Ovary index/(g/kg)		 56.14±10.17 57.80±17.75 63.85±16.33 63.00±16.81 62.88±12.03 0.706

2.3 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生化指标的影响

由表4可见,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的血清TP、ALB、GLU、TG和HDL含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随饲粮精氨酸水平增加,血清UA含量先下降后升高,其中以0.84%精氨酸水平组血清UA含量最低,且显著低于0.68%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05),但与其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。0.68%和0.76%精氨酸水平组血清TC和LDL含量均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Arg level on serum biochemical indices of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/% P值
P-value
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 40.94±6.50 40.90±8.45 38.58±7.76 38.98±5.68 37.88±6.71 0.768
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 22.94±3.35 24.00±4.61 22.45±3.01 21.33±2.99 22.39±2.76 0.528
尿酸UA/(mmol/L) 469.89±70.81a 424.75±73.43ab 370.33±94.14b 402.57±48.43ab 423.88±53.57ab 0.029
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 9.53±3.48 8.95±3.75 8.71±2.97 8.86±2.35 9.59±1.81 0.074
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 6.19±1.31a 5.76±0.61a 4.18±1.11b 4.14±0.68b 4.06±1.03b 0.041
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 14.24±1.50 14.74±0.94 13.18±1.78 14.06±1.17 14.20±1.47 0.807
高密度脂蛋白
HDL/(mmol/L)		 2.19±1.02 1.86±0.76 1.71±1.02 1.94±1.06 1.57±0.99 0.736
低密度脂蛋白
LDL/(mmol/L)		 4.00±1.27a 3.90±1.48a 2.46±0.81b 2.20±1.09b 2.50±0.90b 0.011

2.4 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

由表5可见,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的血清MDA、TNF-α、IgM含量和NOS活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。1.00%精氨酸水平组血清T-AOC显著高于0.68%和0.76%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。0.68%精氨酸水平组血清CAT、GSH-Px和SOD活性均显著低于0.84%、0.92%和1.00%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。0.68%精氨酸水平组血清IgG含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),0.92%精氨酸水平组血清IgG含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。0.68%精氨酸水平组血清IgA含量显著低于0.84%、0.92%和1.00%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05),0.92%精氨酸水平组血清IgA含量显著高于0.68%和0.76%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Arg level on serum antioxidant and immune indices of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/% P值
P-value
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/mL)		 0.43±0.14c 0.53±0.13bc 0.65±0.09ab 0.62±0.13ab 0.73±0.09a <0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 29.76±1.94 27.30±2.07 28.76±3.65 28.13±4.06 26.36±3.39 0.089
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 1 206.01±213.31b 1 338.06±183.43ab 1 511.12±133.75a 1 625.67±189.47a 1 501.92±180.70a 0.020
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 10.58±2.16b 12.20±2.13ab 13.65±2.50a 14.59±2.55a 12.44±1.15a 0.013
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 6.58±1.18c 7.21±1.05bc 7.97±1.43b 9.40±1.01a 7.84±1.20b 0.012
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(pg/mL)		 81.43±14.17 80.56±11.50 76.35±16.24 71.77±17.13 81.29±16.14 0.624
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(μg/mL)		 471.09±116.09 457.70±60.69 492.02±75.98 464.08±84.82 495.43±85.07 0.863
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(μg/mL)		 1 733.69±276.34c 2 066.67±231.01b 2 000.82±208.48b 2 429.05±162.77a 2 123.23±270.91b <0.001
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 177.66±17.00c 199.48±34.28bc 227.14±34.84ab 233.37±21.88a 218.08±34.61ab 0.004
一氧化氮合成酶
NOS/(U/mL)		 88.10±18.87 95.64±10.83 96.16±18.39 95.53±13.84 92.29±12.51 0.800

