Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 5: 3530 - 3542

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.282

RESEARCH PAPER

Dynamic Patterns of Blood Gas Indicators during Incremental Exercise in Yili Horses and Their Correlation with Cardiac Structure Parameters

  • PENG Jiangfei , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Zihan 1 ,
  • WUSIMAN Adina 1 ,
  • BAO Yike 1 ,
  • ZENG Yaqi , 1, 2, * ,
  • SONG Xuebin 3 ,
  • HENG Shibing 3
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 3 Yili Horse Testing and Training Center of Yili Horse Breeding Farm, Zhaosu County, Xinjiang, Yining 835000, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-10-22

  Online published: 2026-05-14

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the dynamic patterns of blood gas indicators during incremental treadmill exercise in Yili horses and their correlation with cardiac structure parameters, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of a performance evaluation system for Yili horses. Nine healthy Yili horses were selected and subjected to an incremental exercise test on a horse-specific treadmill. Blood samples were dynamically collected at different exercise intensities [0 (before the start of incremental exercise), 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s] for the determination of blood gas indicators. Additionally, cardiac structure parameters were measured using Doppler echocardiography, followed by correlation analysis between the cardiac structure parameters and blood gas indicators. The results showed that lactate (Lac) concentration was extremely significantly increased at 9 m/s vs. 3 m/s (P<0.01). Bicarbonate (${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$) concentration and base excess of extracellular fluid (BEecf) were extremely significantly decreased at 9 m/s vs. 3 m/s (P<0.01). Potassium ion (K+) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration were extremely significantly increased at 7 m/s vs. 0 m/s (P<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVIDd) was significantly negatively correlated with Lac concentration at 5 m/s (P<0.05); aortic root end-diastolic dimension (AODd) was extremely significantly negatively correlated with Lac at 5 m/s (P<0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with Lac concentration at 7 m/s (P<0.05); left ventricular mass (LVM) was significantly positively correlated with Lac concentration at 9 m/s (P<0.05), and extremely significantly negatively correlated with BEecf and base excess of whole blood (BEb) at 9 m/s (P<0.01); interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole (IVSd) and interventricular septal thickness at end-systole (IVSs) were significantly negatively correlated with Hgb at 9 m/s (P<0.05). The above results indicate that the alkali regulation mechanism of Yili horses begins to take effect at 5 m/s, while 7 to 9 m/s represents the speed range dominated by anaerobic metabolism. Speeds of 5, 7 and 9 m/s are key nodes for evaluating performance. LVIDd, AODd and LVM can serve as static evaluation indicators for performance assessment in horses.

Key words： Yili horses; incremental exercise; blood gas indicators; cardiac structure parameters

Cite this article

PENG Jiangfei , ZHANG Zihan , WUSIMAN Adina , BAO Yike , ZENG Yaqi , SONG Xuebin , HENG Shibing . Dynamic Patterns of Blood Gas Indicators during Incremental Exercise in Yili Horses and Their Correlation with Cardiac Structure Parameters[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(5) : 3530 -3542 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.282

伊犁马是我国自主培育的优良马种之一,在国内市场占有重要份额[1-2],但其运动性能测定体系尚不完善,仍存在诸多亟待解决的问题。心脏作为机体氧气运输与代谢调控的核心枢纽,其维度指标直接影响运动中的能量供应能力、疲劳阈值及高强度运动表现。前人研究或单独探讨增量运动下血气指标的动态变化[3],或仅关注心脏维度与运动性能之间的关联[4],而系统探讨心脏结构与血气指标内在联系的研究相对匮乏。Erickson[5]关于马跑步机早期形态变化的论述,为研究马匹在可控环境下的高速运动生理反应提供了理论基础。已有研究表明,均匀配速有助于延缓疲劳发生,而起始阶段过快的配速策略则会加速纯血马在高强度运动中的血乳酸(lactate,Lac)积累,使其更易疲劳[6];跑步机倾斜度增加会提升马匹代谢需求[7],倾斜度为6%的递增运动可在短时间内引发强烈的生理与代谢适应[8];运动马在高强度间歇训练中能诱发更高的血Lac峰值与心率,而长时间的持续训练则可显著提高最大摄氧量、Lac阈值等指标[7-8]。耐力赛中优异的有氧代谢基础,与呼吸代偿介导的酸碱度(pH)、碳酸氢盐(bicarbonate, $\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$)主动碱调节机制密切相关,该机制对维持比赛时机体酸碱稳态至关重要[9]。在伊犁马中,以4 m/s的强度进行遛马机15 min干预,可极显著提高其血糖浓度以增加能量储备,并提升血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hgb)浓度与红细胞比容(hematocrit,Hct)以优化氧输送能力[10]。本研究以不同运动负荷为切入点,系统探究伊犁马在增量运动各阶段血气指标的动态变化规律,及其与心脏结构参数之间的内在关联机制。相较于现有研究对运动速度的侧重,本研究通过阐明特定配速下心脏结构参数与血气指标的关联特征,为伊犁马运动性能测定体系的标准化构建提供具体参考,同时为实际训练中配速的科学筛选与优化调控提供针对性理论支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物

