Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >
Interaction Mechanisms between Rumen Microorganisms and Host Metabolites in High-Yielding and Low-Yielding Dairy Cows and Nutritional Regulation Strategies
Received date: 2025-11-27
Online published: 2026-06-13
As global demand for dairy products continues to rise, unlocking the lactation potential of dairy cows has become central to animal nutrition research. The interaction between rumen microorganisms and host metabolites, along with the “rumen-blood-mammary gland” axis they mediate, represents a key mechanism regulating milk production efficiency. This review summarizes core differences between high-yielding and low-yielding dairy cows: in high-yielding cows, microbial enrichment of Prevotella and other species in the rumen enhances carbohydrate degradation, increases propionic acid production, decreases the acetic acid/propionic acid, and promotes vitamin B12 synthesis, thereby optimizes energy metabolism and milk precursor supply. Rumen-derived metabolites transported via blood to the mammary gland then activate lactose and milk fat synthesis-related gene expression through signaling pathways such as G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)-protein kinase A (PKA) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The article further summarizes precision nutrition strategies based on multi-omics technologies, including intervention pathways targeting propionic acid production and methane suppression, optimizing nitrogen metabolism cycles, and stabilizing peripartum rumen microbiota, provides theoretical foundations and practical references for nutritionally regulating the “rumen-blood-mammary gland” axis to enhance dairy cow milk production performance.
Key words: milk yield; dairy cows; rumen microorganisms; rumen metabolites; blood metabolome
ZHANG Jing , WANG Dezhi , DONG Xueyan , MA Yanfen . Interaction Mechanisms between Rumen Microorganisms and Host Metabolites in High-Yielding and Low-Yielding Dairy Cows and Nutritional Regulation Strategies[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(6) : 4043 -4050 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.323
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