REVIEW

Improving Nutritional Value of Grains with Long Storage Period and Their Application in Feed

  • XIE Yuesheng , 1, 2 ,
  • HE Beibei 1 ,
  • WANG Weiwei 1 ,
  • WANG Li , 1, *
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  • 1 Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-12-08

  Online published: 2026-06-13

Abstract

China has relatively abundant stored grains (such as rice, wheat and corn), which are highly nutritious and serve as an important source for reducing the use of corn and soybean meal to address the shortage of feed grains. However, long-term storage can lead to a decrease in the nutritional value of stored grains, an increase in fatty acid value, and a decline in antioxidant enzyme activity. Direct feeding may cause problems such as reduced performance, impaired digestive enzyme activity, and weakened antioxidant function in animals, which restricts their high-value utilization. This review systematically expounds the deterioration patterns of the quality of grains with long storage period and their impact on livestock and poultry production, as well as the improvement effects of physical treatment (such as expansion, pulsed electric field, etc.), addition of antioxidants (such as tea polyphenols, vitamin E, etc.), microbial fermentation, and enzyme preparation treatment on their physical and chemical properties, nutrient digestibility, anti-nutritional factors, and antioxidant capacity, in order to provide a reference for enhancing their feed value and safe utilization in livestock and poultry diets.

Cite this article

XIE Yuesheng , HE Beibei , WANG Weiwei , WANG Li . Improving Nutritional Value of Grains with Long Storage Period and Their Application in Feed[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(6) : 4085 -4093 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.327

近年来,随着居民生活水平的提升和养殖业规模的不断扩大,畜牧业对饲料的需求量日益增长。据中国饲料工业协会统计,2024年我国饲料总产量为3.15亿t[1],占全国粮食总产量的50%左右。而国家统计局数据显示,2024年我国稻谷、小麦等主要粮食的结余量分别达到891万和832万t,国库储备粮保持在2.4亿t以上,为储备粮(如稻谷、小麦等)饲料化利用提供了巨大的潜力。但是,随着储存时间延长,储存粮食在理化性质和营养品质上可能存在劣变的风险,如营养价值降低、抗营养因子增加、存在潜在安全风险等[2-3],直接饲喂可能会导致动物出现生产性能下降[4]、肠道健康受损、机体免疫机能下降[5]等问题,严重制约了其高值化利用。不过,这些粮食经过科学合理的加工处理后,可成为玉米、豆粕等原料的理想替代品。

1 储存期较长粮食的品质变化和饲喂效果

1.1 储存期间稻谷品质变化和饲喂效果

稻谷在长期储存过程中,部分营养成分及结构发生显著变化(图1)。首先,储存导致稻谷淀粉分子降解,直链淀粉含量增加,支链淀粉含量降低[6]。研究表明,在30 ℃、相对湿度85%条件下储存7.5个月,稻谷直链淀粉含量可增加2.40%,支链淀粉含量降低8.52%[7]。张玉荣等[8]研究也表明,在35 ℃、相对湿度80%条件下,随着储存时间的延长,粳稻直链淀粉含量持续上升。稻谷储存期间粗蛋白质(CP)含量变化不显著[7-8],但清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量减少,而醇溶蛋白含量相对稳定[7]。脂肪是稻谷储存过程中变化最快的成分。随着储存时间的增加,稻谷中粗脂肪(EE)含量降低[8-9]、脂肪酸值提高[10-11]。储存过程中过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量先上升后下降[12]。而也有研究表明,随着储存时间的延长,MDA含量均呈上升趋势,脂肪氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性均呈下降趋势[9]。此外,出糙率和整精米率长期储存后有明显下降[13]
图1 稻谷储存期间营养品质变化