选取24月龄的健康伊犁马共计9匹(包括未去势公马3匹,母马6匹)作为研究对象,所选马匹试验期间采用相同饲养管理程序,实行单厩饲养。本试验于2024年6月至2024年11月在新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏县昭苏马场进行,所用的试验马匹、跑步机及调训场地均由昭苏马场统一提供,试验中涉及的所有动物操作均经新疆农业大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(审批编号:2023037)。

1.2 试验方法

在增量运动测试前安静状态下测量马匹体尺,并进行彩色多普勒心脏超声检查。采集安静状态下颈静脉血液(作为0 m/s)后进行跑步机增量运动,在6%坡度上进行,程序设定为1.5 m/s慢步3 min,3 m/s快步2 min,4 m/s快步2 min,5 m/s快步2 min,6 m/s跑步2 min,7 m/s跑步2 min,9 m/s跑步2 min[11],并3、5、7、9 m/s阶段的最后30 s,使用30 mL无菌注射器连接留置针采集运动过程中的颈静脉动态血液样本12~15 mL,即刻进行血气分析,每个注射器采血后即更换新的注射器。图1为跑步机增量运动血液采集示意图。
图1 跑步机增量运动血液采集示意图

A:增量运动前安静状态下颈静脉血液采集 jugular vein blood collection at rest before incremental exercise;B:运动中血液采集 blood collection during exercise;C:采样方案示意图 schematic diagram of sampling plan。

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of blood collection for incremental treadmill exercise

1.3 样品采集与指标测定

心脏结构参数的测定:测试前,使马匹处于静息状态。使用迈瑞M6兽用便携式彩色多普勒超声系统采取马匹超声心动图(2.5 MHz),在马匹右胸第3~4个或者第4~5个肋骨之间进行二维(2 D)和M型成像,最大成像深度为30 cm,换能器的焦点被固定在5 cm处,最大扇形角为110°。所有超声心动检查均由同一操作者进行,只有心率低于40次/min才会记录图像,一共测量3个不连续的心动周期,取平均值。通过测量和计算,共获得18个关于心脏结构的参数,分别为舒张末期左心室内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVIDd)、收缩末期左心室内径(left ventricular end-systolic dimension,LVIDs)、舒张末期室间隔厚度(interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole,IVSd)、收缩末期室间隔厚度(interventricular septal thickness at end-systole,IVSs)、舒张末期右心室内径(right ventricular end-diastolic dimension,RVDd)、收缩末期右心室内径(right ventricular end-systolic dimension,RVDs)、左室左右径(left ventricular minor axis,LV minor)、二尖瓣内径(mitral valve diameter,MVD)、舒张末期左心房内径(left atrial end-diastolic dimension,LADd)、收缩末期左心房内径(left atrial end-systolic dimension,LADs)、舒张末期主动脉根部内径(aortic root end-diastolic dimension,AODd)、收缩末期主动脉根部内径(aortic root end-systolic dimension,AODs)、舒张末期肺动脉内径(pulmonary artery end-diastolic dimension,PAd)、收缩末期肺动脉内径(pulmonary artery end-systolic dimension,PAs)、舒张末期平均左心室壁厚(mean left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole,MWTd)、舒张末期相对壁厚(relative wall thickness at end-diastole,RWTd)、左心室质量(left ventricular mass,LVM)、左心室心肌质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LV MASS-I)[4,12]。
血气指标的测定:对所选马匹进行跑步机增量运动测试前,将兽用留置针埋置于颈静脉处敷贴固定,将跑步机调至对应参数,通过留置针按照设定方案动态采集不同运动负荷下的血液样本。将采集的血液样本5 mL置于无抗凝剂的真空管,即刻通过i-stat300血气分析仪(采用eopcBCEM血气试片,Abbott,美国)进行检测。所测血气指标包括pH、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度、细胞外液剩余碱(base excess of extracellular fluid,BEecf)、全血剩余碱(base excess of whole blood,BEb)、Lac浓度、二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PCO2)、氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PO2)、二氧化碳总量(total carbon dioxide,TCO2)、血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation,SO2)、钠离子(sodium ion,Na+)浓度、钾离子(potassium ion,K+)浓度、钙离子(calcium ion,Ca2+)浓度、氯离子(chloride ion,Cl-)浓度、阴离子间隙(anion gap,AG)浓度、红细胞比容(hematocrit,Hct)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hgb)浓度、葡萄糖(glucose,Glu)浓度、肌酐(creatinine,Crea)浓度。

