1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计与饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutritional levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | |||||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||||
| 羊草 Chinese wildrye | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | ||||
| 玉米 Corn | 12.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | ||||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 13.00 | 8.25 | 12.50 | ||||
| 膨化尿素 Puffed urea (200%) | 0.85 | 0.50 | |||||
| 甘蔗糖蜜 Cane molasses | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | ||||
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(低脂) Corn DDGS (low fat) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 2.50 | ||||
| 喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn bran | 10.00 | 10.00 | 5.00 | ||||
| 统糠 Rice mill by-product | 3.00 | 5.25 | 7.50 | ||||
| 小麦麸皮 Wheat bran | 4.65 | 5.00 | 3.25 | ||||
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.75 | ||||
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||
| 母羊预混料 Ewe premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 8.07 | 8.07 | 8.10 | ||||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.11 | 12.10 | 14.31 | ||||
| 粗灰分 Ash | 4.58 | 4.66 | 4.86 | ||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 23.48 | 24.18 | 24.40 | ||||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 45.91 | 46.99 | 45.72 | ||||
| 钙 Ca | 1.53 | 1.52 | 1.62 | ||||
| 磷 P | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.68 | ||||
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 血清生化指标
1.4.3 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.4 血浆代谢组分析
1.5 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊生长性能的影响
表2 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of diets with different CP levels on growth performance of ewes in later stage of pregnancy |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | ||
| 初体重 IBW/kg | 69.38±2.55 | 70.44±2.31 | 70.69±1.79 | 0.473 |
| 末体重 FBW/kg | 82.85±2.14 | 81.54±2.42 | 82.21±3.79 | 0.664 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 269.50±57.52 | 222.00±53.76 | 230.50±49.74 | 0.194 |
| 干物质采食量 DMI/(kg/d) | 1.87±0.61 | 1.83±0.71 | 1.78±0.68 | 0.236 |
| 料重比 F/G | 7.27±1.81 | 8.88±3.12 | 8.11±1.99 | 0.413 |
同行数据肩标无字母或者相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。表3、表4同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as Table 3 and Table 4. |
2.2 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊血清生化指标的影响
表3 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of diets with different CP levels on serum biochemical indices of ewes in later stage of pregnancy |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | ||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 12.48±1.20 | 11.58±1.45 | 13.42±1.31 | 0.132 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 103.22±6.17Aa | 82.36±3.93Bb | 83.17±3.42Bb | <0.001 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 171.03±34.36Aa | 94.47±21.72Bb | 109.62±25.45Bb | 0.002 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 59.52±1.65Aa | 56.54±0.48Bb | 57.54±0.31ABb | 0.002 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 5.22±0.24Bb | 5.31±0.15Bb | 6.35±0.21Aa | <0.001 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 19.74±0.83Aa | 15.12±0.61Bb | 19.03±0.46Aa | <0.001 |
| 肌酐 CR/(μmol/L) | 83.49±2.51a | 63.44±8.15b | 70.26±16.59ab | 0.035 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.31±0.02a | 0.30±0.02ab | 0.28±0.01b | 0.024 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 2.34±0.16 | 2.29±0.14 | 2.31±0.12 | 0.975 |
2.3 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊血清抗氧化指标的影响
表4 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of diets with different CP levels on serum antioxidant indices of ewes in later stage of pregnancy |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | ||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 12.77±6.44 | 14.42±4.10 | 12.62±5.49 | 0.847 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 2.15±0.99 | 2.95±1.26 | 2.24±1.66 | 0.595 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 94.68±35.67 | 129.03±4.65 | 115.25±29.02 | 0.165 |
| 过氧化物酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 23.93±13.03 | 34.60±22.22 | 30.48±20.48 | 0.678 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 0.67±0.23 | 0.67±0.03 | 0.65±0.04 | 0.952 |
2.4 不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对妊娠后期母羊血浆代谢组的影响
2.4.1 质量控制(QC)样本的主成分分析(PCA)
2.4.2 PCA
2.4.3 正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)
2.4.4 差异代谢物分析
2.4.5 差异代谢物的京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路分析
图7 A组与B组差异代谢物KEGG富集气泡图Fig.7 KEGG enrichment bubble chart of differential metabolites between groups A and B |
图8 B组与C组差异代谢物KEGG富集气泡图Fig.8 KEGG enrichment bubble chart of differential metabolites between groups B and C |
图9 A组与C组差异代谢物KEGG富集气泡图Fig.9 KEGG enrichment bubble chart of differential metabolites between groups A and C |
表5 甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路差异代谢物(A组 vs B组)Table 5 Differential metabolites of glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathway (group A vs group B) |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | log2(差异倍数) log2(FC) | P值 P-value | 变量投影重要程度 VIP | 调节 Regulated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-氨基酮戊酸 5-aminolevulinic acid | 0.21 | 0.004 | 1.26 | 上调 |
| 肌酸 Creatine | 0.24 | 0.002 | 17.34 | 上调 |
| 肌氨酸 Sarcosine | 0.21 | 0.004 | 3.05 | 上调 |
| 甘氨酸 Glycine | 0.37 | 0.048 | 1.59 | 上调 |
| 胍基乙酸 Guanidoacetic acid | 1.70 | 0.028 | 2.43 | 上调 |
| DL-丝氨酸 DL-serine | -0.75 | 0.013 | 1.77 | 下调 |
表6 不饱和脂肪酸生物合成代谢通路差异代谢物(B组 vs C组)Table 6 Differential metabolites of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids metabolic pathway (group B vs group C) |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | log2(差异倍数) log2(FC) | P值 P-value | 变量投影重要程度 VIP | 调节 Regulated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 芥酸 Cis-13-docosenoic acid | -0.71 | 0.025 | 1.65 | 下调 |
| 花生四烯酸(不含过氧化物) Arachidonic acid (peroxide free) | -0.92 | 0.001 | 8.72 | 下调 |
| 二十烯酸 Eicosenoic acid | -1.07 | 0.007 | 2.41 | 下调 |
| 硬脂酸 Octadecanoic acid | -1.49 | 0.031 | 2.84 | 下调 |
| 油酸 Oleic acid | -1.45 | 0.014 | 31.20 | 下调 |
表7 氨基酸生物合成代谢通路差异代谢物(A组 vs C组)Table 7 Differential metabolites of biosynthesis of amino acid metabolic pathways (group A vs group C) |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | log2(差异倍数) log2(FC) | P值 P-value | 变量投影重要程度 VIP | 调节 Regulated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甘氨酸 Glycine | 1.12 | 0.025 | 4.12 | 上调 |
| 异柠檬酸 Isocitric acid | 0.97 | 0.023 | 13.24 | 上调 |
| L-瓜氨酸 L-citrulline | 0.59 | 0.039 | 2.79 | 上调 |
