1 雨生红球藻的营养特性
1.1 虾青素
图1 雨生红球藻中虾青素合成途径β-Carotene:β-胡萝卜素;Astaxanthin:虾青素;Echinenone:海胆酮;Canthaxanthin:角黄素;Adonirubin:金盏花红素;Adonixanthin:金盏花黄质;Zeaxanthin:玉米黄素;β-Cryptoxanthin:β-角黄素;BKT:β-胡萝卜素酮化酶 β-carotene ketolase;CrtR-b:β-胡萝卜素羟化酶 β-carotene hydroxylase。 Fig.1 Astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in Haematococcus pluvialis |
1.2 蛋白质
表1 雨生红球藻绿色和红色培养阶段生物质的典型成分Table 1 Typical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis biomass in green and red cultivation stages[1] % |
| 项目 Items | 绿色阶段 Green stage | 红色阶段 Red stage |
|---|---|---|
| 主要化学组分(干重基础) Major chemical components (dry weight basis) | ||
| 蛋白质 Proteins | 29~45 | 17~25 |
| 脂质 Lipids | 20~25 | 32~37 |
| 碳水化合物 Carbohydrates | 15~17 | 36~40 |
| 类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids | 0.5 | 2.0~5.0 |
| 叶绿素 Chlorophylls | 1.5~2.0 | — |
| 脂质组成 Lipid composition | ||
| 中性脂质 Neutral lipids | 59.0 | 51.9~53.5 |
| 磷脂 Phospholipids | 23.7 | 20.6~21.1 |
| 糖脂 Glycolipids | 11.5 | 25.7~26.5 |
| 类胡萝卜素组成 Carotenoid composition | ||
| 新黄质 Neoxanthin | 8.3 | — |
| 紫黄质 Violaxanthin | 12.5 | — |
| β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene | 16.7 | 1.0 |
| 叶黄素 Lutein | 56.3 | 0.5 |
| 玉米黄质 Zeaxanthin | 6.3 | — |
| 虾青素(含酯类) Astaxanthin (including esters) | — | 81.2 |
| 金盏花黄质 Adonixanthin | — | 0.4 |
| 金盏花红素 Adonirubin | — | 0.6 |
| 角黄素 Canthaxanthin | — | 5.1 |
| 海胆酮 Echinenone | — | 0.2 |
1.3 脂质
表2 2种不同红球藻菌株的脂肪酸组成对比Table 2 Comparison of fatty acid composition of two different Haematococcus strains % |
| 项目 Items | 红球藻 KORDI03 Haematococcus sp. KORDI03[18] | 雨生红球藻 Haematococcus pluvialis[26] |
|---|---|---|
| C12∶0 | — | 0.1 |
| C14∶0 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| C15∶0 | 0.1 | — |
| C16∶0 | 13.7 | 29.0 |
| C16∶1 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| C16∶2 | 0.4 | — |
| C16∶3 | 3.5 | — |
| C16∶4 | 3.3 | — |
| C17∶0 | — | 0.2 |
| C17∶1 | — | 1.3 |
| C18∶0 | 0.7 | 2.1 |
| C18∶1 | 4.9 | 25.9 |
| C18∶2 | 24.9 | 20.8 |
| C18∶3 | 39.7 | 12.8 |
| C18∶4 | 5.8 | 1.4 |
| C20∶0 | — | 0.6 |
| C20∶1 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| C20∶2 | — | 1.2 |
| C20∶3 | — | 0.5 |
| C20∶4 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
| C20∶5 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| C22∶0 | — | 0.4 |
| C24∶0 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| C24∶1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| 总饱和脂肪酸 ΣSFA | 14.9 | 33.2 |
| 总单不饱和脂肪酸 ΣMUFA | 6.0 | 28.1 |
| 总多不饱和脂肪酸 ΣPUFA | 79.1 | 38.7 |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