1.4 数据分析

通过Excel 2021对静息状态心脏维度数据、跑步机增量运动期间各阶段的血气分析相关数据进行整理,结果用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。5个阶段(0、3、5、7、9 m/s 5个阶段)马匹的血气分析相关数据使用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Tukey’s HSD法进行组间多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。通过迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)的相关性分析工具对心脏结构参数与血气指标进行相关性分析,并使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 增量运动中不同速度马匹静脉血中血气指标的变化

2.1.1 酸碱平衡指标的变化

由表1可知,在增量运动中不同速度马匹的酸碱平衡指标表现为:pH在3 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),之后无显著变化(P>0.05); $\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度在9 m/s时较3 m/s时极显著下降(P<0.01),且3与5 m/s间、0与7 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);BEecf在9 m/s时较3 m/s时极显著下降(P<0.01),且3与5 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);BEb在5 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且3与5 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);Lac浓度在9 m/s时较3 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且0、3和5 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表1 酸碱平衡指标差异分析

Table 1 Analysis of differences in acid-base balance indicators

项目
Items		 速度 Speed/(m/s)
0 3 5 7 9
pH 7.45±0.02Bb 7.51±0.03Aa 7.53±0.04Aa 7.53±0.04Aa 7.52±0.04Aa
碳酸氢盐 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$/(mmol/L) 29.70±2.49ABab 31.91±2.76Aa 31.36±2.02Aa 29.74±1.57ABab 27.93±2.08Bb
细胞外液剩余碱 BEecf/(mmol/L) 5.63±2.51ABb 8.88±3.01Aa 8.70±2.36Aa 7.12±1.91ABab 5.14±2.44Bb
全血剩余碱 BEb/(mmol/L) 5.02±2.14Bb 8.16±2.57Aa 8.22±2.15Aa 7.04±1.80ABab 5.4±2.17ABb
乳酸 Lac/(mmol/L) 1.06±0.41Cc 0.65±0.07Cc 1.09±0.19Cc 3.13±0.92Bb 5.12±2.74Aa

同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), and with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.1.2 气体平衡指标的变化

由表2可知,在增量运动中不同速度梯度马匹的气体平衡指标表现为:PCO2在9 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著下降(P<0.01),且7与9 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);TCO2在9 m/s时较3 m/s时极显著下降(P<0.01),且3与5 m/s间、0与7 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);PCO2和SO2在不同速度下均无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表2 气体平衡指标差异分析

Table 2 Analysis of differences in gas balance indicators

项目
Items		 速度 Speed/(m/s)
0 3 5 7 9
二氧化碳分压 PCO2/(mmHg) 43.24±3.90Aa 39.99±3.70ABb 37.30±3.35BCbc 35.27±2.95Cc 33.93±2.99Cc
氧分压 PO2/(mmHg) 38.68±3.17 34.69±2.95 37.32±3.10 36.01±4.23 38.41±5.58
二氧化碳总量 TCO2/(mmol/L) 31.03±2.60ABab 33.13±2.86Aa 32.39±2.08Aa 30.81±1.60ABab 28.98±2.15Bb
血氧饱和度 SO2/% 71.36±11.15 72.16±6.17 77.32±6.45 75.84±5.48 78.10±7.53

2.1.3 离子平衡指标的变化

由表3可知,在增量运动中不同速度梯度马匹的离子平衡指标表现为:Na+浓度在不同速度下无显著变化(P>0.05);K+浓度在7 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且7与9 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);Ca2+浓度在9 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著下降(P<0.01),且3与5 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);Cl-浓度在7 m/s时较3 m/s时显著升高(P<0.05),且0与5 m/s间、7与9 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);AG浓度在9 m/s时较5 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且0、3、5 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 离子平衡指标差异分析

Table 3 Analysis of differences in ion balance indicatorsmmol/L

项目
Items		 速度 Speed/(m/s)
0 3 5 7 9
钠离子 Na+ 136.78±1.86 136.89±1.62 137.33±1.22 137.89±1.62 136.44±3.71
钾离子 K+ 3.89±0.26Cb 4.12±0.23BCb 4.53±0.17ABa 4.79±0.25Aa 4.78±0.70Aa
钙离子 Ca2+ 1.66±0.05Aa 1.50±0.09Bb 1.48±0.08Bb 1.42±0.08BCbc 1.34±0.16Cc
氯离子 Cl- 98.89±2.62ab 97.33±1.66b 99.22±1.72ab 100.11±1.76a 99.56±2.46a
阴离子间隙 AG 12.00±1.32Bb 11.78±1.64Bb 11.44±1.51Bb 12.89±1.36ABb 14.89±2.57Aa

