REVIEW

Characteristics of Haematococcus pluvialis and Its Application in Pig Production

  • WANG Yihao , 1 ,
  • LI Zhen 1 ,
  • WU Shusong , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-11-21

  Online published: 2026-06-13

Abstract

Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) is rich in natural astaxanthin, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other nutrients, possessing biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can improve the growth performance, meat quality and immune function of swine without toxic or side effects. Therefore, H. pluvialis as a feed additive shows great potential in pig production to enhance the health of swine. This paper summarizes the nutritional characteristics and biological activities of H. pluvialis and reviews its application in pig production, aiming to deepen the understanding of its biological activities and provide a strong reference for its efficient application in pig production.

Cite this article

WANG Yihao , LI Zhen , WU Shusong . Characteristics of Haematococcus pluvialis and Its Application in Pig Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(6) : 4005 -4013 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.319

雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)是一种淡水单细胞绿藻,在分类学上属于绿藻纲、团藻目、红球藻科[1],富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、类胡萝卜素等营养物质[2]。在高光、缺氮、高盐等胁迫条件下,雨生红球藻会从富含叶绿素和蛋白质的游动状态转变为不动状态,产生大量类胡萝卜素等次生代谢产物;其中,虾青素及其衍生物占总类胡萝卜素的80%以上[3],因此雨生红球藻被视为天然虾青素的理想来源。虾青素由2个β-紫罗兰酮环系统组成,通过聚烯链连接[4],可结合生物膜减少自由基生成,其抗氧化性能是维生素E的38~500倍,被誉为“超级抗氧化剂”[5-6]。天然虾青素的化学结构(3S,3'S立体异构体)较化工合成虾青素更贴近生物体的生理功能,从而有效提高了其生物利用度[7]。雨生红球藻因富含虾青素而呈现出较强的抗氧化、抗炎等功能[8]。研究表明,在母猪妊娠期和泌乳期饲粮中添加40、80和120 mg/kg的雨生红球藻粉,可显著降低血清氧化应激水平,并通过母乳形式缓解哺乳仔猪的氧化应激[9]。此外,在解冻培养基中添加含0.5 μmol/L虾青素的雨生红球藻,能够缓解氧化应激,减少公猪精子凋亡,对公猪精子的冷冻保存具有积极影响[10]。本文结合国内外研究现状,综述了雨生红球藻的营养特性、生物活性及其在猪生产中的应用情况,以期为雨生红球藻在猪生产中的合理利用提供参考。

1 雨生红球藻的营养特性

1.1 虾青素

雨生红球藻是自然界中天然虾青素含量最高的生物体,其虾青素含量可达干重的5%[11],占总类胡萝卜素含量的80%~99%[2],远高于甲壳动物(0.15%)和酵母(0.40%)[12]。虾青素又称虾红素,分子式为C40H52O4,是一种脂溶性类胡萝卜素。雨生红球藻中主要合成左旋型(3S,3'S)虾青素[13],与其他结构[右旋型(3R,3'R)和消旋型(3R,3'S)]相比,该构型具有最强的抗氧化性[14],易于被生物体吸收且安全性高。此外,虾青素独特的化学结构还可使其透过血脑屏障发挥作用[15]。雨生红球藻中合成虾青素的路径可分为2个阶段:1)β-胡萝卜素合成;2)经酮基化和羟基化形成虾青素(图1)。在藻细胞中,虾青素由丙酮酸和甘油-3-磷酸从头开始合成,先通过甲基赤四醇4-磷酸途径(MEP)途径形成关键前体物质异戊烯焦磷酸,再经过一系列酶促反应生成番茄红素。番茄红素环化酶进一步催化番茄红素形成α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素。最后,β-胡萝卜素通过相关酶的作用生成虾青素[1]。虾青素可通过中和单线态氧、清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化等多种机制发挥抗氧化作用[16-17],因此被广泛用于保健品辅料和添加剂。
图1 雨生红球藻中虾青素合成途径

