Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 5: 3650 - 3659

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.292

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Ampelopsis grossedentata Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Meat Rabbits

  • DONG Zongquan , 1, 2 ,
  • GU Xiaoyang 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Tao 3 ,
  • LIU Yajuan 1, 2 ,
  • HAN Shuaijuan 1 ,
  • WANG Fengxia , 1, * ,
  • CHEN Saijuan , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 Agricultural Technology Innovation Centre in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
*WANG Fengxia, associate professor, E-mail: ;
CHEN Saijuan, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-10-14

  Online published: 2026-05-14

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids (AGF) on the growth performance, nutrient digestion, antioxidant capacity and immune function of meat rabbits. A total of 192 healthy 28-day-old weaned Hyla line meat rabbits with similar body weight and good condition were randomly allocated into 4 groups, with 8 replicates per group and 6 rabbits per replicate (half male and half female). The control group was fed a basal diet, while the three experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with AGF at 250 (T1 group), 500 (T2 group), and 750 g/t (T3 group), respectively. The pre-trial period lasted 7 days, followed by a formal trial period of 28 days. At the end of the formal trial, one rabbit was randomly selected from each replicate of all groups for a 7-day digestion trial. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the T2 group exhibited a significant increase in final body weight and average daily gain (P<0.05), and exhibited a significant decrease in the feed-to-gain ratio (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and crude protein was significantly increased in all experimental groups (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber was significantly increased in the T2 group (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of crude fiber was significantly increased in the T1 and T2 groups (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the activities of α-amylase, lipase and trypsin in the jejunal contents were significantly increased in T2 and T3 groups (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the T2 group had significantly lower serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05), and significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and T-AOC in the liver (P<0.05); furthermore, the T2 group demonstrated a significantly higher serum SOD activity compared with the other groups (P<0.05), and showed a significantly lower liver MDA content compared with the control group and the T1 group (P<0.05). 5) Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement 4 (C4) contents in T2 and T3 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 500 g/t AGF can enhance intestinal digestive enzyme activities, improve the apparent digestibility of certain nutrients, promote digestive function, and strengthen antioxidant capacity and immunity, thereby improving the growth performance of meat rabbits.

Key words： Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids; meat rabbits; growth performance; nutrient digestion; antioxidant capacity; immune function

Cite this article

DONG Zongquan , GU Xiaoyang , LIU Tao , LIU Yajuan , HAN Shuaijuan , WANG Fengxia , CHEN Saijuan . Effects of Ampelopsis grossedentata Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(5) : 3650 -3659 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.292

自我国饲料端全面实施“禁抗”政策以来,植物提取物作为绿色饲料添加剂逐渐成为抗生素的有效替代品之一,在畜牧生产中受到广泛关注[1-2]。藤茶(Ampelopsis grossedentata)是葡萄科蛇葡萄属显齿蛇葡萄的嫩叶,是我国特有的药食两用植物[3],其提取物藤茶黄酮(Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids,AGF)是藤茶中含量最高的活性成分[4],主要有效成分为二氢杨梅素[5]。研究显示,二氢杨梅素具有抗炎镇痛、抑菌、抗氧化以及增强免疫力等多种生物学功能[6]。藤茶黄酮在动物生产中具有促进生长等作用,是当前植物提取物研究的热点之一。雷荷仙等[7]报道,饲粮中添加5%藤茶黄酮可显著提高肉牛的体重、体高等生长指标;徐美玲[8]研究发现,0.5%藤茶黄酮能有效降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率与咳喘率,提高生长性能及免疫力;Zhu等[9]研究显示,0.1%藤茶黄酮可显著提高羔羊的生长性能;冯猛等[10]研究表明,0.01%藤茶黄酮能有效提高海兰蛋鸡的饲料转化率及产蛋效率。目前,藤茶黄酮在肉兔养殖中的研究与应用仍较为有限。鉴于其潜在的功能价值,本试验拟探讨饲粮中添加不同水平的藤茶黄酮对肉兔生长性能、养分消化、抗氧化能力及免疫功能的影响,旨在为藤茶黄酮在肉兔生产中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本研究方案已获河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,所有动物试验操作均遵循其伦理规程(批准号:2024162)

