1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 纳米包被系统的构建及其对PB58的毒性
1.3 包被PB58对不良生长环境的耐受性
1.4 动物试验
1.4.1 试验设计
1.4.2 生长性能测定
平均日增重=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;
平均日采食量=总耗料量/试验天数。
1.4.3 血清免疫因子含量测定
1.4.4 结肠长度、脏器指数测定及肝脏、肾脏、回肠组织形态结构观察
脏器指数=(脏器重量/小鼠体重)×100。
1.4.5 肠道菌群分析
1.4.6 肠道代谢组学分析
1.5 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 纳米包被系统的构建及其毒性
表1 单宁酸溶液浓度对纳米颗粒粒径的影响Table 1 Effects of TA solution concentration on particle size of nanoparticlesnm |
| 项目 Item | 单宁酸溶液浓度 TA solution concentration/(mg/mL) | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | ||
| 粒度 Particle size | 868.00±48.00c | 614.00±34.04b | 578.00±26.00b | 507.67±23.03a | 604.67±23.46b | <0.001 |
表2 阿魏酸溶液浓度对纳米颗粒Zeta电位的影响Table 2 Effects of FA solution concentration on Zeta potential of nanoparticlesmV |
| 项目 Item | 阿魏酸溶液浓度 FA solution concentration/(mg/mL) | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | ||
| Zeta电位 Zeta potential | -11.87±0.40a | -14.80±0.70b | -16.47±0.85c | -18.37±0.75d | -17.17±0.55cd | <0.001 |
表3 铁-单宁酸-阿魏酸包被系统对PB58存活率的影响Table 3 Effects of Fe-TA-FA coating system on survival rate of PB58% |
| 项目 Item | 未包被PB58组 Uncoated PB58 group | PB58-阿魏酸组 PB58-FA group | PB58-铁-单宁酸组 PB58-Fe-TA group | PB58-铁-单宁酸- 阿魏酸组 PB58-Fe-TA-FA group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 存活率 Survival rate | 100.00±2.89b | 96.14±0.99b | 88.33±0.75a | 95.15±0.95b | <0.001 |
2.2 包被系统对PB58环境耐受性的影响
表4 包被系统对PB58环境耐受性的影响Table 4 Effects of coating system on environmental tolerance of PB58% |
| 项目 Items | 未包被组存活率 Survival rate of uncoated group | 包被组存活率 Survival rate of coated group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 酸性 Acidity | |||
| pH 3 | 54.08±0.73 | 57.57±0.07 | 0.001 |
| pH 4 | 58.52±0.88 | 64.16±0.04 | <0.001 |
| pH 5 | 88.74±0.61 | 92.32±0.63 | 0.002 |
| 胆盐浓度 Bile salt concentration/% | |||
| 0.2 | 88.43±1.13 | 93.79±0.55 | 0.002 |
| 0.4 | 86.41±0.62 | 91.93±0.52 | <0.001 |
| 0.6 | 80.12±0.97 | 89.49±0.95 | <0.001 |
| 温度 Temperature/℃ | |||
| 20 | 87.27±0.60 | 88.87±0.95 | 0.069 |
| 40 | 79.10±0.40 | 82.70±0.30 | <0.001 |
| 60 | 51.60±1.05 | 65.37±1.15 | <0.001 |
| 模拟体内 In vivo simulation | |||
| 人工模拟肠液 ASIF | 67.70±1.02 | 79.79±1.10 | <0.001 |
| 人工模拟胃液 ASGF | 49.16±0.71 | 59.95±1.01 | <0.001 |
| 32 μg/mL氨苄西林 32 μg/mL Amp | 11.89±0.43 | 46.04±0.47 | <0.001 |
2.3 包被PB58对小鼠生长性能及肠道健康的影响
2.3.1 包被PB58对小鼠生长性能的影响
表5 包被PB58对小鼠生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of coated PB58 on growth performance of mice |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 CON group | 包被组 Coated group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 21.73±0.20 | 21.47±0.15 | 0.139 |
| 终末体重 FBW/g | 23.00±0.30 | 23.40±0.10 | 0.094 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 0.05±0.02 | 0.08±0.01 | 0.011 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 4.18±0.08 | 4.58±0.20 | 0.001 |
2.3.2 包被PB58对小鼠血清免疫因子含量的影响
表6 包被PB58对小鼠血清免疫因子含量的影响Table 6 Effects of coated PB58 on serum immune factor contents of miceng/L |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 CON group | 包被组 Coated group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 42.67±11.34 | 26.65±13.74 | 0.052 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 992.12±117.16 | 760.86±137.38 | 0.011 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 221.74±23.55 | 258.47±25.07 | 0.026 |