β-Carotene:β-胡萝卜素;Astaxanthin:虾青素;Echinenone:海胆酮;Canthaxanthin:角黄素;Adonirubin:金盏花红素;Adonixanthin:金盏花黄质;Zeaxanthin:玉米黄素;β-Cryptoxanthin:β-角黄素;BKT:β-胡萝卜素酮化酶 β-carotene ketolase;CrtR-b:β-胡萝卜素羟化酶 β-carotene hydroxylase。

Fig.1 Astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in Haematococcus pluvialis

1.2 蛋白质

雨生红球藻细胞组成在其绿色和红色培养阶段存在较大差异(表1)。在绿色阶段,大多数雨生红球藻蛋白质含量为29%~45%;而在红色阶段,蛋白质含量仅为17%~25%[1,18]。此差异主要归因于培养条件的不同,特别是培养基组成的变化,可能导致细胞形态和组成产生显著差异。雨生红球藻中氨基酸种类多样,必需氨基酸约占总量的40%[19]。此外,雨生红球藻具有较为理想的氨基酸模式,即各种必需氨基酸之间具有最佳比例关系,将其与缺乏苏氨酸、亮氨酸及苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸的原料合理配比,可有效提高蛋白质的生物效价。因此,雨生红球藻在作为绿色新型蛋白质饲料上存在巨大潜力[20]。藻中蛋白质的提取率由提取方法决定,提取率由低到高依次为超声波法(71.51%)、反复冻融法(72.03%)[21]、高压匀浆法(73%)[22]
表1 雨生红球藻绿色和红色培养阶段生物质的典型成分

Table 1 Typical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis biomass in green and red cultivation stages[1] %

项目
Items
绿色阶段
Green stage
红色阶段
Red stage
主要化学组分(干重基础)
Major chemical components (dry weight basis)
蛋白质 Proteins 29~45 17~25
脂质 Lipids 20~25 32~37
碳水化合物 Carbohydrates 15~17 36~40
类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids 0.5 2.0~5.0
叶绿素 Chlorophylls 1.5~2.0
脂质组成 Lipid composition
中性脂质 Neutral lipids 59.0 51.9~53.5
磷脂 Phospholipids 23.7 20.6~21.1
糖脂 Glycolipids 11.5 25.7~26.5
类胡萝卜素组成 Carotenoid composition
新黄质 Neoxanthin 8.3
紫黄质 Violaxanthin 12.5
β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene 16.7 1.0
叶黄素 Lutein 56.3 0.5
玉米黄质 Zeaxanthin 6.3
虾青素(含酯类)
Astaxanthin (including esters)
81.2
金盏花黄质 Adonixanthin 0.4
金盏花红素 Adonirubin 0.6
角黄素 Canthaxanthin 5.1
海胆酮 Echinenone 0.2

—表示未检出。表2同。

— indicated not detected. The same as Table 2.

1.3 脂质

雨生红球藻在不同阶段的脂质含量存在差异。在绿色阶段,其脂质含量为20%~25%,其中中性脂质占59.0%,磷脂占23.7%,糖脂占11.5%。进入红色阶段后,脂质含量上升至32%~37%,其组成分别为:中性脂质51.9%~53.5%,磷脂20.6%~21.1%,糖脂25.7%~26.5%[1]。脂肪酸组成具有藻种特异性(表2),并受培养条件和生长模式的影响。Zhang等[23]研究发现,在弱光条件下通过混合营养培养,雨生红球藻中脂质含量增加了36.8%。季晓敏等[24]在雨生红球藻中共鉴定出23种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸占28.47%,不饱和脂肪酸占71.53%;不饱和脂肪酸以油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和亚麻酸(C18∶3)为主,占总脂肪酸含量的61.73%。此外,不同提取方法所得脂肪酸含量存在明显差异,其中超临界萃取法可获得优质脂肪酸,而微波萃取法则更为快速、方便[25]
表2 2种不同红球藻菌株的脂肪酸组成对比

Table 2 Comparison of fatty acid composition of two different Haematococcus strains %

