1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 60.94 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 20.50 | ||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 13.50 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.20 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.10 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.26 | ||
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 1.40 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.10 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.21 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.15 | ||
| 粗纤维CF | 3.58 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | ||
| 磷P | 0.58 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.96 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.57 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.56 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.18 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: Cu 3.40 mg,Fe 40 mg,Mn 1.44 mg,Zn 55.10 mg,I 0.14 mg,Se 0.17 mg,VA 1 286 IU,VD3 149.5 IU,VE 7 IU,VK3 0.8 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB6 1.5 mg,VB12 10 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 7.11 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 260 mg,生物素 biotin 50 mg。 2)消化能为计算值,其他为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 胴体性状测定及样品采集
1.4 常规营养成分含量测定
1.5 肌苷酸含量测定
1.6 肉品质测定
1.7 氨基酸含量测定
1.8 脂肪酸含量测定
1.9 数据处理和分析
2 结果
2.1 不同月龄金华猪胴体性状的差异
表2 不同月龄金华猪胴体性状的差异Table 2 Differences of carcass traits in Jinhua pigs at different months of age (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 月龄Months of age | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||||||||
| 宰前体重 Pre-slaughter weight/kg | 60.83e | 67.33de | 71.00d | 82.17c | 96.50b | 100.67b | 109.67a | 2.777 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 胴体重(左) Carcass weight (left)/kg | 20.67e | 22.10de | 24.70d | 28.83c | 35.23b | 37.57b | 41.23a | 1.200 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 胴体重(右) Carcass weight (right)/kg | 21.33e | 23.37de | 25.30d | 30.40c | 36.30b | 37.70b | 41.33a | 1.160 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 胴体总重 Carcass total weight/kg | 40.67e | 44.12de | 48.65d | 57.62c | 69.52b | 73.42b | 80.73a | 2.317 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 屠宰率 Slaughter rate/% | 66.89d | 65.50d | 68.50cd | 70.16bc | 71.99ab | 72.94ab | 73.64a | 0.528 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 胴体长 Carcass length/cm | 72.75c | 73.83c | 75.20c | 79.83b | 84.75a | 83.83a | 85.08a | 0.836 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 肩部背膘厚 Shoulder backfat thickness/mm | 36.35c | 42.92bc | 43.18bc | 50.67b | 50.17b | 63.43a | 61.87a | 1.675 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 胸腰椎结合处背膘厚 Backfat thickness at thoracolumbar junction/mm | 20.35c | 21.77bc | 27.70abc | 22.90bc | 24.23bc | 33.23ab | 38.35a | 1.350 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 腰荐结合部背膘厚 Backfat thickness at lumbosacral junction/mm | 18.12d | 22.27cd | 25.32bc | 25.00bc | 31.38b | 30.88b | 39.58a | 1.184 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 背部皮厚 Back skin thickness/mm | 3.76 | 3.98 | 3.84 | 3.82 | 4.38 | 4.33 | 4.17 | 0.122 | 0.745 | ||||||||||
| 腰部皮厚 Loin skin thickness/mm | 4.36 | 4.33 | 4.16 | 4.67 | 5.02 | 4.32 | 4.85 | 0.111 | 0.327 | ||||||||||
| 荐部皮厚 Rump skin thickness/mm | 4.02 | 3.67 | 3.68 | 4.02 | 4.15 | 3.63 | 3.68 | 0.094 | 0.630 | ||||||||||
| 眼肌面积 Loin eye area/cm2 | 25.00 | 25.67 | 26.50 | 27.50 | 28.17 | 28.83 | 29.00 | 0.720 | 0.701 | ||||||||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同月龄金华猪胴体分割产量与组成的差异
表3 不同月龄金华猪胴体分割产量与组成的差异Table 3 Differences of carcass cut-out yields and components in Jinhua pigs at different months of age (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 月龄Months of age | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||
| 颈肩皮重Shoulder skin weight/kg | 0.78c | 0.77c | 0.79c | 1.02bc | 1.21ab | 1.35a | 1.33a | 0.046 | <0.001 |