Fig.1 Changes in nutritional quality during rice storage

He等[14]研究发现,与对照组相比,饲喂储存1年和6年糙米的仔猪十二指肠中脂肪酶、糜蛋白酶、乳糖酶、麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶活性均降低,空肠中乳糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性降低,回肠中乳糖酶活性显著降低,血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著降低,且部分指标储存6年糙米组较储存1年糙米组更低。张晗等[15]研究发现,采用储存4年的稻谷100%替代饲粮中的玉米,会使35日龄新西兰白兔腹泻率和死亡率上升,干物质(DM)、EE、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)等养分表观消化率显著降低。在另一项研究中还发现,新西兰兔十二指肠脂肪酶和空肠胰蛋白酶活性随着储存稻谷替代比例的上升呈线性降低,高比例(50%~100%)替代会导致血清和肝脏抗氧化酶(如过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性显著下降,肝脏MDA和蛋白质羰基含量升高[16]。罗兴媛[17]研究表明,在蛋鸭饲粮中用储存5年的糙米替代30%的原料(玉米+豆粕),蛋鸭采食量、产蛋量和蛋重均显著降低,料蛋比显著提高。

1.2 储存期间玉米品质变化和饲喂效果

脂肪酸值是评价玉米储存程度和饲喂品质的关键指标,根据国标GB/T 20570—2015判定规则,当脂肪酸值>78 mg氢氧化钾(KOH)/100 g时,玉米达到重度不宜存水平。玉米脂肪酸值增加的速度与储存时间、温度和相对湿度呈正相关,在30 ℃、相对湿度70%条件下储存100 d就达到重度不宜存状态[18]。随着储存时间的增加,玉米淀粉含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,醇溶蛋白含量先下降后上升[19]。与正常玉米相比,储存4年玉米的过氧化氢酶活性降低40.33%,MDA含量提高20.41倍,脂肪酸值升高1.94倍[20]。刘世昌等[21]研究发现,在30 ℃下储存6个月的玉米,其色泽、发芽率均发生不同程度下降,脂肪酸值高达84.05 mg KOH/100 g。Zhou等[22]研究发现,储存4年的玉米比储存6个月的玉米含水量降低,脂肪酸值升高到126 mg KOH/100 g,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)含量显著升高,抗氧化酶活性也更低。
在仔猪饲粮中用储存4年的玉米50%或100%替代普通玉米,显著降低仔猪平均日采食量和平均日增重,并降低血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性;此外,100%替代组仔猪血清总抗氧化能力还显著降低[20]。罗斌[23]研究表明,采用储存5年玉米100%替代正常玉米,降低了仔猪血清、空肠黏膜和肝脏抗氧化能力,空肠黏膜中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)以及肝脏中核因子-κB(NF-κB)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)表达量提高,导致空肠和肝脏炎症。刘比一等[24]研究发现,饲喂储存5年的玉米会降低肉鸡抗氧化能力,血清MDA含量显著升高,血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低。也有研究表明,储存期较长玉米会显著影响肉鸡胸肌的滴水损失和pH[25]
储存期较长玉米对蛋鸡蛋品质和生理生化指标也存在一定的影响。研究发现,储存期较长玉米显著降低蛋鸡平均日采食量,显著降低EE表观利用率,且平均蛋重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色均下降[26]。还有研究表明,储存3年玉米蛋鸡的氮校正代谢能(AMEn)均显著低于新鲜玉米[27]。周岭[28]研究发现,储存4年玉米等比例替代正常玉米,显著提高蛋清和蛋黄中蛋白质羰基及蛋清中MDA含量,显著降低蛋黄还原力和蛋清1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)值。Zhou等[29]研究发现,储存4年玉米会导致蛋黄颜色变浅、蛋黄中总多不饱和脂肪酸及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量降低。此外,研究还发现,饲喂储存4年玉米还会降低肝脏低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,下调肝脏趋化因子样受体1(CMKLR1)表达量,并使血清中总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量下降[27]。Ding等[30]研究发现,饲粮中使用储存4年玉米显著提高蛋鸡肝脏MDA含量,降低肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶以及卵巢超氧化物歧化酶活性。