1.2 试验材料

试验所用藤茶黄酮纯度为98.9%,主要活性成分二氢杨梅素的占比约为30%。

1.3 试验设计

选取体重相近、体况良好的28日龄断奶伊拉肉兔192只,随机分成4组,每组8个重复,每个重复6只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组则饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加250(T1组)、500(T2组)、750 g/t(T3组)藤茶黄酮的试验饲粮。基础饲粮参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[11]配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验开始时间为2024年11月14日,共持续42 d,包括7 d的预试期、28 d的正试期和7 d的消化试验。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 15.00
小麦麸 Wheat bran 15.50
豆粕 Soybean meal 15.00
乳清粉 Dried whey 3.00
花生秧粉 Peanut powder 8.00
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 3.00
花生壳 Peanut shell 20.00
稻壳 Rice husk 4.00
辣椒杆粉 Chilli stick powder 12.00
豆油 Soybean oil 1.00
石粉 Limestone 1.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.50
食盐 NaCl 0.50
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl (98.5%) 0.35
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 0.15
预混料 Premix1) 1.00
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 10.06
粗蛋白质 CP 16.28
粗脂肪 EE 3.85
粗纤维 CF 16.20
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 35.05
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 20.92
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL 5.67
钙 Ca 1.01
总磷 TP 0.69
赖氨酸 Lys 0.83
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.58

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 70 mg,Cu 20 mg,Zn 70 mg,Mn 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,I 0.2 mg,Se 0.25 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VB3 50 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,烟酸 niacin 20 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg。

2)消化能、氨基酸为计算值,其余均为实测值。DE and amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验前对兔舍、兔笼、饮水器及料槽等进行彻底清洗并消毒,保证试验环境卫生、整洁。试验兔采用品字形阶梯金属笼饲养于封闭式兔舍,兔舍内自然通风和采光,控制温度在(22.70±4.14) ℃,相对湿度在(65.74±10.04)%。试验兔单笼(长×宽×高=50 cm×34 cm×33 cm)饲养,每日早晚各喂食1次,自由采食和饮水,并按照常规免疫程序进行免疫。

1.5 样品采集

于正试期结束次日从各组的每重复中随机选取1只肉兔实施心脏采血。将采集的血液在4 ℃下以630×g的离心力离心10 min,收集上清液至新的离心管中,并于-20 ℃条件下保存备用。试验兔采血后断颈处死,解剖后迅速取适量肝脏组织和空肠内容物,置于冻存管中,于-80 ℃保存。在进行指标测定时先将肝脏组织制备成10%匀浆液,制备方法为:称取适量肝脏组织于2 mL EP管中,以生理盐水为匀浆介质,肝脏组织与生理盐水的质量体积比为1∶9(g∶mL),所有操作均在低温条件下进行,以确保样品稳定性,最后离心取上清液。

1.6 测定指标与方法

1.6.1 生长性能

分别于正试期第1天和第28天记录肉兔禁食12 h后的体重,分别记为初始体重(IBW)及终末体重(FBW),并据此计算平均日增重(ADG);每日对肉兔的采食量、腹泻与死亡情况进行记录,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)、死亡率和腹泻频率。计算公式如下:

ADG=(FBW-IBW)/正式试验天数;

ADFI=总采食量/正式试验天数;

F/G=ADFI/ADG;

腹泻频率(%)=[腹泻只总腹泻天数/

(试验兔总只数×正式试验天数)]×100;