2.1.4 血液学及代谢指标的变化

由表4可知,在增量运动中不同速度梯度马匹的血液学及代谢指标表现为:Hct在7 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且7与9 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);Hgb浓度在7 m/s时较0 m/s时极显著升高(P<0.01),且7与9 m/s间无显著差异(P>0.05);Glu和Crea浓度在不同速度下均无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表4 血液学及代谢指标差异分析

Table 4 Analysis of differences in hematological and metabolism indicators

项目
Items		 速度 Speed/(m/s)
0 3 5 7 9
红细胞比容 Hct/% 12.29±1.15Dd 13.79±0.95Cc 15.77±0.77Bb 16.98±0.68Aa 17.00±0.48Aa
血红蛋白 Hgb/(g/dL) 36.11±3.44Dd 40.67±2.83Cc 46.33±2.35Bb 50.00±2.12Aa 50.11±1.45Aa
葡萄糖 Glu/(mg/dL) 117.89±34.79 111.33±16.16 106.22±8.70 104.11±7.42 115.11±14.90
肌酐 Crea/(mg/dL) 0.83±0.17 0.90±0.36 0.74±0.10 0.78±0.11 0.90±0.17

2.2 马匹心脏结构参数与血气指标的相关性分析

2.2.1 心脏结构参数与酸碱平衡指标的相关性分析

图2为心脏结构参数与酸碱平衡指标的相关性热图,从图中可以看出,LVIDd与0 m/s时的BEecf、BEb和5 m/s时的Lac浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);LVIDs与3 m/s时的Lac浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);RVDs与9 m/s时的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度、BEecf、BEb显著正相关(P<0.05);LV minor与5 m/s时的Lac浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);LADs与3和5 m/s时的pH极显著负相关(P<0.01),LADs与7 m/s时的BEecf、5和7 m/s时的BEb显著负相关(P<0.05);AODd与5 m/s时的Lac浓度极显著负相关(P<0.01),AODd与7 m/s时的Lac浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);AODs与3和5 m/s时的pH、9 m/s时的BEecf、7和9 m/s时的BEb显著正相关(P<0.05);PAd与3 m/s时的Lac浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);MWTd与9 m/s时的Lac浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),MWTd与9 m/s时的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度、BEecf、BEb显著负相关(P<0.05);RWTd与9 m/s时的Lac浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),RWTd与9 m/s时的BEb显著负相关(P<0.05);LVM与9 m/s时的Lac浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),LVM与9 m/s时的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度显著负相关(P<0.05),LVM与9 m/s时的BEecf、BEb极显著负相关(P<0.01);LV MASS-I与9 m/s时的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度、BEecf、BEb极显著负相关(P<0.01)。
图2 心脏结构参数与酸碱平衡指标的相关性热图

LVIDd:舒张末期左心室内径 left ventricular end-diastolic dimension;LVIDs:收缩末期左心室内径 left ventricular end-systolic dimension;IVSd:舒张末期室间隔厚度 interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole;IVSs:收缩末期室间隔厚度 interventricular septal thickness at end-systole;RVDd:舒张末期右心室内径 right ventricular end-diastolic dimension;RVDs:收缩末期右心室内径 right ventricular end-systolic dimension;LV minor:左室左右径 left ventricular minor axis;MVD:二尖瓣内径 mitral valve diameter;LADd:舒张末期左心房内径 left atrial end-diastolic dimension;LADs:收缩末期左心房内径 left atrial end-systolic dimension;AODd:舒张末期主动脉根部内径 aortic root end-diastolic dimension;AODs:收缩末期主动脉根部内径 aortic root end-systolic dimension;PAd:舒张末期肺动脉内径 pulmonary artery end-diastolic dimension;PAs:收缩末期肺动脉内径 pulmonary artery end-systolic dimension;MWTd:舒张末期平均左心室壁厚 mean left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole;RWTd:舒张末期相对壁厚 relative wall thickness at end-diastole;LVM:左心室质量 left ventricular mass;LV MASS-I:左心室心肌质量指数 left ventricular mass index。下图同 the same as below。

pH-0、pH-3、pH-5、pH-7、pH-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的pH; $\mathrm{ }\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-0、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-3、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-5、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-7、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的碳酸氢盐浓度;BEecf-0、BEecf-3、BEecf-5、BEecf-7、BEecf-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的细胞外液剩余碱;BEb-0、BEb-3、BEb-5、BEb-7、BEb-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的全血剩余碱;Lac-0、Lac-3、Lac-5、Lac-7、Lac-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的乳酸浓度。pH-0, pH-3, pH-5, pH-7 and pH-9 represent pH at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-0, ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-3, ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-5, ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-7 and ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-9 represent bicarbonate concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; BEecf-0, BEecf-3, BEecf-5, BEecf-7 and BEecf-9 represent base excess of extracellular fluid at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; BEb-0, BEb-3, BEb-5, BEb-7 and BEb-9 represent base excess of whole blood at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Lac-0, Lac-3, Lac-5, Lac-7 and Lac-9 represent lactate concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively.

