1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料与试验动物
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮与饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | ||||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米 Corn | 54.54 | 56.93 | |||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 30.20 | 23.30 | |||
| 面粉 Flour | 5.00 | 7.00 | |||
| 玉米蛋白 Corn protein | 1.90 | 1.00 | |||
| 花生粕 Peanut meal | 1.50 | 2.00 | |||
| 富肽宝 Peptide-rich treasure | 1.50 | 2.00 | |||
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.93 | 1.00 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙Ⅰ型 Calcium hydrogen phosphate type Ⅰ | 1.40 | 0.95 | |||
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 0.80 | 3.50 | |||
| 液体氯化胆碱 Liquid choline chloride | 0.12 | 0.10 | |||
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐 L-lysine sulphate | 0.61 | 0.72 | |||
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.50 | 1.50 | |||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.13 | 13.10 | |||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 22.50 | 20.00 | |||
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.40 | 1.30 | |||
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 1.10 | 0.99 | |||
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.96 | 0.89 | |||
| 精氨酸 Arg | 1.56 | 1.39 | |||
| 缬氨酸 Val | 1.00 | 0.97 | |||
| 色氨酸 Trp | 0.22 | 0.21 | |||
| 钙 Ca | 0.85 | 0.75 | |||
| 总磷 TP | 0.52 | 0.43 | |||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 9 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,VD3 4 500 IU,VE 36 mg,VK3 6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,D-泛酸钙 calcium D-pantothenate 13.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 110 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 16 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 110 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.5 mg。 | |
2)代谢能为计算值,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
ADG(g/d)=(末体重-初始体重)/试验期;
ADFI(g/d)=总耗料量/试验期;
F/G=ADFI/ADG。
1.4.2 屠宰性能
1.4.3 免疫器官指数
免疫器官指数(%)=(免疫器官重量/末体重)×100。
1.4.4 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.5 空肠组织形态
1.4.6 盲肠肠道微生物群落基因测序
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 MLE对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 MLE对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of MLE on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 0.4%MLE | 0.8%MLE | 1.2%MLE | ||
| 末体重 FBW/g | 1 249.51±120.61 | 1 226.39±88.40 | 1 218.37±98.50 | 1 254.51±90.51 | 0.610 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 28.82±2.88 | 28.26±2.09 | 28.07±2.35 | 28.93±2.15 | 0.603 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 49.81±3.56a | 43.27±2.77bc | 41.18±1.52c | 46.71±3.03ab | <0.001 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.73±0.17a | 1.53±0.15ab | 1.48±0.14b | 1.61±0.07ab | 0.042 |
同行数据间无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 MLE对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表3 MLE对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of MLE on slaughter performance of broilers% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 0.4%MLE | 0.8%MLE | 1.2%MLE | ||
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 85.02±3.09b | 90.00±3.60a | 89.92±3.46a | 88.33±2.75ab | 0.005 |
| 半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated yield | 81.06±5.55 | 83.42±3.58 | 82.92±4.06 | 83.28±4.08 | 0.604 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated yield | 67.91±4.55 | 70.28±3.19 | 68.86±5.29 | 69.69±3.69 | 0.629 |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate | 20.19±2.02ab | 19.96±1.70ab | 21.37±1.39a | 18.51±1.19b | 0.004 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle rate | 19.71±1.31 | 19.67±1.52 | 19.55±0.61 | 19.00±1.49 | 0.610 |
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate | 1.43±0.15a | 1.21±0.13b | 1.25±0.10b | 1.42±0.18a | 0.007 |
2.3 MLE对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表4 MLE对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of MLE on immune organ indices of broilers% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 0.4%MLE | 0.8%MLE | 1.2%MLE | ||
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index | 0.54±0.07 | 0.57±0.09 | 0.57±0.09 | 0.54±0.05 | 0.677 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 4.01±1.34 | 3.02±0.67 | 3.22±0.90 | 3.71±0.78 | 0.101 |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursa of Fabricius index | 4.92±1.26 | 5.31±1.45 | 4.46±1.25 | 3.69±1.15 | 0.092 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 32.13±2.50a | 27.06±1.74b | 30.55±3.17a | 31.21±2.50a | 0.002 |
2.4 MLE对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响
表5 MLE对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of MLE on serum antioxidant indices of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 0.4%MLE | 0.8%MLE | 1.2%MLE | ||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 6.92±1.27a | 3.15±1.59b | 6.01±2.31a | 3.49±1.74b | <0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 62.76±10.85 | 73.23±4.05 | 62.76±11.07 | 71.37±9.55 | 0.056 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(μmol/L) | 0.45±0.15 | 0.53±0.13 | 0.36±0.11 | 0.35±0.14 | 0.062 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 854.67±60.26b | 804.00±54.49b | 1 018.67±27.24a | 845.33±87.10b | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 21.70±2.78a | 8.02±2.20c | 15.00±1.90b | 11.34±3.92bc | <0.001 |
2.5 MLE对肉鸡空肠形态的影响
图1 各组肉鸡空肠组织切片HE染色图Fig.1 HE staining images of jejunal tissue sections of broilers in each group (200×) |
表6 MLE对肉鸡空肠形态的影响Table 6 Effects of MLE on jejunal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 0.4%MLE | 0.8%MLE | 1.2%MLE | ||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 986.95±156.04b | 1 270.44±119.81a | 1 145.13±104.57ab | 724.69±97.51c | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 190.17±25.86b | 189.60±38.82b | 278.51±32.36a | 241.56±34.12a | <0.001 |
| 绒隐比 V/C | 5.26±1.01b | 6.90±1.18a | 4.13±0.33bc | 3.06±0.63c | <0.001 |
2.6 MLE对肉鸡盲肠微生物群落结构与功能的影响
2.6.1 基于扩增子序列变体(ASVs)的微生物组成特征
2.6.2 微生物群落多样性分析
2.6.3 微生物群落物种相对丰度分析
图4 微生物群落物种相对丰度分析A:门水平 phylum level;B:属水平 genus level。 Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Others:其他;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Subdoligranulum:罕见小球菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Barnesiella:巴恩斯氏菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;[Ruminococcus]_torques_group:瘤胃球菌扭链群;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属。 Fig.4 Analysis of relative abundance of species in microbial communities |
