1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计及饲粮配制
表1 各组饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for each group (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | |||||||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||||||||
| 膨化玉米 Expanded corn | 44.97 | 44.48 | 44.48 | 44.58 | 40.30 | ||||||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 14.79 | 15.52 | 15.24 | 14.98 | 15.46 | ||||||
| 玉米胚芽饼 Corn germ cake | 13.50 | 13.99 | 13.99 | 13.99 | 13.00 | ||||||
| 干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 8.80 | 9.49 | ||||||
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 1.00 | 5.00 | |||||||||
| 肉骨粉 Meat and bone meal | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | ||||||
| 鸡肉粉 Chicken powder | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | ||||||
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||||
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.40 | ||||||
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | ||||||
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.10 | ||||||
| 沸石粉 Zeolite powder | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.55 | ||||||
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.20 | ||||||
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.90 | ||||||||
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 14.32 | 14.36 | 14.27 | 14.31 | 14.28 | ||||||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 22.27 | 22.18 | 22.27 | 22.37 | 24.16 | ||||||
| 粗脂肪 EE | 6.39 | 6.37 | 6.36 | 6.35 | 6.36 | ||||||
| 粗灰分 Ash | 6.59 | 6.50 | 6.49 | 6.46 | 7.18 | ||||||
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.95 | ||||||
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.37 | ||||||
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.75 | 1.03 | 1.33 | 1.62 | 0.86 | ||||||
| 钙 Ca | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | ||||||
| 磷 P | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.85 | ||||||
1)每千克预混料可提供 Each kilogram of premix provides the following:VA 1 500 000 IU,VB1 300 mg,VB21 250 mg,VB6 500 mg,VB12 3.75 mg,VD3 600 000 IU,VE 3 500 mg,VK3 250 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 2 250 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 5 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 250 mg,生物素biotin 15 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 60 mg,Cu 25 000 mg,Fe 112 500 mg,Zn 78 750 mg,Mn 39 750 mg,I 500 mg,Se 300 mg,Co 100 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 消化代谢试验
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能测定
1.5.2 营养物质表观消化率测定
1.5.3 血清生化指标测定
1.5.4 毛皮品质测定
1.5.5 脏器指数测定
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响
表2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of threonine in low-protein diets on growth performance of Ussuri raccoon dogs during winter fur-growing period |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | ||
| 初重 IBW/kg | 5.95±0.29 | 5.93±.007 | 5.91±0.07 | 5.94±0.07 | 5.97±0.53 | 0.934 |
| 末重 FBW/kg | 8.08±0.55Bb | 8.93±0.08Aa | 8.81±0.08Aa | 8.12±0.08Bb | 8.38±0.48ABab | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 218.07±9.78 | 217.47±2.50 | 219.77±2.50 | 213.04±2.50 | 218.50±12.46 | 0.160 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 33.21±2.78Bb | 46.83±1.44Aa | 45.29±1.44Aa | 34.05±1.44Bb | 37.71±4.70Bb | <0.001 |
| 料重比 F/G | 6.96±1.70Aa | 4.84±0.19Bb | 5.18±0.19Bb | 6.48±0.19Aa | 5.98±1.17ABab | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same row with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响
表3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of threonine in low-protein diets on nutrient apparent digestibility of Ussuri raccoon dogs during winter fur-growing period % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | ||
