1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 发酵麦麸的制备
1.3 试验设计与饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON组 CON group | WB组 WB group | FWB组 FWB group | CON组 CON group | WB组 WB group | FWB组 FWB group | ||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||||
| 玉米 Corn | 58.60 | 51.93 | 52.78 | 58.54 | 51.85 | 52.72 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 33.15 | 31.00 | 30.31 | 32.97 | 30.82 | 30.13 | |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 7.00 | 7.00 | |||||
| 发酵麦麸 Fermented wheat bran | 7.00 | 7.00 | |||||
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.00 | |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 3.75 | 5.40 | 5.35 | 3.88 | 5.55 | 5.48 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 1.41 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.16 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.28 | 1.28 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |
| 矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met(98%) | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.08 | |
| 赖氨酸盐酸盐 Lys-HCl(98.5%) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | |||
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | |||||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.75 | 12.74 | 12.75 | 12.77 | 12.77 | 12.77 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 20.87 | 21.16 | 20.19 | 20.24 | 20.31 | 19.98 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 1.02 | 1.03 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.06 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
1)维生素预混料为每千克1~21日龄饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provides the following per kg diets at 1 to 21 days of age:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 42.5 mg,VK3 7.5 mg,VB1 7.25 mg,VB2 16 mg,VB6 7.5 mg,VB12 0.042 5 mg,烟酸 niacin 82.5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 24 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,生物素 biotin 300 mg。维生素预混料为每千克22~42日龄饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provides the following per kg diets at 22 to 42 days of age:VA 14 400 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 51 mg,VK3 9 mg,VB1 8.7 mg,VB2 19.2 mg,VB6 9 mg,VB12 0.051 mg,烟酸 niacin 99 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 28.8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 3 mg,生物素 biotin 360 mg。 |
1.4 检测指标及方法
1.4.1 饲料原料及饲粮常规营养成分
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 盲肠内容物中乳酸和SCFAs含量
1.4.5 下丘脑和盲肠组织中信号调控基因表达
表2 引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 登录号 Accession number | 产物长度 Product length/bp | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G蛋白偶联受体41 GPR41 | F:GAAGGTGGTTTGGGAGTGAA R:CAGAGGATTTGAGGCTGGAG | XM_040693461.2 | 103 | ||||
| G蛋白偶联受体43 GPR43 | F:AACGCCAACCTCAACAACTC R:TGGGAGAAGTCATCGTAGCA | XM_046934039.1 | 149 | ||||
| G蛋白偶联受体109A GPR109A | F:TTTCTGTTTCCACCTCAAGTCC R:GCTGCCCTGTCGGTTCATAG | NM_030701.3 | 190 | ||||
| 组蛋白去乙酰化酶 HDAC | F:GCGGCGGCAAGAAGAAAGTC R:TTAGGAGCAAGTTGTGAGTCATTCG | XM_046913048.1 | 117 | ||||
| p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 p38 | F:GCAGAACAGTGGCGTTATCCTC R:TCGTCATCGTTTCCATTAAAGTCAAAG | XM_015296032.4 | 81 | ||||
| 细胞外信号调节激酶 ERK | F:GGCTGTTTCCCAATGCTGACC R:CTTGCTCCACTTCAATTCGCTTATG | NM_204150.2 | 90 | ||||
| c-Jun氨基末端激酶 JNK | F:TATGGAACTGATGGATGCCAACTTG R:TTGCTGGGTTTCAAATCTCTGTGG | XM_046926861.1 | 147 | ||||
| 核因子-κB NF-κB | F:TGATGATGATGATGAAGGAATCGTACC R:TGCCGCTGCTGCTATGTAGG | NM_001396395.1 | 109 | ||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:GCCCTCCTCCAGCCAGAAAG R:TGTAGCCCTTGATGCCCAGTG | NM_204524.2 | 113 | ||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | F:GAAATCCCTCCTCGCCAATCTG R:CCTCACGGTCTTCTCCATAAACG | NM_204628.2 | 106 | ||||
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | F:CGCTGTCACCGCTTCTTCAC R:TCCCGTTCTCATCCATCTTCTCG | NM_001004414.4 | 88 | ||||
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:CAGCCATGTATGTAGCCATCCAG R:CATCACCAGAGTCCATCACAATACC | NM_205518.2 | 84 |
1.5 数据统计分析及可视化
2 结果与分析
2.1 麦麸发酵前后常规营养成分以及乳酸和SCFAs含量变化
表3 麦麸发酵前后常规营养成分含量变化(风干基础)Table 3 Changes of conventional nutrient contents in wheat bran before and after fermentation (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 干物质 DM/% | 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 粗纤维 CF/% DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 92.32 | 18.60 | 3.71 | 10.35 |
| 发酵麦麸 Fermented wheat bran | 92.56 | 21.40 | 2.86 | 8.15 |
图1 麦麸发酵前后乳酸和SCFAs含量变化*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.000 1,无星号标记则表示P≥0.05。 Fig.1 Changes in lactic acid and SCFAs contents in wheat bran before and after fermentation * means P<0.05, ** means P<0.01, *** means P<0.001, **** means P<0.000 1, and no asterisk means P≥0.05. The same as below. |
2.2 发酵麦麸对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表4 发酵饲料对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of fermented wheat bran on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | WB | FWB | |||