1.3 储存期间小麦品质变化和饲喂效果

相较于其他谷物,小麦的储存稳定性相对较好,但储存期较长依旧导致其品质下降。随着储存时间的增加,小麦的发芽率整体下降[31],容重出现不同程度的降低[31-32],脂肪酸值上升[31-35],MDA含量在储存后期也会升高[33-34]。小麦中α-淀粉酶活性随储存时间增加先上升后下降[31,35],脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、多酚氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性总体呈下降趋势[36-37]。研究发现,随储存时间从3个月延长至12个月,小麦总能(GE)下降2.0%,CP含量下降2.01%;NDF、ADF和淀粉含量分别提高30.26%、19.08%和2.46%,可溶性非淀粉多糖(SNSP)含量相对稳定;DM、EE、粗灰分、钙和磷含量基本稳定[38]。但Anwar等[39]研究发现,储存2.5年的小麦DM含量提高,而ADF含量显著降低,与上述研究结果不一致。
Guo等[38]研究发现,小麦储存时间越长,生长育肥猪采食量、消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME)越低,GE、DM、有机物(OM)、CP、EE和ADF表观消化率均呈线性下降。研究表明,饲粮中使用12.4%~62.0%储存4年小麦对仔鹅体重、平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比均无显著影响;但随着储存小麦比例的提高,仔鹅脾脏指数和胰腺指数呈线性降低,62%储存小麦组63日龄仔鹅对磷和淀粉的表观利用率显著降低[40]。Pirgozliev等[41]研究发现,随着储存期的延长,肉鸡对小麦的表观代谢能(AME)显著降低,且食糜黏度降低。

2 储存期较长粮食营养价值提升技术

2.1 物理处理技术

利用物理处理技术能改善储存较长粮食营养价值,降低有害物质含量,通常使用的预处理技术有膨化技术、脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)技术、高温高压技术和辐照处理技术。此外,现代挤压和制粒技术也能改善饲料的物理性状和营养品质。物理处理技术主要通过热效应、机械剪切力或电场效应,强制改变粮食中老化淀粉的晶体结构和蛋白质的理化性质,从而改变粮食的物理结构,使其更易被动物消化酶接触和分解。
膨化工艺中的强机械力和压力环境能有效改善储存期较长粮食的品质。在这一过程中,粮食不仅发生了淀粉糊化和纤维细胞壁的破裂,还诱导了部分蛋白质变性,增强了脂肪稳定性[42]。脉冲电场通过在短时间内施加高强度电场,使粮食细胞膜瞬时产生电穿孔,导致粮食中蛋白质结构发生变化[43],使其更易被消化吸收。在电场作用下植物蛋白质分子展开,氢键、范德华力和二硫键等暴露,容易受到自由基氧化,最终使得α-螺旋、β-折叠结构减少,β-转角结构增加[44]。另有研究表明,高温高压(121 ℃、0.14 MPa)或不同剂量(10~40 kGy)的钴60(60Co)-γ射线辐照对兔饲料进行灭菌处理,其常规养分含量也出现了变化[45]
余建等[46]研究发现,挤压膨化处理小麦极显著提高了仔猪对其的DE、ME以及GE、DM、OM和NDF表观消化率。小麦、大麦和燕麦等常见谷物在130 ℃下膨化处理后,饲料的过瘤胃蛋白含量由10%~20%升高至25%~35%[47]