“*”表示显著相关 (P<0.05),“**”表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。下图同。“*” represents significant correlation (P<0.05), and “**” represents extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). The same as below.

Fig.2 Correlation heatmap of cardiac structure parameters and acid-base balance indicators

2.2.2 心脏结构参数与气体平衡指标的相关性分析

图3为心脏结构参数与气体平衡指标的相关性热图,从图中可以看出,IVSs与0 m/s时的SO2极显著正相关(P<0.01),IVSs与3 m/s时的PCO2显著负相关(P<0.05);RVDs与9 m/s时的TCO2显著正相关(P<0.05);LV minor与9 m/s时的PCO2极显著正相关(P<0.01);MVD与3 m/s时的PCO2显著正相关(P<0.05);LADs与5 m/s时的PCO2、SO2显著负相关(P<0.05);AODs与5 m/s时的PO2、SO2极显著正相关(P<0.01);PAd与0 m/s时的PO2显著正相关(P<0.05);PAs与7 m/s时的PCO2显著正相关(P<0.05);MWTd和LVM与9 m/s时的TCO2显著负相关(P<0.05);LV MASS-I与9 m/s时的TCO2极显著负相关(P<0.01)。
图3 心脏结构参数与气体平衡指标的相关性热图

Fig.3 Correlation heatmap of cardiac structure parameters and gas balance indicators

PCO2-0、PCO2-3、PCO2-5、PCO2-7、PCO2-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的二氧化碳分压;PO2-0、PO2-3、PO2-5、PO2-7、PO2-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的氧分压;TCO2-0、TCO2-3、TCO2-5、TCO2-7、TCO2-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的二氧化碳总量;SO2-0、SO2-3、SO2-5、SO2-7、SO2-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的血氧饱和度。PCO2-0, PCO2-3, PCO2-5, PCO2-7 and PCO2-9 represent partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; PO2-0, PO2-3, PO2-5, PO2-7 and PO2-9 represent partial pressure of oxygen at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; TCO2-0, TCO2-3, TCO2-5, TCO2-7 and TCO2-9 represent total carbon dioxide at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; SO2-0, SO2-3, SO2-5, SO2-7 and SO2-9 represent oxygen saturation at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively.

2.2.3 心脏结构参数与离子平衡指标的相关性分析

图4为心脏结构参数与离子平衡指标的相关性热图,从图中可以看出,LVIDd与9 m/s时的Na+浓度极显著负相关(P<0.01),LVIDd与0 m/s时的Cl-浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);LVIDs与9 m/s时的Na+浓度、7 m/s时的K+浓度显著负相关(P<0.05),LVIDs与3和5 m/s时的Ca2+浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);IVSd与3 m/s时的AG浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);IVSs与5 m/s时的Cl-浓度、3 m/s时的AG浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);RVDd与0 m/s时的AG浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);RVDs与3 m/s时的Cl-浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);LV minor与9 m/s时的Cl-浓度极显著负相关(P<0.01),LV minor与3 m/s时的Cl-浓度、9 m/s时的K+浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);MVD与3和5 m/s时的K+浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),MVD与5和7 m/s时的Na+浓度、5和9 m/s时的Cl-浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);LADd与5 m/s时的K+浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);LADs与5 m/s时的AG浓度极显著正相关(P<0.01);AODd与9 m/s时的Na+浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);AODs与5 m/s时的AG浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);PAd与5 m/s时的Ca2+浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);PAs与7 m/s时的AG浓度、9 m/s时的Na+浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),PAs与3 m/s时的Ca2+浓度显著负相关(P<0.05),PAs与5 m/s时的Ca2+浓度极显著负相关(P<0.01);MWTd和RWTd与9 m/s时的AG浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);LVMASS-I与3 m/s时的Cl-浓度显著正相关(P<0.05)。
图4 心脏结构参数与离子平衡指标的相关性热图

Fig.4 Correlation heatmap of cardiac structure parameters and ion balance indicators

Na+-0、Na+-3、Na+-5、Na+-7、Na+-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的钠离子浓度;K+-0、K+-3、K+-5、K+-7、K+-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的钾离子浓度;Ca2+-0、Ca2+-3、Ca2+-5、Ca2+-7、Ca2+-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的钙离子浓度;Cl--0、Cl--3、Cl--5、Cl--7、Cl--9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的氯离子浓度;AG-0、AG-3、AG-5、AG-7、AG-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的阴离子间隙浓度。Na+-0, Na+-3, Na+-5, Na+-7 and Na+-9 represent sodium ion concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m/s, respectively; K+-0, K+-3, K+-5, K+-7 and K+-9 represent potassium ion concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Ca2+-0, Ca2+-3, Ca2+-5, Ca2+-7 and Ca2+-9 represent calcium ion concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Cl--0, Cl--3, Cl--5, Cl--7 and Cl--9 represent chloride ion concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; AG-0, AG-3, AG-5, AG-7 and AG-9 represent anion gap concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively.