| 体重 BW/g | 1 | 39.16±0.05 | 39.14±0.04 | 39.07±0.05 | 0.680 |
平均日增重 ADG/g | 1~7 | 13.49±0.19 | 13.16±0.23 | 13.28±0.24 | 0.530 |
| 8~21 | 28.42±0.42 | 27.77±0.61 | 28.29±0.94 | 0.660 | |
| 22~42 | 49.86±2.09 | 49.54±3.21 | 49.64±1.63 | 0.995 | |
| 1~42 | 37.24±1.05 | 36.86±1.90 | 36.89±0.63 | 0.970 | |
平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 1~7 | 13.38±0.14 | 12.89±0.17 | 13.04±0.16 | 0.096 |
| 8~21 | 41.09±0.47 | 40.22±0.76 | 40.88±0.51 | 0.601 | |
| 22~42 | 80.16±1.52 | 76.94±1.98 | 77.39±0.92 | 0.312 | |
| 1~42 | 56.20±0.97 | 55.13±1.06 | 55.15±0.92 | 0.431 | |
料重比 F/G | 1~7 | 0.99±0.01 | 0.98±0.01 | 0.98±0.01 | 0.586 |
| 8~21 | 1.45±0.01 | 1.45±0.01 | 1.45±0.05 | 0.771 | |
| 22~42 | 1.61±0.04 | 1.57±0.01 | 1.59±0.02 | 0.809 | |
| 1~42 | 1.53±0.02 | 1.51±0.01 | 1.54±0.01 | 0.744 | |
死亡率 Mortality/% | 1~7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| 8~21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.67 | ||
| 22~42 | 1.67 | 3.33 | 1.69 | ||
| 1~42 | 1.67 | 3.33 | 3.33 | ||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P≥0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P≥0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 发酵麦麸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表5 发酵麦麸对肉鸡血清中肝脏功能指标的影响Table 5 Effects of fermented wheat bran on liver function indices in serum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | WB | FWB | |||||||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | |||||||||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 6.00±0.86 | 5.17±1.08 | 5.50±0.99 | 0.834 | |||||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 137.17±6.72b | 144.67±6.07bc | 162.50±7.12a | 0.045 | |||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 2 785.0±294.1 | 2 047.2±247.6 | 3 037.8±367.2 | 0.111 | |||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 17.67±0.67b | 17.67±0.88b | 22.50±1.54a | 0.009 | |||||
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 9.67±0.21 | 9.00±0.52 | 9.67±0.33 | 0.373 | |||||
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 8.00±0.77b | 8.67±0.42b | 12.83±1.47a | 0.007 | |||||
| 总胆红素 TB/(μmol/L) | 5.50±0.96 | 8.67±1.58 | 6.17±1.82 | 0.316 | |||||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | |||||||||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 7.33±0.67 | 5.67±0.84 | 7.67±0.88 | 0.202 | |||||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 215.67±22.74 | 232.67±22.8 | 325.67±84.38 | 0.304 | |||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 2 780.2±209.9 | 2 508.3±382.9 | 2 586.8±442.4 | 0.860 | |||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 18.33±1.20 | 21.50±0.81 | 21.67±1.23 | 0.084 | |||||
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 9.17±0.54 | 10.67±0.33 | 10.17±0.54 | 0.116 | |||||
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 9.17±0.70 | 10.83±0.6 | 11.50±0.96 | 0.120 | |||||
| 总胆红素 TB/(μmol/L) | 12.00±1.39 | 14.50±0.76 | 12.17±1.17 | 0.252 | |||||
表6 发酵麦麸对肉鸡血清中肾脏功能指标的影响Table 6 Effects of fermented wheat bran on kidney function indices in serum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | WB | FWB | ||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | ||||
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 0.20±0.04b | 0.23±0.03b | 0.68±0.09a | <0.001 |
| 肌酐 CREA/(μmol/L) | 10.67±3.79 | 9.75±1.80 | 11.40±3.66 | 0.952 |
| 尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) | 427.50±43.23 | 451.67±47.02 | 364.00±41.63 | 0.372 |
| 42日龄 42 days of age | ||||
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 0.52±0.07 | 0.23±0.06 | 0.48±0.12 | 0.069 |
| 肌酐 CREA/(μmol/L) | 15.33±2.36 | 16.50±1.50 | 16.40±3.78 | 0.959 |
| 尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) | 396.33±46.17 | 428.33±38.53 | 315.17±54.19 | 0.243 |
表7 发酵麦麸对肉鸡血清中糖和脂质代谢指标的影响Table 7 Effects of fermented wheat bran on glucose and lipid metabolism indices in serum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | WB | FWB | ||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | ||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 2.83±0.15 | 2.74±0.16 | 2.71±0.13 | 0.839 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.80±0.04 | 0.83±0.06 | 0.94±0.07 | 0.232 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 15.90±0.22 | 15.35±0.52 | 16.59±1.58 | 0.622 |
| 42日龄 42 days of age | ||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 2.94±0.19 | 3.01±0.26 | 2.86±0.10 | 0.889 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 1.14±0.23 | 0.64±0.04 | 1.01±0.16 | 0.112 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 14.80±0.25 | 14.32±0.38 | 14.10±0.97 | 0.718 |
2.4 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸和SCFAs含量的影响