项目
Items
红球藻
KORDI03
Haematococcus
sp. KORDI03[18]
雨生红球藻
Haematococcus
pluvialis[26]
C12∶0 0.1
C14∶0 0.1 0.5
C15∶0 0.1
C16∶0 13.7 29.0
C16∶1 0.5 0.6
C16∶2 0.4
C16∶3 3.5
C16∶4 3.3
C17∶0 0.2
C17∶1 1.3
C18∶0 0.7 2.1
C18∶1 4.9 25.9
C18∶2 24.9 20.8
C18∶3 39.7 12.8
C18∶4 5.8 1.4
C20∶0 0.6
C20∶1 0.5 0.3
C20∶2 1.2
C20∶3 0.5
C20∶4 0.9 1.4
C20∶5 0.6 0.6
C22∶0 0.4
C24∶0 0.3 0.2
C24∶1 0.1 0.1
总饱和脂肪酸 ΣSFA 14.9 33.2
总单不饱和脂肪酸 ΣMUFA 6.0 28.1
总多不饱和脂肪酸 ΣPUFA 79.1 38.7
合计 Total 100.0 100.0

1.4 碳水化合物

在强光和营养物质缺乏(如氮饥饿)等胁迫条件下,雨生红球藻转入红色生长阶段,这有助于增加藻细胞内的碳水化合物积累[27]。研究表明,在氮胁迫条件下,雨生红球藻中碳水化合物含量从干重的37%增加到63%,后降低至41%,最后保持恒定[28]。Recht等[29]研究发现,将处于绿色阶段的雨生红球藻转移至氮缺乏的培养基中,其总碳水化合物含量由40%陡增至74%,随后降低至54%并保持恒定。雨生红球藻在红色阶段积累的碳水化合物约为绿色阶段的2倍,这可能与胁迫条件下形成致密的细胞壁(其中碳水化合物占53%~70%)密切相关[30]

2 雨生红球藻的生物活性

雨生红球藻中富含虾青素,使其具有抗氧化、抗炎等生物活性,已成为众多健康产品中的有效成分[31-32]

2.1 抗氧化性

雨生红球藻可有效提高机体的抗氧化水平,其富含的虾青素能通过淬灭单线态氧、清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化及调控氧化应激相关基因表达的协同作用,抵御氧化损伤[33]。与合成虾青素相比,天然虾青素酯化程度更高(高达95%),可有效保护组织免受氧化应激损伤[34]。虾青素的抗氧化能力主要源于其与细胞膜脂质的相互作用[35],它可与膜融合降低脂质过氧化物水平,进而保护细胞稳态[36]。值得注意的是,虾青素淬灭单线态氧的能力比维生素E强550倍,抗氧化活性比β胡萝卜素强100倍[37]。Zhang等[38]研究了饲粮中添加雨生红球藻对D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠的影响,结果发现,雨生红球藻可通过肠-肝轴机制保护小鼠肝脏组织,并缓解肝脏氧化应激和慢性炎症。在四氯化碳诱导的大鼠毒性研究中,雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素可以提高抗氧化相关酶活性,维持肝脏功能的正常运转[39]。此外,在小鼠结肠癌病变前的抑制研究中发现,添加雨生红球藻可显著降低8-羟基脱氧鸟苷和活性氧代谢物衍生物等氧化应激标志物的水平,上调结肠黏膜中抗氧化酶mRNA的表达,从而减轻氧化应激,有效缓解结肠癌病变[40]。另有研究表明,在杜洛克公猪饲粮中添加0.1或0.5 g/kg雨生红球藻粉,可通过调控精子中抗氧化酶相关基因的表达,提高精子抗氧化能力,进而改善公猪精液品质[41]。综上所述,雨生红球藻能有效增强机体抗氧化性能,缓解氧化应激损伤,这为其在动物营养领域的应用提供了理论依据,但其在动物生产中的具体作用效果仍需进一步验证。