| 干物质 DM | 68.36±4.44Bb | 78.65±2.98Aa | 78.99±5.31Aa | 73.46±2.72ABab | 69.86±3.23Bb | 0.003 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 69.36±2.78Bb | 86.23±3.42Aa | 88.46±4.21Aa | 72.63±3.12Bb | 69.11±4.01Bb | <0.001 |
| 碳水化合物 CHO | 72.43±9.21 | 74.32±4.64 | 76.13±5.13 | 75.00±4.68 | 72.32±5.77 | 0.077 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 78.32±5.36Bb | 90.42±2.83Aa | 91.36±3.49Aa | 80.14±3.68Bb | 79.88±3.76Bb | <0.001 |
2.3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响
表4 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of threonine in low-protein diets on serum biochemical indexes of Ussuri raccoon dogs during winter fur-growing period |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | ||
| 尿素UREA/(mmol/L) | 3.81±0.35 | 3.76±0.65 | 3.47±0.34 | 3.89±0.47 | 3.87±0.68 | 0.306 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 76.75±5.46 | 76.58±6.21 | 79.39±7.78 | 80.80±10.99 | 78.06±3.90 | 0.447 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 37.97±5.60 | 36.59±2.39 | 37.96±3.97 | 35.43±6.58 | 35.48±4.98 | 0.773 |
| 肌酐 CR/(μmol/L) | 62.62±8.44 | 63.25±8.16 | 65.69±11.34 | 63.47±2.38 | 62.00±7.54 | 0.663 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 57.82±3.29a | 45.61±0.88b | 49.06±5.50ab | 58.09±8.79ab | 56.28±1.79a | 0.047 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 34.84±2.51a | 25.87±1.40b | 30.61±6.21ab | 35.25±9.49ab | 30.06±0.98a | 0.025 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 28.44±3.43 | 26.97±2.79 | 26.60±2.01 | 26.87±4.26 | 27.01±3.58 | 0.737 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 6.72±1.31Aa | 4.75±0.71Bb | 4.73±1.00Bb | 4.15±0.32Bb | 6.96±0.94Aa | 0.001 |
| 胆固醇CHO/(mmol/L) | 4.52±0.69 | 4.49±0.58 | 4.46±0.53 | 4.55±0.71 | 4.23±0.31 | 0.150 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 2.01±0.27BCbc | 2.62±0.12Aa | 2.53±0.43Aa | 2.42±0.37ABab | 1.89±0.12BCbc | 0.003 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.26±0.19 | 1.27±0.13 | 1.30±0.29 | 1.27±0.136 | 1.19±0.25 | 0.420 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.81±0.17ABab | 0.45±0.05Dd | 0.52±0.09CDcd | 0.70±0.24BCbc | 0.79±0.15ABab | 0.008 |
2.4 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质的影响
表5 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of threonine in low-protein diets on fur quality of Ussuri raccoon dogs during winter fur-growing periodcm |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | ||
| 体长 Body length | 63.20±0.45Bb | 67.70±0.53Aa | 67.80±0.69Aa | 65.20±2.80ABab | 62.80±0.36Bb | 0.009 |
| 鲜皮长 Frech pelt length | 97.50±2.55 | 98.00±1.26 | 98.10±1.26 | 97.55±1.86 | 99.20±3.17 | 0.372 |
| 针毛长 Guard hair length | 8.42±0.36 | 8.39±0.21 | 8.43±0.32 | 8.47±0.28 | 8.53±0.32 | 0.548 |
| 绒毛长 Underfur length | 5.44±0.27 | 5.36±0.36 | 5.33±0.33 | 5.45±0.37 | 5.36±0.33 | 0.847 |
2.5 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉脏器指数的影响
表6 低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对冬毛期乌苏里貉脏器指数的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of threonine in low-protein diets on organ indexes of Ussuri raccoon dogs during winter fur-growing periodg/kg |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | C | ||
| 心脏指数 Heart index | 3.61±0.57 | 3.68±0.46 | 3.80±0.66 | 3.63±0.55 | 3.63±0.33 | 0.721 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 36.24±2.46Bb | 43.23±5.03ABab | 38.87±0.97Bb | 50.43±8.66Aa | 39.43±3.42Bb | 0.009 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 1.69±0.60 | 1.76±0.34 | 1.83±0.66 | 1.83±0.82 | 1.77±0.47 | 0.783 |
| 肾脏指数 Kidney index | 4.96±0.41 | 5.05±0.31 | 4.78±0.59 | 4.74±0.54 | 4.81±0.46 | 0.932 |