2.5 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生殖激素指标的影响

由表6可知,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的血清E2含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。0.68%和0.76%精氨酸水平组血清FSH含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),0.92%精氨酸水平组血清FSH含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。0.92%精氨酸水平组血清LH含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),0.84%精氨酸水平组血清LH含量显著高于0.68%精氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生殖激素指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary Arg level on serum reproductive hormone indices of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮精氨酸水平Dietary Arg level/% P值
P-value
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.92 1.00
促卵泡素FSH/(mIU/mL) 9.13±1.09c 9.24±1.59c 12.07±1.62b 14.90±2.40a 11.73±2.14b <0.001
雌二醇E2/(pg/mL) 381.97±20.31 366.61±33.11 389.63±32.63 392.78±39.65 382.26±34.49 0.096
促黄体生成素
LH/(mIU/mL)		 26.35±4.81c 29.84±3.63bc 32.26±3.90b 38.19±4.94a 30.27±5.47bc <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭生长性能的影响

家禽由于缺乏氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ,导致尿素循环不完整,无法在体内合成精氨酸[7],因此家禽精氨酸供给完全依赖于饲粮,精氨酸缺乏时会出现生长发育迟缓、饲料利用率低等问题。有研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中补充0.2%~0.5%精氨酸或者饲粮精氨酸水平为标准推荐量的110%~125%,可使肉鸡末重提高7.5%~17.0%[8-11]。姜丽丽[12]研究报道,1~4周龄蛋雏鸭饲粮精氨酸水平为1.15%时,平均日增重提高,料重比下降。汪超[13]研究发现,饲粮精氨酸水平(0.71%)不足会降低1~14日龄北京鸭平均日采食量和平均日增重。本试验结果表明,饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响,分析其原因可能在于育成后期攸县麻鸭的生长速度变慢,对营养物质需求逐渐降低,饲粮中0.68%的精氨酸水平即可满足此阶段攸县麻鸭的生长需求。

3.2 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生化指标的影响

分析血液中各种化学成分是评估机体生理功能和营养状况的重要手段,例如TP和ALB含量可反映机体蛋白质合成能力,UA含量可反映饲粮中氨基酸平衡状况[14],血脂含量可判断机体脂质代谢情况[15]等。本试验中,随精氨酸水平增加,血清TC和LDL含量呈现出降低趋势,而血清UA含量呈先下降后升高的变化趋势,说明饲粮精氨酸水平影响了开产前期蛋鸭脂质和蛋白质代谢;与0.68%精氨酸水平相比,饲粮精氨酸水平为0.84%时血清TC、LDL和UA含量均显著降低,表明该精氨酸水平可调节试验鸭脂质和蛋白质代谢状态。有关不同精氨酸水平对育成期蛋鸭血清生化指标的研究尚未见报道,Zampiga等[16]研究发现,精氨酸与赖氨酸比值为1.11的肉鸡血清HDL含量最高。Chen等[2]研究发现,武隆鹅饲粮中补充0.3%~0.4%精氨酸,血清TP和TG含量显著升高。舒燕等[17]研究表明,在冬季低温情况下,精氨酸水平为1.13%,即添加0.20%的L-精氨酸可显著降低攸县麻鸭血清UA含量。然而在本试验条件下,饲粮精氨酸水平达到1.00%时,血清UA含量升高,说明过高精氨酸水平可能会影响育成后期蛋鸭饲粮氨基酸平衡状况,导致氨基酸利用率降低,尿酸排泄量增加。随饲粮精氨酸水平升高,血清TC和LDL含量反而降低,分析其原因可能在于精氨酸致使脂肪组织中作用于GLU氧化和游离脂肪酸关键基因的表达水平提高,精氨酸水平越高,脂肪分解能力越强。