2.2 抗炎性

炎症是机体通过细胞和分子途径恢复组织稳态、减轻细胞损伤或感染的主要反应[42],但过度的炎症反应会加重组织损伤,破坏器官功能并诱发慢性炎症。慢性炎症是许多疾病的主要病理和生理因素,如神经退行性疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、炎症性肠病、动脉粥样硬化和类风湿性关节炎等[42-43]。虾青素可通过调节多种信号通路,限制炎症介质相关因子的转录和产生,进而减少炎症发生。Radzun等[44]在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的研究中发现,雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素和棕榈生育三烯酚富集组分可通过抑制一氧化氮的产生,降低促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-12的mRNA表达水平,从而减少炎症介质的产生,最终缓解脂多糖诱导的细胞炎症。Zhang等[38]研究表明,给衰老小鼠灌胃1 g/(kg·d)雨生红球藻,可通过肠-肝轴显著降低肝脏丙二醛(MDA)、白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平,显著提高超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,减轻D-半乳糖诱导的肝脏损伤和炎症反应[38]。Kochi等[40]的研究结果与上述研究相似,雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素可降低C57/BL/KsJ-db/db小鼠白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6、趋化因子2和人生长调节致癌基因β的mRNA表达水平,从而减轻炎症并缓解小鼠结肠癌。综上所述,雨生红球藻可通过减少炎症介质的产生,同时增强机体抗氧化相关酶的表达,最终有效缓解机体炎症。然而,当前研究多集中于小鼠模型,其在动物生产中的具体作用仍需进一步探究。

2.3 其他作用

除抗氧化、抗炎作用外,雨生红球藻在治疗糖尿病和改善皮肤质量上也具有一定功效。Arunkumar等[45]以非遗传性胰岛素抵抗动物为模型,探究雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素对胰岛素敏感性的影响及机制,首次证实长期补充该虾青素可通过激活受体后胰岛素信号传导,并减少肥胖小鼠的氧化应激、脂质蓄积和促炎细胞因子的释放,从而提高胰岛素敏感性,缓解胰岛素抵抗。同时,雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素可通过减轻机体氧化应激、炎症反应及脂质过氧化,有效预防视网膜病变、神经病变、肾病、心血管并发症等糖尿病并发症[46]。Zhou等[47]研究表明,口服和/或外用雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,可以通过提高皮肤水分含量和弹性来延缓皮肤衰老,减少面部皱纹和皮脂分泌,改善皮肤屏障完整性。另有研究发现,在日常饮食中添加纯化虾青素,可提升皮肤质量,增加皮肤弹性,减少面部皱纹和色素沉着[48]

3 雨生红球藻在猪生产中的应用

雨生红球藻富含虾青素等生物活性物质,对猪的生产性能、肉品质和免疫功能等具有积极调控作用。

3.1 提高生产性能

母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期的能量需求剧增、代谢负担加重,易遭受氧化应激损伤,进而降低自身繁殖性能,同时影响仔猪生长表现[49]。研究表明,在妊娠后期和泌乳期母猪饲粮中添加8 mg/kg虾青素可提高产活仔猪数,这可能是由于虾青素可促进胎盘血管生成,减缓氧化应激,从而改善母猪的胎盘健康并提升生产性能;而且虾青素可以通过母猪乳汁传递至仔猪,进而减缓仔猪氧化应激,促进肠道发育,提高其日增重[50]。Szczepanik等[51]研究表明,在波兰长白断奶仔猪饲粮中添加雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,可显著提升仔猪机体抗氧化能力,同时对采食量和日增重等生长性能指标表现出积极影响。后续研究进一步证实,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.025 g/kg雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,可显著增加肠上皮细胞数量、肌层肌肉质量及小肠绒毛高度,提高饲料转化率,从而提升断奶仔猪生长性能[52]。此外,Do等[53]发现,在热应激条件下的猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养体系中添加雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,可保护卵母细胞免受热应激损伤,其中添加0.5 mg/L时可显著改善卵母细胞的成熟、受精和发育能力。另有大量研究表明,虾青素对提高公猪精液品质同样具有积极影响。王馨瑶[41]在杜洛克公猪饲粮中添加0.1和0.5 g/kg雨生红球藻粉,发现公猪精液品质得到提升,这可能是由于虾青素通过调控公猪精子中抗氧化酶相关基因、转录因子以及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)信号通路(抗凋亡、促存活通路),提高了精子抗氧化能力,进而改善了精液品质。雨生红球藻可能通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)炎症信号通路以降低机体炎症水平,同时促进核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)核转位及其下游抗氧化基因表达,从而协同减轻机体氧化应激与炎症损伤[41,54-55]。哺乳动物精子在冷冻保存过程中极易受到活性氧(ROS)的影响,而在冷冻填充剂中添加雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,能有效抑制脂质过氧化并调节精子膜的脂肪酸组成,提高解冻后精子质量,且对公猪精子体外受精能力和胚胎发育潜力无不利影响[56]。由此可见,雨生红球藻可有效提高母猪产活仔猪数、仔猪日增重和公猪精液品质等,从而提高猪生产性能。