2.2.4 心脏结构参数与血液学及代谢指标的相关性分析

图5为心脏结构参数与血液学及代谢指标的相关性热图,从图中可以看出,LVIDs与3 m/s时的Glu浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);IVSd和IVSs与9 m/s时的Hgb浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);RVDd与0 m/s时的Crea浓度显著正相关(P<0.05);LADs与0 m/s时的Hct、Hgb浓度、Crea浓度显著负相关(P<0.05);AODs与0 m/s时的Crea浓度极显著正相关(P<0.01);PAs与3 m/s时的Glu浓度显著负相关(P<0.05),PAs与5 m/s时的Glu浓度极显著负相关(P<0.01);LVM和LV MASS-I与7 m/s时的Glu浓度显著正相关(P<0.05)。
图5 心脏结构参数与血液学及代谢指标的相关性热图

Fig.5 Correlation heatmap of cardiac structure parameters and hematological and metabolism indicators

Hct-0、Hct-3、Hct-5、Hct-7、Hct-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的红细胞比容;Hgb-0、Hgb-3、Hgb-5、Hgb-7、Hgb-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的血红蛋白浓度;Glu-0、Glu-3、Glu-5、Glu-7、Glu-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的葡萄糖浓度;Crea-0、Crea-3、Crea-5、Crea-7、Crea-9分别表示0、3、5、7、9 m/s时的肌酐浓度。Hct-0, Hct-3, Hct-5, Hct-7 and Hct-9 represent hematocrit at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Hgb-0, Hgb-3, Hgb-5, Hgb-7 and Hgb-9 represent hemoglobin concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Glu-0, Glu-3, Glu-5, Glu-7 and Glu-9 represent glucose concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively; Crea-0, Crea-3, Crea-5, Crea-7 and Crea-9 represent creatinine concentration at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m/s, respectively.