| 颈肩骨重Shoulder bone weight/kg | 0.83d | 0.91cd | 0.98cd | 1.14bc | 1.31ab | 1.56ab | 1.33a | 0.044 | <0.001 |
| 颈肩脂重Shoulder fat weight/kg | 1.44d | 1.79cd | 2.09cd | 2.45bcd | 2.98bc | 3.47b | 4.68a | 0.198 | <0.001 |
| 颈肩肉重Shoulder meat weight/kg | 4.29c | 4.36c | 4.56c | 5.38b | 6.51a | 6.80a | 6.90a | 0.183 | <0.001 |
| 胸腰皮重Loin skin weight/kg | 0.85c | 0.89c | 0.90c | 1.10bc | 1.49ab | 1.39ab | 1.61a | 0.058 | <0.001 |
| 胸腰骨重Loin bone weight/kg | 0.41d | 0.43cd | 0.53bcd | 0.65abc | 0.73ab | 0.81a | 0.82a | 0.032 | <0.001 |
| 胸腰脂重Loin fat weight/kg | 1.87e | 2.61de | 3.02de | 3.64cd | 4.57bc | 5.41ab | 6.04a | 0.243 | <0.001 |
| 胸腰肉重Loin meat weight/kg | 2.90bc | 2.58c | 2.93bc | 3.69bc | 4.41ab | 4.02abc | 5.40a | 0.197 | <0.001 |
| 腿臀皮重Ham skin weight/kg | 0.63c | 0.59c | 0.69bc | 0.73bc | 1.03a | 0.94ab | 0.94ab | 0.034 | <0.001 |
| 腿臀骨重Ham bone weight/kg | 0.58de | 0.53e | 0.70cd | 0.78bc | 0.95a | 0.99a | 0.91ab | 0.031 | <0.001 |
| 腿臀脂重Ham fat weight/kg | 0.94d | 1.16d | 1.78c | 1.61c | 2.29b | 2.36b | 2.82a | 0.107 | <0.001 |
| 腿臀肉重Ham meat weight/kg | 3.08d | 3.12d | 3.57cd | 3.99bc | 4.40ab | 4.74a | 4.73a | 0.121 | <0.001 |
| 瘦肉率Lean meat percentage/% | 55.25a | 50.85ab | 49.08b | 49.79b | 47.99b | 46.06b | 45.51b | 0.673 | <0.001 |
2.3 不同月龄金华猪肉品质的差异
表4 不同月龄金华猪肉品质的差异Table 4 Differences of meat quality in Jinhua pigs at different months of age (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 月龄Months of age | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||
| 水分Moisture/% | 73.07 | 72.81 | 72.82 | 72.54 | 72.52 | 72.51 | 72.21 | 0.188 | 0.941 |
| 肌内脂肪Intramuscular fat/% | 2.73c | 2.94bc | 3.03bc | 3.42abc | 3.61ab | 3.68ab | 3.86a | 0.088 | <0.001 |
| 肌苷酸含量 IMP content/(mg/g) | 1.56 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.76 | 1.81 | 1.90 | 1.84 | 0.032 | 0.060 |
| pH45 min | 6.74ab | 6.90a | 6.71ab | 6.79ab | 6.77ab | 6.59b | 6.57b | 0.029 | 0.018 |
| pH24 h | 5.58 | 5.63 | 5.58 | 5.62 | 5.60 | 5.68 | 5.71 | 0.023 | 0.679 |
| 肉色评分Meat color score | 3.10 | 3.09 | 3.05 | 3.03 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.08 | 0.011 | 0.125 |
| 亮度L* | 47.09a | 47.19a | 45.53ab | 44.91ab | 44.26ab | 43.65b | 44.22ab | 0.368 | 0.019 |
| 红度a* | 6.61 | 6.76 | 6.65 | 7.04 | 6.92 | 7.01 | 7.16 | 0.088 | 0.582 |
| 黄度b* | 9.95 | 9.83 | 8.55 | 8.91 | 7.19 | 12.12 | 8.90 | 0.589 | 0.472 |
| 大理石纹评分Marbling scores | 3.12 | 3.05 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 3.05 | 3.10 | 3.09 | 0.012 | 0.366 |
| 嫩度Tenderness/N | 23.87 | 23.79 | 25.60 | 25.44 | 25.09 | 27.21 | 24.97 | 0.402 | 0.320 |
| 系水力 Water-holding capacity/% | 85.84 | 84.88 | 88.24 | 86.14 | 86.49 | 84.97 | 87.04 | 0.450 | 0.458 |
2.4 不同月龄金华猪背最长肌氨基酸组成的差异
表5 不同月龄金华猪背最长肌氨基酸组成的差异Table 5 Differences of longissimus dorsi amino acid composition in Jinhua pigs at different months of age (n=6) % |
| 项目 Items | 月龄Months of age | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||||||||
| 必需氨基酸EAA | |||||||||||||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.86 | 1.86 | 2.00 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 1.99 | 1.99 | 0.018 | 0.053 | ||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.007 | 0.288 | ||||||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 0.011 | 0.086 | ||||||||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.009 | 0.213 | ||||||||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.65b | 1.62b | 1.75ab | 1.83a | 1.78ab | 1.78ab | 1.77ab | 0.020 | 0.015 | ||||||||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.008 | 0.065 | ||||||||||
| 组氨酸His | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.016 | 0.366 | ||||||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.012 | 0.295 | ||||||||||
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | |||||||||||||||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 0.013 | 0.477 | ||||||||||