死亡率(%)=(组内试验兔死亡只数/

组内试验兔总只数)×100。

1.6.2 养分表观消化率

28 d的正试期结束后进行为期7 d的消化试验。在各组的每个重复中任选1只肉兔,采用全收粪法连续收集7 d新鲜粪便,将收集的粪便样本置于-20 ℃冷冻保存,以备后续分析。在此期间,每日准确记录每只肉兔的采食量与粪便排出量。分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 20805—2006中方法测定兔粪和饲粮中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)、粗灰分(Ash)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量;兔粪和饲粮中总能(GE)使用氧弹量热仪测定。按照如下公式计算养分表观消化率:

养分表观消化率(%)=[(养分摄入量-

养分排出量)/养分摄入量]×100。

1.6.3 空肠内容物中消化酶活性

采用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(双抗体一步夹心法),在的iMark酶标仪(Bio-Rad公司,美国)上测定空肠内容物中α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性,所有流程严格依据试剂盒说明书操作。

1.6.4 血清与肝脏抗氧化指标

所测血清与肝脏抗氧化指标包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),均采用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的ELISA试剂盒(双抗体一步夹心法)测定,所有流程严格依据试剂盒说明书操作。

1.6.5 血清免疫指标

所测血清免疫指标包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和补体4(C4)含量,均采用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的ELISA试剂盒(双抗体一步夹心法)测定,所有流程严格依据试剂盒说明书操作。

1.7 数据处理与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 26软件进行统计分析。其中,腹泻频率与死亡率采用卡方检验;其余试验数据采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),对差异显著的指标进一步采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,并分别进行线性和二次回归分析。除腹泻频率与死亡率外,其余指标结果均以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)呈现。以P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 藤茶黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,所有试验组的FBW均显著高于对照组相比(P<0.05),同时T2组显著高于T1组和T3组(P<0.05),且FBW随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);T2组的ADG显著高于对照组和T1组(P<0.05),且ADG随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加呈线性变化(P<0.05);T2组的F/G显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且F/G随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);各组间IBW、ADFI、腹泻频率和死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 藤茶黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of AGF on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
对照
Control		 T1 T2 T3 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
初始体重 IBW/g 983.33 988.00 993.33 993.33 17.865 0.932
终末体重 FBW/g 1 915.33c 1 948.00b 2 003.33a 1 972.00b 15.102 <0.001 <0.001 0.004
平均日增重 ADG/g 33.29bc 34.29bc 36.07a 34.95ab 0.686 0.002 0.003 0.330
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 119.95 118.74 120.95 121.36 1.867 0.509
料重比 F/G 3.61a 3.47ab 3.36b 3.48ab 0.070 0.012 0.032 0.014
腹泻频率 Diarrhea rate/% 2.10 2.10 1.40 1.80 0.904
死亡率 Mortality rate/% 22.90 14.60 12.50 14.60 0.518

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while those with the same lowercase letter or no letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 藤茶黄酮对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,各试验组的DM、EE和CP表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加,DM表观消化率呈线性变化(P<0.05),EE表观消化率呈二次变化(P<0.05),CP表观消化率呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);与对照组相比,T1组CF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),T2组CF和ADF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),且CF和ADF表观消化率均随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加呈二次变化(P<0.05);各组间GE、NDF、Ash、Ca和TP表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 藤茶黄酮对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of AGF on nutrient apparent digestibility of meat rabbits%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
对照
Control		 T1 T2 T3 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
干物质 DM 51.26b 52.67a 52.76a 52.95a 0.590 0.042 0.014 0.165
总能 GE 53.41 55.06 54.48 54.08 0.828 0.276
粗脂肪 EE 89.46b 91.81a 92.15a 91.24a 0.889 0.037 0.061 0.020
粗蛋白质 CP 71.68b 74.97a 75.51a 74.55a 1.149 0.019 0.022 0.019
粗纤维 CF 19.26b 21.96a 22.68a 20.45ab 1.186 0.046 0.270 0.010
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 31.90 32.49 32.88 32.11 0.391 0.100
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 21.31bc 23.83ab 25.47a 22.63abc 1.039 0.007 0.107 0.002
粗灰分 Ash 38.73 39.96 38.40 38.34 1.335 0.599
钙 Ca 64.53 63.41 64.28 63.57 1.052 0.668
总磷 TP 20.67 20.42 21.48 21.31 0.864 0.574