| 白细胞介素-22 IL-22 | 145.69±28.57 | 185.64±22.30 | 0.022 |
2.3.3 包被PB58对小鼠脏器指数、结肠长度及回肠、肝脏和肾脏组织形态的影响
表7 包被PB58对小鼠脏器指数和结肠长度的影响Table 7 Effects of coated PB58 on organ indexes and colon length of mice |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 CON group | 包被组Coated group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肾脏指数 Kidney index/% | 1.61±0.08 | 1.61±0.10 | 0.997 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index/% | 4.77±0.32 | 5.30±0.26 | 0.010 |
| 结肠长度 Colon length/cm | 5.33±0.50 | 6.62±0.65 | 0.003 |
2.3.4 包被PB58对小鼠肠道菌群的影响
表8 包被PB58对小鼠肠道菌群α多样性的影响Table 8 Effects of coated PB58 on intestinal microbiota α diversity of mice |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 CON group | 包被组 Coated group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ace指数 Ace index | 402.58±67.02 | 495.11±20.98 | 0.039 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 401.33±67.82 | 494.53±26.27 | 0.043 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 6.07±0.34 | 6.57±0.12 | 0.033 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.96±0.01 | 0.97±0.01 | 0.172 |
图5 小鼠肠道菌群门水平物种组成Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Deinecoccota:奇异球菌;Entotheonellaeota:覆壁菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Gemmatimonadota:芽单胞菌门;Latescibacterota:迟杆菌门;Methylomirabilota:甲基奇迹菌门;Myxococcota:黏球菌门;Nitrospirota:硝化螺旋菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Deferribacterota:脱铁杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Desulfobactereta:脱硫杆菌门;Campylobacterota:弯曲杆菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门。 Fig.5 Intestinal microbiota composition at phylum level in mice |
图6 小鼠肠道菌群属水平物种组成Others:其他;Butyricicoccus:丁酸球菌属;Anaeroplasma:厌氧支原体属;Anaerotruncus:厌氧截形菌属;Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Roseburia:罗斯氏菌属;Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006:毛螺菌科UCG-006;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Monoglobus:单球菌属;Oscillibacter:颤杆菌属;Ruminococcaceae_unclassified:未分类的瘤胃球菌科;Colidextribacter:共栖杆菌属;Alloprevotella:拟普雷沃氏菌属;Enterorhabdus:肠杆状菌属;Candidatus_Saccharimonas:候选糖单胞菌属;Rikenella:理研菌属;Desulfovibrionaceae_unclassified:未分类的脱硫弧菌科;Ligilactobacillus:联合乳杆菌属;Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group:嗜木聚糖真杆菌群;Rikenellaceae_uncladsified:理研菌科未分类属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Clostridia_UCG-014:梭菌纲UCG-014;Helicobacter:螺杆菌属;Oscillospiraceae_unclassified:未分类的颤螺旋菌科;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群;Lachnospiraceae_unclassified:未分类的毛螺菌科;Muribaculaceae:鼠杆菌科。 Fig.6 Intestinal microbiota composition at genus level in mice |