| 天门冬氨酸Asp | 1.83b | 1.84b | 2.01ab | 2.12a | 2.22a | 2.07a | 2.08a | 0.034 | 0.001 | ||||||||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 2.99b | 3.30a | 3.33a | 3.49a | 3.56a | 3.32a | 3.31a | 0.044 | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.38 | 0.011 | 0.125 | ||||||||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.95a | 0.86b | 0.89ab | 0.91ab | 0.93ab | 0.89ab | 0.88ab | 0.008 | 0.046 | ||||||||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.014 | 0.911 | ||||||||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.73bc | 0.73c | 0.82a | 0.76abc | 0.77abc | 0.79abc | 0.80ab | 0.009 | 0.006 | ||||||||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.010 | 0.410 | ||||||||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.404 | ||||||||||
| 必需氨基酸EAA | 8.95ab | 8.74b | 9.29a | 9.38a | 9.33a | 9.47a | 9.41a | 0.069 | 0.008 | ||||||||||
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | 10.34d | 10.44d | 11.01c | 11.25ab | 11.38a | 11.10bc | 11.03c | 0.083 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 总氨基酸TAA | 19.28b | 19.18b | 20.30a | 20.63a | 20.71a | 20.57a | 20.44a | 0.139 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
2.5 不同月龄金华猪背最长肌脂肪酸组成的差异
表6 不同月龄金华猪背最长肌脂肪酸组成的差异Table 6 Differences of longissimus dorsi fatty acid composition in Jinhua pigs at different months of age (n=6) % |
| 项目 Items | 月龄Months of age | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||||||||
| 肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 | 0.152a | 0.142a | 0.138a | 0.133a | 0.139a | 0.123a | 0.078b | 0.005 | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| 肉豆蔻烯酸C14∶1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.296 | ||||||||||
| 棕榈酸C16∶0 | 29.268 | 29.324 | 29.201 | 30.719 | 29.537 | 30.004 | 28.766 | 0.323 | 0.792 | ||||||||||
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1 | 0.212 | 0.101 | 0.072 | 0.129 | 0.189 | 0.077 | 0.002 | 0.020 | 0.067 | ||||||||||
| 十七烷酸C17∶0 | 0.093 | 0.076 | 0.069 | 0.073 | 0.093 | 0.054 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.179 | ||||||||||
| 十七碳烯酸C17∶1 | 0.058 | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.064 | 0.168 | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.021 | 0.538 | ||||||||||
| 硬脂酸C18∶0 | 10.416c | 10.437c | 11.838bc | 12.041bc | 13.339ab | 14.699a | 15.262a | 0.339 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 油酸C18∶1 | 49.341a | 49.630a | 48.226ab | 47.959ab | 46.808ab | 46.401b | 43.845c | 0.375 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 亚油酸C18∶2 | 8.071 | 8.093 | 8.157 | 6.930 | 7.159 | 6.408 | 7.335 | 0.184 | 0.054 | ||||||||||
| 反亚油酸C18∶2t | 0.041a | 0.039a | 0.038ab | 0.036ab | 0.037ab | 0.035ab | 0.024b | 0.001 | 0.029 | ||||||||||
| 亚麻酸C18∶3 n-3 | 0.081 | 0.070 | 0.088 | 0.074 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.065 | 0.003 | 0.256 | ||||||||||
| γ-亚麻酸C18∶3 n-6 | 1.052 | 1.070 | 1.142 | 0.987 | 1.207 | 1.110 | 1.071 | 0.035 | 0.787 | ||||||||||
| 花生酸C20∶0 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.475 | ||||||||||
| 二十碳烯酸C20∶1 | 0.186 | 0.097 | 0.068 | 0.101 | 0.239 | 0.168 | 0.095 | 0.017 | 0.072 | ||||||||||
| 二十碳三烯酸C20∶3 | 0.144ab | 0.134ab | 0.131ab | 0.105b | 0.170a | 0.130ab | 0.090b | 0.006 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| 花生四烯酸C20∶4 | 0.048b | 0.050b | 0.050b | 0.051b | 0.054b | 0.052b | 0.076a | 0.002 | 0.008 | ||||||||||
| 二十碳五烯酸C20∶5 | 0.418ab | 0.346ab | 0.333ab | 0.304b | 0.522a | 0.403ab | 0.268b | 0.021 | 0.012 | ||||||||||
| 二十一烷酸C21∶0 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.108 | ||||||||||
| 顺-顺-11-14-二十碳二烯酸 C20∶2 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.523 | ||||||||||
| 山嵛酸C22∶0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.282 | ||||||||||
| 芥酸C22∶1 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.071 | ||||||||||
| 二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.109 | ||||||||||
| 二十三烷酸C23∶0 | 0.081ab | 0.071ab | 0.076ab | 0.064ab | 0.089a | 0.073ab | 0.053b | 0.003 | 0.043 | ||||||||||
| 二十四烷酸C24∶0 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.750 | ||||||||||
| 二十四碳烯酸C24∶1 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.039 | 0.002 | 0.602 | ||||||||||