2.3 藤茶黄酮对肉兔空肠内容物中消化酶活性的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,T2组和T3组空肠内容物中α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均得到显著提高(P<0.05),且α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加呈线性变化(P<0.05)。
表4 藤茶黄酮对肉兔空肠内容物中消化酶活性的影响

Table 4 Effects of AGF on digestive enzyme activities in jejunal contents of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
对照
Control		 T1 T2 T3 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
α-淀粉酶
α-amylase/(U/μg)		 2.50c 2.64bc 3.23a 2.96ab 0.200 0.010 0.007 0.167
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/μg) 1.04b 1.26ab 1.40a 1.52a 0.144 0.024 0.003 0.625
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/μg) 5.78c 6.27bc 7.50a 6.93ab 0.382 0.002 0.001 0.066

2.4 藤茶黄酮对肉兔血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,3个试验组血清SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),T2组、T3组血清T-AOC显著升高(P<0.05),同时T2组血清SOD活性显著高于T1组和T3组(P<0.05);随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加,血清SOD呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),血清MDA含量和T-AOC呈线性变化(P<0.05);各组间血清GSH-Px、CAT活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。T2组肝脏SOD活性显著高于对照组和T3组(P<0.05);T2组肝脏T-AOC显著高于对照组和T1组(P<0.05);3个试验组肝脏MDA含量均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),且T2组肝脏MDA含量显著低于T1组(P<0.05);随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加,肝脏SOD活性呈二次变化(P<0.05),肝脏MDA含量和T-AOC呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);各组间肝脏GSH-Px和CAT活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 藤茶黄酮对肉兔血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of AGF on serum and liver antioxidant indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
对照
Control		 T1 T2 T3 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
血清 Serum
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 339.15c 393.94b 433.68a 389.09b 16.521 <0.001 0.002 0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/L)		 310.49 315.96 320.24 314.53 14.416 0.924
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) 94.30 98.77 100.75 105.41 5.614 0.294
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/L) 7.69a 6.55b 6.61b 6.32b 0.339 0.004 0.002 0.095
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 23.31b 26.78ab 28.42a 27.70a 1.748 0.045 0.016 0.109
肝脏 Liver
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/μg)		 0.18c 0.27ab 0.28a 0.21bc 0.030 0.008 0.276 0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/μg)		 504.66 534.03 633.09 563.78 62.556 0.241
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg) 136.84 158.58 211.82 162.07 32.589 0.172
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/μg) 18.22a 13.01b 8.66c 10.73bc 1.445 <0.001 <0.001 0.003
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mg)		 19.56b 22.65b 26.52a 23.16ab 1.650 0.006 0.013 0.014

2.5 藤茶黄酮对肉兔血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,T2组、T3组血清IgM和C4含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中藤茶黄酮添加量的增加,血清IgM和C4含量呈线性变化(P<0.05);各组之间血清IgA和IgG含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 藤茶黄酮对肉兔血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of AGF on serum immune indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
对照
Control		 T1 T2 T3 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/μL) 3.80 4.12 4.48 4.50 0.278 0.071
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/μL) 0.82b 0.89ab 0.95a 0.92a 0.043 0.033 0.012 0.117
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/μL) 3.42 3.76 3.76 3.62 0.127 0.052
补体4 C4/(μg/mL) 233.95b 243.15ab 253.05a 255.59a 7.611 0.044 0.007 0.545