3 讨论

3.1 增量运动时马匹血气动态平衡的代谢调节机制

本研究采用跑步机递增负荷运动方案,系统探究了马匹血气指标随运动强度变化的动态响应规律,重点分析了运动强度与血气指标变化之间的内在关联。血液中pH、 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度、BEecf、BEb及Lac浓度是反映运动性代谢性酸中毒的重要酸碱平衡指标[13]。Elmer等[14]研究表明,血液中Lac浓度达到4 mmol/L是无氧阈的判定依据,是衡量有氧耐力的重要指标。本试验中,5~9 m/s阶段Lac浓度极显著升高,由7 m/s时的3.13 mmol/L上升至9 m/s时的5.12 mmol/L,提示机体由有氧运动向无氧运动转化,伊犁马的无氧阈介于7~9 m/s。pH随运动强度增加而发生动态变化,反映机体对酸碱平衡的调节[15]。运动初期,机体通过激活 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$缓冲系统以维持酸碱平衡稳定;当运动强度攀升至5~9 m/s时,能量供应转向以糖酵解为主导,产生大量酸性代谢产物(如Lac),造成代谢性酸负荷,突破机体缓冲能力,导致血液pH下降[16]。尽管呼吸代偿机制被充分激活,仍无法完全中和糖酵解主导下产生的酸性代谢物,因此血液pH呈现显著降低[17]。 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$是细胞外液的主要缓冲物质,BEecf与BEb是反映血液酸碱平衡状态的重要指标。高强度运动加速Lac累积,消耗 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$[18-19]。本研究中,3~9 m/s时 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度呈极显著下降,表明伊犁马的碱调节机制于3 m/s时开始启动,5 m/s时充分激活;在5~9 m/s阶段,BEecf、BEb与 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度显著降低,提示Lac累积引发血液氢离子(H+)浓度升高,既刺激呼吸中枢增强通气,又消耗大量 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$,导致血液中碱性物质减少,进而使BEecf与BEb显著降低[20]。这说明伊犁马5 m/s时激活BEecf、BEb及 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$相关的碱调节机制,以应对由5m/s增速至9 m/s阶段伴随的Lac生成量增加所带来的影响,从而维持机体酸碱平衡。
PCO2、PO2、TCO2及SO2是反映增量运动过程中机体血液氧合与肺通气功能的重要指标。Poškienē等[9]研究发现,运动后阿拉伯马与萨莫吉提亚马的PCO2均下降,且阿拉伯马的降幅(从5.34 kPa降至4.53 kPa)大于萨莫吉提亚马(从4.75 kPa降至4.36 kPa)。本试验中,在0~9 m/s的运动负荷下,PCO2由43.24 mmHg持续下降至33.93 mmHg,在9 m/s时达到最低值。这表明伊犁马在运动过程中通过增强通气排出二氧化碳(CO2),该调节机制在运动初期及高强度运动阶段均发挥重要作用,是维持机体酸碱平衡的重要代偿性措施[21]。TCO2的变化受肺通气量与二氧化碳生成速率的共同影响。本研究结果显示,TCO2在3 m/s时升高,主要源于运动初期代谢需求增加,碳水化合物底物氧化速率提高,导致三羧酸循环中CO2生成量增加,生成的CO2溶于血液形成碳酸,并迅速与 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$发生缓冲反应,生成更多HCO3,从而推高TCO2水平;在9 m/s时,TCO2显著降低,其原因在于Lac累积引起血液中H+浓度升高,H+消耗了用于缓冲的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$,同时H+与CO2共同刺激呼吸中枢,增强通气,促使大量CO2被排出体外,当CO2排出速率超过生成速率时,TCO2逐渐下降[17]。
Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-及AG是维持机体渗透压的关键电解质,在维持酸碱稳态、调控水盐平衡及优化营养底物代谢环境中具有重要生理作用[22]。K+浓度随运动强度增加而上升[23]。本试验中,K+浓度在由0 m/s增至7 m/s阶段显著上升,在7~9 m/s高强度运动阶段趋于稳定,维持在4.79~4.78 mmol/L,表明出汗与肾脏重吸收等机制有效维持了钾稳态,从而保障肌肉正常功能。然而,一旦K+浓度超过特定阈值(如4.6 mmol/L)[9],钠钾泵的代偿能力便显不足,无法抵消因动作电位频繁发生所致的钾外流,进而造成细胞外K+积聚、膜兴奋性降低,加剧肌肉疲劳[24-25]。Ca2+通过主动调控作用激活钾通道,以维持离子平衡和电稳态。本试验中,Ca2+浓度随运动强度的增加而下降,其原因在于Ca2+与肌钙蛋白结合,通过肌肉收缩释放能量,随着运动强度增加,收缩频率加快,Ca2+的释放与再摄取也相应增加,导致Ca2+浓度下降[26]。AG浓度的变化与Cl-及 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度显著相关,同时Cl-作为代偿性阴离子,通过调节渗透压维持离子平衡[27]。本试验中,AG浓度在0~5 m/s阶段下降,Cl-浓度在0~3 m/s阶段下降,可能与离子平衡关系有关:Cl-浓度的下降缓冲了 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度的上升,从而促使AG浓度下降;AG浓度在5~9 m/s阶段上升,Cl-浓度在3~7 m/s阶段上升,这可能是由于随着 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度下降,Lac在血液中积累,AG浓度相应上升,在7~9 m/s运动强度时进入无氧供能状态,而Cl-浓度的上升可能是机体为维持酸碱平衡而进行的积极代偿;在7~9 m/s阶段Cl-浓度下降,提示代偿机制在试验条件下达到新的平衡状态。
Hct、Hgb、Glu及Crea是反映机体运动状态下代谢能力的重要指标,随着运动强度增加,机体对氧气的转运能力也随之增强。运动时脾脏收缩,储备的红细胞释放进入外周循环[28]。本研究结果显示,Hct与Hgb浓度随运动强度增加而逐渐升高,至7 m/s时变化趋于平缓。这表明,在本试验条件下,随着运动强度增加,血浆容量减少,血液黏稠度升高;当速度达到7 m/s时,脾脏中储备的红细胞已充分释放,反映出机体在高强度运动下的生理适应性。