3.2 改善肉品质

肉色是消费者评判猪肉新鲜度与鲜嫩程度的重要指标,直接影响消费者的购买意愿。氧合肌红蛋白的氧化是导致猪肉肉色变差的主要原因。雨生红球藻因富含虾青素等活性成分,具有改善肉品质和延长猪肉保质期的作用。研究表明,在猪肉中添加0.30或0.45 g/kg雨生红球藻源虾青素提取物,可通过增强冷藏猪肉的抗氧化作用,达到延长保质期及保持肉色的效果[57]。此外,Carr等[58]在猪饲粮中添加66.7 mg/kg雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,发现可显著改善腰肌肉色并延长猪肉保质期。Yang等[59]研究发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加纯化虾青素可降低肉中胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白水平,同时提高屠宰率、减少背脂厚度、增加腰肌面积,改善了屠宰性能与肉品质。Bergstrom等[60]的研究也表明,在育肥猪饲粮中添加5、10或20 mg/kg雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素后,猪只背脂厚度降低,瘦肉率增加,腰肌颜色得到改善。综上所述,适量的雨生红球藻可在一定程度上改善猪肉品质。

3.3 改善免疫功能

机体的免疫状况与抗氧化能力密不可分,雨生红球藻凭借抗氧化与抗炎等生物学特性,可有效改善猪的免疫功能。猪只免疫力的高低直接影响其健康状况和生长速度。断奶仔猪因与母猪分离、运输、处理(早期断奶、剪犬齿和断尾等)、饲粮改变、建立新的等级制度和环境变化等多重因素影响,易产生应激,导致免疫系统受损,进而对其生长发育产生不利影响。Szczepanik等[61]研究了雨生红球藻源虾青素对断奶仔猪肝脏的影响,结果表明,添加虾青素可抑制肝脏胶原纤维过度沉积,并通过调控核受体亚家族1H组成员3(NR1H-3)和细胞色素P450家族7亚家族A成员1(CYP7A1)基因的表达发挥肝脏保护作用,进而增强仔猪机体免疫力。研究表明,在妊娠后期和泌乳期母猪饲粮中添加8 mg/kg虾青素,可提高母猪和仔猪的抗氧化能力,显著改善母猪胎盘血管生成和十二指肠发育状况,并降低母猪和仔猪血清中的ROS和MDA水平,有效改善机体免疫状态[50]。肠道健康与机体免疫密切相关,在波兰长白断奶仔猪饲粮中添加适量雨生红球藻源纯化虾青素,可促进肠道绒毛伸长,提高绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,并增加肠上皮细胞数量,改善断奶仔猪的肠道健康,进而增强其免疫功能[52]

4 小结

雨生红球藻富含虾青素、蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物等营养物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎等生物活性,可显著改善猪生产性能、肉品质及免疫功能,在猪生产中具有良好的应用前景。然而,不同阶段的猪生产中雨生红球藻最适添加量和作用机制尚不明确。因此,有必要进一步开展系统性研究,以推动雨生红球藻饲料添加剂的开发与猪生态健康养殖的发展。
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