2.2 抗氧化处理技术

在储存过程中,粮食尤其是油脂含量高的粮食,脂肪氧化酸败是导致其营养价值降低的重要因素之一。抗氧化剂通过阻断脂质过氧化的链式反应,清除自由基,并在动物体内构建氧化防御屏障,从代谢层面缓解储存期较长粮食对动物机体造成的氧化损伤;维生素E、硒、酚类植物提取物等能够清除自由基,提升免疫功能,减轻畜禽因采食储存期较长粮食产生的氧化应激[48]。此外,添加抗氧化剂还能减少畜禽产品中羰基、巯基的生成,起到保护产品中蛋白质结构和功能的作用[49]
Zhou等[22]在用储存4年玉米配制的蛋鸡饲粮中添加茶多酚发现,茶多酚显著提高鸡蛋蛋白高度、哈氏单位以及蛋黄自由基清除率和鸡蛋游离氨基酸含量,降低蛋黄MDA和蛋白羰基含量,并显著提高蛋鸡血清、卵巢和肝脏抗氧化能力。维生素E可通过提高蛋鸡机体抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达,缓解储存期较长玉米引起的脂质过氧化损伤[30]。罗阳等[50]研究发现,在含有储存期较长粮食的饲粮中添加500 mg/kg新型复合抗氧化剂(乙氧基喹啉、茶多酚、维生素E、白炭黑、沸石粉),可提高1~40日龄肉鸭平均日增重和降低料重比,并通过提高血清、心脏、肾脏和肝脏中抗氧化酶活性,降低脂质过氧化产物含量,增强肉鸭的抗氧化功能。张亚茹等[51]在含有100%储存3年玉米的北京鸭饲粮中分别添加茶多酚、维生素E和二丁基羟基甲苯发现,不同抗氧化剂对肉鸭生长性能及抗氧化功能均有不同程度的改善,其中茶多酚改善效果最好。

2.3 发酵技术

发酵技术能够通过微生物代谢活动显著改善谷物的营养成分,降低抗营养因子和真菌毒素含量,增强生物活性物质的生成,从而提高其功能性和适口性。
张璐瑶等[52]在复合菌固态发酵体系中使用戊糖片球菌、酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌对DON污染小麦进行脱毒,脱毒率可达79.49%;此外,3株菌联合固态发酵可提高毒素污染小麦和玉米CP含量,降低EE含量。王啸林等[53]利用鼠李糖乳杆菌和酸性蛋白酶混合发酵20 d,玉米NDF、ADF、可溶性碳水化合物、醇溶蛋白含量以及pH和脂肪酸值显著降低,淀粉含量显著提高;发酵后DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力及还原能力均显著增强。研究表明,饲喂采用固态发酵储存4年玉米配制的饲粮能够显著提高泌乳奶牛产奶量以及能量校正乳、4%乳脂校正乳、乳蛋白和乳糖产量,且使得血浆中甘油三酯和MDA含量显著降低,血浆中IgG含量显著升高[54]。申楠[55]研究发现,通过添加植物乳杆菌和米根霉发酵储存5年的小麦,可产生大量有机酸,并使得CP和还原糖含量显著提高,粗纤维(CF)含量显著降低;添加10%发酵储存小麦到生长育肥猪饲粮中,还可显著提高其生长性能和胴体重,提升养殖经济效益。

2.4 酶处理技术

酶处理技术基于“酶-底物特异性结合”原理,针对粮食中抗性结构,如植酸、脂肪酸、蛋白酶抑制剂等,定向剪切其化学键,从而消除消化屏障。陈国明等[56]采用糖化酶、淀粉酶和酵母菌对玉米蛋白粉进行发酵酶解发现,发酵后CP含量提高21.80%,总氨基酸和总必需氨基酸含量分别提高22.36%和23.60%。顾杰瑞等[57]采用双酶法(碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶复合酶解)和超声预处理技术,得到溶解度为56.18%的大米多肽溶液。Anwar等[58]分别在含储存1.5年和2.5年小麦饲粮中添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶发现,添加外源酶均能提高肉鸡采食量和日增重,并提高对DM、CP、CF、EE和粗灰分的表观消化率,此外还降低了肠道内容物黏度。薛梅等[59]利用肉鸡胃肠液体外消化模拟试验得出,小麦型饲粮中分别添加β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和植酸酶均可提高小麦型饲粮还原糖生成量和植酸磷降解率,减少饲料残渣量。

3 小结

综上所述,储存期较长粮食存在淀粉结构老化、蛋白质溶解性下降、脂肪氧化酸败、抗氧化酶活性降低等问题,进而导致其养分消化率和能值降低。采用不同的品质提升技术,如物理处理、添加抗氧化剂或酶制剂以及微生物发酵等,可不同程度地解决储存期较长粮食存在的品质劣变、养分消化率下降等问题,达到提升其饲用价值和在畜禽饲粮中安全利用的目的。
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