3.2 心脏维度参数与血气指标的相关性分析

增量运动过程中LVIDd与AODd是决定有氧代谢效率的关键结构。彭宣等[4]研究发现,LVIDd与运动性能显著相关,LVIDd越大比赛用时越短。本试验中,LVIDd与5 m/s时的Lac浓度负相关,较大的LVIDd在运动中拥有更强的泵血功能和每搏输出量,运动时可以有效的将氧气输送到肌肉,从而减少肌肉的缺血状态,降低Lac生成[29];同时,AODd与5和7 m/s时Lac浓度负相关,这是由于较大AODd在应对运动中急剧增加的血流量和压力冲击时,主动脉根部能降低收缩期射血阻力[30],保障心输出量的高效运输,较大的LVIDd与AODd共同构建出一个高血流量、低血液阻力的血液输送系统,可有效延缓无氧代谢发生。AODs与9 m/s时的BEecf正相关,与7和9 m/s时的BEb正相关,说明在高强度运动时,较大的主动脉根部可能与更高的泵血效率相关,有利于增强组织供氧和代谢废物清除,进而改善机体维持酸碱平衡的能力[31]。AODs与5 m/s时的PO2、SO2正相关,说明大的主动脉根部能更有效地将血液运输到全身满足代谢需求,在5 m/s运动强度下,机体通气量增加,有助于维持氧合水平与酸碱平衡。
LV MASS-I与LVM体现了室壁厚度和心腔大小,在极限运动中,心脏体积较大的个体在呼吸调节、血液缓冲及肾脏调节方面具有优势,可高效维持机体酸碱平衡;心脏体积较小的个体则需通过加快心率与呼吸频率代偿,而该代偿方式易引发呼吸肌疲劳、降低代谢产物清除效率,进而加剧酸碱平衡调控压力[32]。在本试验中,LVM与9 m/s时的BEecf和BEb负相关,与9 m/时的 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度负相关,与9 m/s时的Lac浓度正相关,当Lac突破无氧阈值后,机体以无氧代谢为主,Lac快速堆积,运动强度升高则射血分数提升、心输出量增加,无氧代谢与肌肉氧耗速率进一步加快,最终造成Lac浓度显著升高[33]。然而,高强度运动中,LVM较大的马匹为维持机体酸碱平衡,会通过提高呼吸频率与深度加快氧气交换速率,进而排出更多CO2,导致BEecf、BEb和 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$浓度显著下降[34]。此外,LVM和LV MASS-I与9 m/s时的TCO2负相关,9 m/s时无氧代谢占比升高,机体通过增强CO2排出以适配更高代谢需求,维持内环境稳态;同时,LVM更大的马匹,单位时间内心输出量与血流量更充足,进而使TCO2降低[35-36]。
心脏结构对电解质平衡具有一定影响。LVIDd和LVIDs与9 m/s时的Na+浓度呈负相关,这是由于心脏较大者左心室内径相对较大,9 m/s时机体处于无氧代谢状态,心输出量显著增加,机体通过增强通气及激活肾素-血管紧张素系统以维持电解质平衡,Na+浓度因肾脏重吸收增强而下降。LVIDs与7 m/s时的K+浓度呈负相关,运动中肾脏重吸收与出汗共同影响K+稳态,在7 m/s时钠钾泵代偿能力不足,K+外流加剧,导致细胞外K+积聚。LV minor与9 m/s时的K+浓度呈负相关,较大的LV minor在此阶段处于无氧代谢环境,K+浓度在7 m/s时已因钠钾泵代偿不足而趋于稳定,不再继续升高,高强度运动导致心脏泵血速率增加,细胞外K+的积聚可能对心肌细胞的兴奋性及收缩力产生抑制作用[37-38]。
IVSd和IVSs与9 m/s时的Hgb浓度负相关。较大的心脏往往伴随较厚的室间隔。在5 m/s时,机体对Hgb的氧气需求增大;至7 m/s时,脾脏中储备的Hgb已充分释放。随着运动强度进一步增加,泵血量增大、射血速率加快、无氧代谢占比升高,同时血浆容量减少导致血液黏稠度增加,在上述因素共同作用下,IVSd与IVSs表现出与Hgb浓度负相关[28]。LVM及LV MASS-I与7 m/s时的Glu浓度正相关。高强度运动中,Glu作为核心能量底物,其浓度升高与机体代谢需求增加直接相关。这一结果既反映了高强度运动诱导的心脏结构适应性改变,也揭示了血糖对心脏功能的间接调控作用[39]。

3.3 研究存在的局限性

本研究仅选用9匹伊犁马完成递增负荷试验,旨在分析不同阶段伊犁马生理状态变化,不涉及样本个体及性别问题,样本量有待提升,统计结果具有一定局限性。后续研究将扩大样本规模,区分个体与性别关系,通过制定不同增量运动程序进一步研究血气指标的协同调节机制,以期获得更具普适性和深度的科学结论。

4 结论

本试验通过检测跑步机递增负荷运动期间的血气指标,系统评估了伊犁马在此过程中的生理状态变化,结果表明,碱调节机制在运动强度达到5 m/s时开始激活,以应对Lac堆积引发的代谢性酸负荷;随着运动强度增加,Lac持续累积,在7 m/s时出现明显的无氧代谢转化;至9 m/s时,Lac浓度超过 4 mmol/L,提示能量供应已转为无氧代谢主导。相关性分析显示,AODd与乳酸浓度呈极显著负相关,LVIDd与乳酸浓度呈显著负相关,LVM与BEecf、BEb呈极显著负相关。据此,LVIDd、AODd及LVM可作为马匹性能测定的静态评估指标。综上所述,本研究揭示了心脏结构参数与血气指标在不同运动负荷下的响应模式,明确了5、7、9 m/s是伊犁马性能测定的关键节点,LVIDd、AODd及LVM具备作为伊犁马性能测定候选评估指标的潜力,但其预测效能尚需在大样本研究中进一步验证。

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