3.3 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清生殖激素指标和生殖器官发育指标的影响

有研究表明,精氨酸是一氧化氮、多胺、脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺的前体物质,还可诱导代谢和生殖激素的表达和分泌[18-19]。舒燕等[17]研究了在冬季低温(≤ 7℃)条件下,产蛋初期攸县麻鸭基础饲粮(精氨酸水平为0.93%)中添加0.568%~0.593%的L-精氨酸可提高其产蛋率。本试验中,饲粮精氨酸水平从0.68%增加到0.84%,试验鸭优势卵泡个数、输卵管重量指数均显著提高,且随着饲粮精氨酸水平增加,输卵管长度和输卵管重量均呈现上升趋势,说明精氨酸水平在0.84%~1.00%时能促进试验鸭卵巢和输卵管发育。Xia等[20]研究报道,在1.26%精氨酸水平下,17~31周龄龙岩蛋鸭小黄卵泡数量和重量达到最大,并伴随极低密度脂蛋白受体-b基因表达上调。王梦攀等[21]研究表明,在基础饲粮(精氨酸水平为0.73%)中添加0.15%的L-精氨酸可显著提高输卵管长度,添加0.30%的L-精氨酸可显著提高优势卵泡数量和重量。以上研究结果与本试验结果相似,饲粮精氨酸水平高低可调控生殖器官发育,结合生殖激素水平变化规律来看,饲粮精氨酸水平达到0.84%时即可显著提高试验鸭血清中FSH和LH含量,在0.92%精氨酸水平下,二者含量达到最高,说明试验鸭可能通过分泌更多FSH和LH,以促进生殖器官发育。这表明饲粮精氨酸水平在0.84%~1.00%时可刺激生殖激素分泌,从而促进卵巢和输卵管发育,增加卵泡重量和数量。

3.4 饲粮精氨酸水平对攸县麻鸭血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

精氨酸是一种具有多种生物学功能的氨基酸,在氧化应激条件时,它能够影响禽类的免疫功能[22]。NOS将精氨酸转化为一氧化氮(NO)和瓜氨酸,NO不仅能够调控细胞内的氧化还原平衡,减少自由基的产生,进而间接提升抗氧化能力,而且能够激活细胞免疫功能以清除和抵抗细菌、病毒等病原体,从而提高机体免疫力[23]。Chen等[2]研究发现,在武隆鹅饲粮中补充0.3%精氨酸,血清SOD活性和T-AOC均显著升高;王梦攀等[21]研究报道,饲粮中添加0.30%~0.75%的L-精氨酸显著提高了蛋种鸭血浆SOD和GSH-Px活性,同时降低了血浆MDA含量,表明其对自由基清除有显著促进作用。另外诸多研究表明,饲粮中添加精氨酸可增加肉鸡胸腺重量[24],高水平的精氨酸可提高肉鸡淋巴器官重量[25],卵内注射精氨酸可以调节禽类早期免疫功能,增加法氏囊的重量[26]。Ruan等[27]研究进一步表明,精氨酸不仅提高了黄羽肉鸡的血清IgG含量,还增加了小肠中分泌型IgA含量。本试验结果表明,饲粮中精氨酸水平为0.84%时,血清CAT、SOD和GSH-Px活性均显著提高,血清T-AOC随饲粮精氨酸水平增加呈上升趋势。免疫功能方面,以0.92%精氨酸水平组血清IgA和IgG含量最高,精氨酸水平达到0.84%时即可显著提高血清IgA和IgG含量,结合免疫器官指数可以看出,胸腺指数随饲粮精氨酸水平增加而升高。由此可见,饲粮精氨酸水平在0.84%~0.92%时育成后期攸县麻鸭抗氧化能力和免疫机能均提高,同时本研究发现随饲粮精氨酸水平增加,试验鸭胸腺指数逐渐升高,说明适宜精氨酸水平可促进免疫器官发育。本研究与文献中精氨酸调控的特定酶系基本一致,但适宜添加水平大相径庭,分析其原因可能在于试验动物所处生产阶段、品种等不同。

4 结论

① 饲粮精氨酸水平在0.68%~1.00%时对攸县麻鸭生长性能无显著影响,0.68%精氨酸水平即可满足其生长需要。
② 饲粮精氨酸水平为0.84%时可增加攸县麻鸭血清LH和FSH含量,促进生殖器官发育;饲粮精氨酸水平为0.84%~0.92%可获得较佳血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标。
③ 综合各项指标和生产成本,建议71~100日龄攸县麻鸭饲粮精氨酸水平为0.84%。

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