图7 小鼠肠道菌群的物种差异分析p_、c_、o_、f_、g_和s_是物种分类学注释的标准化前缀,代表的分类学水平分别为门、纲、目、科、属和种。图10同。p_, c_, o_, f_, g_and s_are standardized prefixes for taxonomic annotation, representing the taxonomic levels of phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, respectively. The same as Fig.10. Enterococcaceae:肠球菌科;Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Enterococcus_unclassified:未分类的肠球菌属;Erysipelotrichales:丹毒丝菌目;Parvibacter:小杆菌属;Parvibacter_unclassified:未分类的小杆菌属;Staphylococcales:葡萄球菌目;Staphylococcaceae:葡萄球菌科;Staphylococcus:葡萄球菌属;Staphylococcus_unclasified:未分类的葡萄球菌属;Clostridiales_bacterium:梭菌目细菌;metagenome:代表未分类细菌;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Erysipelotrichaceae_uncssified:未分类的丹毒丝菌科;Acetatifactor:产醋菌属;Acetatifactor_unclassified:未分类的产醋菌属;Mucispirillum_unclassified:未分类的黏螺菌属;Mucispirillum_sp.:黏螺菌属;Deferribacterota:脱铁杆菌门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌纲;Deferribacterales:脱铁杆菌目;Deferribacteraceae:脱铁杆菌科;Mucispirillum:黏螺菌属;Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group:产粪甾醇真杆菌群;Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group_unclassified:未分类的产粪甾醇真杆菌群;Ruminococcaceae_unclassified:未分类的瘤胃球菌科。 Fig.7 Analysis of species differences in intestinal microbiota of mice |
2.3.5 包被PB58对小鼠肠道代谢物的影响
图9 包被PB58对小鼠肠道代谢物的影响A:火山图(红色圆圈代表显著上调,蓝色圆圈代表显著下调) Volcano map (red circles represent significant upregulation, and blue circles represent significant downregulation);B:差异代谢物KEGG代谢通路图 KEGG metabolic pathway map of differential metabolites。 L-Valine:L-缬氨酸;Cinncassiol D4 2-glucoside:肉桂醇D4 2-葡萄糖苷;ST 21_2;O3:17α,20α-二羟基孕酮;cis-4-Carboxymethylene-but-2-en-4-olid:顺-4-羧基亚甲基-2-丁烯-4-醇;Hulupon:希鲁酮;Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis:泛酸和辅酶A的生物合成;Sulfur metabolism:硫代谢;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢;cGMP-PKG signaling pathway:cGMP-PKG信号通路;Alcoholism:酒精中毒。 Fig.9 Effects of coated PB58 on intestinal metabolites in mice |
2.3.6 小鼠肠道差异菌群与差异代谢物的相关性分析
图10 小鼠肠道差异菌群与差异代谢物的相关性热图“*”表示显著相关(P<0.05),红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关。“*” indicates a significant correlation (P<0.05), red represents a positive correlation, and blue represents a negative correlation. Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Parvibacter:小杆菌属;Staphylococcus:葡萄球菌属;RF39:厚壁菌门RF39属;Ruminococcaceae_unclassified:未分类的瘤胃球菌科;Acetatifactor:产醋菌属;Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group:产粪甾醇真杆菌群;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群;Mucispirillum:黏螺菌属;Glycylvaline:甘氨酰缬氨酸;Neoabietadiene:新枞二烯;Glutaminylproline:谷氨酰胺酰脯氨酸;Hydroxyprolylhydroxyproline:羟基脯氨酰羟基脯氨酸;Phthalate 3,4-cis-dihydrodiol:邻苯二甲酸3,4-顺式-二氢二醇;Furfuryl octanoate:糠基辛酸酯;(S)-2-Piperazinecarboxylate:(S)-2-哌嗪羧酸盐;3-Carbamoyl-2-phenylpropionic acid:3-氨基甲酰基-2-苯基丙酸;3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid:3-羟基异戊酸;ST 21_2;O3:17α,20α-二羟基孕酮;PC(14_020_1(11Z)):磷脂酰胆碱(14∶0/18∶2 (11Z));D-Pinitol:D-松醇;Ginsenoyne Ⅰ:人参炔醇Ⅰ;Isovaline:异缬氨酸;3-Bromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid:3-溴-4-羟基苯甲酸;(S)-Norfenfluramine:(S)-去甲氟苯丙胺;L-cysteine:L-半胱氨酸;Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone:四氢脱氧皮质酮;Linamarin:亚麻苦苷;6-Aminopenicillanic acid:6-氨基青霉烷酸;4-Methylumbelliferone:4-甲基伞形酮;4-Hydroxyphenylacetylglutamic acid:4-羟基苯乙酰谷氨酸;1,3,6,8-Naphthalenetetrol:1,3,6,8-萘四酚;(S,S)-Nt-Histidinylalanine:(S,S)-Nt-组氨酰丙氨酸;Hulupon:希鲁酮;Arginylglutamine:精氨酰谷氨酰胺;3-Oxoadipate enol-lactone:3-氧代己二酸烯醇内酯;Cinncassiol D4 2-glucoside:肉桂醇D4 2-葡萄糖苷;L-valine:L-缬氨酸;cis-4-Carboxymethylene-but-2-en-4-olid:顺-4-羧基亚甲基-2-丁烯-4-醇。 Fig.10 Correlation heatmap between intestinal differential microbiota and differential metabolites of mice |