图2 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸和SCFAs含量的影响图A~D分别为21日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量;图E~H分别为42日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量。 Fig.2 Effects of fermented wheat bran on lactic acid and SCFAs contents in cecal content of broilers Figures A to D show the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in cecal content of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures E to H show the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in cecal content of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.5 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中短链脂肪酸受体基因和HDAC表达的影响
图3 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中短链脂肪酸受体基因和HDAC表达的影响图A~D分别为21日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中HDAC、GPR41、GPR43和GPR109A的mRNA相对表达量;图E~H分别为42日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中HDAC、GPR41、GPR43和GPR109A的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.3 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor genes and HDAC in cecal tissue of broilers Figures A to D show the mRNA relative expression levels of HDAC, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A in cecal tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures E to H show the mRNA relative expression levels of HDAC, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A in cecal tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.6 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中短链脂肪酸受体基因和HDAC表达的影响
图4 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中短链脂肪酸受体基因和HDAC表达的影响图A~D分别为21日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中HDAC、GPR41、GPR43和GPR109A的mRNA相对表达量;图E~H分别为42日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中HDAC、GPR41、GPR43和GPR109A的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.4 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor genes and HDAC in hypothalamic tissue of broilers Figures A to D show the mRNA relative expression levels of HDAC, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures E to H show the mRNA relative expression levels of HDAC, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.7 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中MAPK信号通路相关基因表达的影响
图5 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中MAPK信号通路相关基因表达的影响图A~C分别为21日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中p38、JNK和ERK的mRNA相对表达量;图D~F分别为42日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中p38、JNK和ERK的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.5 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of MAPK signaling pathway-related genes in cecal tissue of broilers Figures A to C show the mRNA relative expression levels of p38, JNK and ERK in cecal tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures D to F show the mRNA relative expression levels of p38, JNK and ERK in cecal tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.8 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中MAPK信号通路相关基因表达的影响
图6 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中MAPK信号通路相关基因表达的影响图A~C分别为21日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中p38、JNK和ERK的mRNA相对表达量;图D~F分别为42日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中p38、JNK和ERK的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.6 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of MAPK signaling pathway-related genes in hypothalamic tissue of broilers Figures A to C show the mRNA relative expression levels of p38, JNK and ERK in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures D to F show the mRNA relative expression levels of p38, JNK and ERK in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.9 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中炎症相关基因表达的影响
图7 发酵麦麸对肉鸡盲肠组织中炎症相关基因表达的影响图A~D分别为21日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中IL-10、NF-κB、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA相对表达量;图E~H分别为42日龄肉鸡盲肠组织中IL-10、NF-κB、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.7 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of inflammation-related genes in cecal tissue of broilers Figures A to D show the mRNA relative expression levels of IL-10, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 in cecal tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures E to H show the mRNA relative expression levels of IL-10, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 in cecal tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
2.10 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中炎症相关基因表达的影响
图8 发酵麦麸对肉鸡下丘脑组织中炎症相关基因表达的影响图A~D分别为21日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中IL-10、NF-κB、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA相对表达量;图E~H分别为42日龄肉鸡下丘脑组织中IL-10、NF-κB、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA相对表达量。 Fig.8 Effects of fermented wheat bran on expression of inflammation-related genes in hypothalamic tissue of broilers Figures A to D show the mRNA relative expression levels of IL-10, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 21 days of age, respectively; figures E to H show the mRNA relative expression levels of IL-10, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 in hypothalamic tissue of broilers at 42 days of age, respectively. |