3 讨论

3.1 藤茶黄酮对肉兔生长性能和养分消化的影响

黄酮类化合物是藤茶中含量最高的化合物[12],对动物生长具有显著促进作用。赵敏霖[13]研究发现,在荷斯坦犊牛基础饲粮中添加0.8%藤茶黄酮能显著提高ADFI和ADG,有效降低腹泻率。Wei等[14]的研究发现,二氢杨梅素可降低育肥猪的F/G,提高生长性能。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加500 g/t藤茶黄酮可显著提高肉兔的FBW、ADG,降低F/G,腹泻频率和死亡率与对照组相比虽无显著差异,但也有一定的改善,与前人研究结果一致。藤茶黄酮提高肉兔生长性能的机制可能在于:其能够促进消化酶分泌、调节肠道菌群结构,从而增强消化吸收功能,加快新陈代谢;同时,黄酮类化合物可缓解氧化应激,减轻胃肠道损伤,改善肠道物理屏障,促进胃肠道发育,进而降低腹泻率和死亡率[15-17]。本研究中,各试验组腹泻肉兔经休养后均可恢复健康,而对照组个体全部死亡,提示在治疗肉兔腹泻时,除加强饲养管理外,适量饲喂藤茶黄酮亦具有积极作用,进一步表明其在调控肉兔健康方面发挥着重要作用。
消化酶的作用是将碳水化合物、蛋白质等大分子营养物质转化为可被细胞吸收的单体物质[18]。养分表观消化率是反映肉兔对饲粮中养分消化吸收能力的重要指标,直接体现机体的消化功能,与消化酶活性密切相关。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加藤茶粉可显著提高杂交鲟肠道中淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性[19];在受产肠毒性大肠杆菌感染的断奶仔猪饲粮中添加二氢杨梅素,能显著提高DM、EE、GE和Ash表观消化率[20]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加藤茶黄酮显著增强了肉兔空肠内容物中α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性,并显著提高了EE和CP等养分的表观消化率,这与前人研究结果一致。其作用机制可能在于:一方面,藤茶黄酮促进肉兔肠道发育,增加肠绒毛高度,从而扩大食糜与肠壁的接触面积[21];另一方面,其可改善肠道菌群结构,提升消化酶活性[22],进而增强机体对养分的消化吸收能力,最终提高肉兔的生长性能。

3.2 藤茶黄酮对肉兔抗氧化能力的影响

动物机体内的氧化与抗氧化系统通常维持动态平衡。SOD、CAT和GSH-Px等抗氧化酶通过不同途径清除体内过量的自由基[23],T-AOC与SOD活性是反映机体抗氧化水平的关键指标[24],而MDA含量则常用于评价脂质过氧化程度[25]。已有研究表明,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加藤茶黄酮可显著提高卵巢颗粒细胞中SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性,并降低MDA含量[26];在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加藤茶提取物亦能显著提高血清SOD活性、降低MDA含量[27]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加500 g/t藤茶黄酮显著提高了肉兔血清和肝脏SOD活性和T-AOC,同时显著降低了血清和肝脏MDA含量,表明其可有效增强机体抗氧化能力,减轻氧化损伤。藤茶黄酮提升抗氧化能力的作用机制可能与其所含黄酮类化合物调控核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)信号通路相关基因表达有关,从而增强抗氧化酶活性、减少MDA生成、清除超氧自由基并抑制过氧化物形成,最终增强机体抗氧化能力[28-31]。

3.3 藤茶黄酮对肉兔免疫功能的影响

免疫球蛋白是机体维持正常免疫功能和生理状态的重要效应分子,其中IgA、IgG和IgM为最常用的评价指标[32-33]。C4不仅参与先天性免疫应答,亦可调节适应性免疫过程,其含量高低可反映机体免疫系统活化状态[34]。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加二氢杨梅素可显著提高海兰白蛋雏鸡血清中IgG及C3、C4含量[35];饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮亦可显著提高肉兔血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量[36]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加藤茶黄酮显著提高了肉兔血清IgM与C4含量,提示其具有正向免疫调节作用,这可能与藤茶黄酮抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路活性[37],促进免疫球蛋白分泌有关。

4 结论

在肉兔饲粮中添加藤茶黄酮能增强肠道消化酶活性,改善养分表观消化率,提升机体抗氧化能力和免疫力,从而提高其生长性能。在本试验条件下,肉兔饲粮中藤茶黄酮的适宜添加量为500 g/t。

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