Effects of Earthworm Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates, Blood Biochemical Indicators and Intestinal Function of Yellow-Feathered Broiler Chicks

ZHOU Panhong; LONG Dandan; LONG Guojing; HUANG Yifan; XU Tao; CHEN Wei; SHI Xiaoli

doi:10.12418/CJAN2026.404

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 7: 5041 - 5048

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.404

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Earthworm Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates, Blood Biochemical Indicators and Intestinal Function of Yellow-Feathered Broiler Chicks

ZHOU Panhong ^,¹^,² ,
LONG Dandan ² ,
LONG Guojing ² ,
HUANG Yifan ¹^,² ,
XU Tao ¹^,² ,
CHEN Wei ^,³^,^* ,
SHI Xiaoli ^,¹^,²^,^*

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¹ Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Reproduction of Highland Mountain Animals of the Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
² College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
³ Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

^* CHEN Wei, professor, E-mail: cwei010230@163.com;

SHI Xiaoli, professor, E-mail: shixl16@163.com

Received date: 2025-12-19

Online published: 2026-07-14

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of earthworm antimicrobial peptides (EAMPs) on the growth performance, nutrient apparent metabolic rates, blood biochemical indicators and intestinal function of yellow-feathered broiler chicks, and to evaluate their potential as an alternative to antibiotics. A total of 240 healthy 1-day-old male Tiejiao-Ma Huang broiler chicks with an average body weight of (29.66±0.27) g were randomly allocated into 4 groups, each with 6 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate. The control group (CON group) was fed a basal diet, the antibiotic group (AGP group) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg flavomycin, the EAMP1 group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg EAMPs, and the EAMP2 group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg EAMPs. The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the CON and AGP groups, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs significantly increased the body weight at 21 days of age and average daily gain from 1 to 21 days of age of yellow-feathered broiler chicks (P<0.05); meanwhile, compared with the CON group, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs also significantly decreased the feed-to-gain ratio from 1 to 21 days of age (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the CON group, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs significantly increased the apparent metabolic rates of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium and total phosphorus of yellow-feathered broiler chicks (P<0.05); in addition, compared with the AGP group, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs significantly increased the apparent metabolic rates of dry matter and crude protein (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the CON and AGP groups, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs significantly decreased the plasma uric acid (UA) content (P<0.05), significantly increased the serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY) content (P<0.05), significantly enhanced the serum catalase (CAT) activity (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents (P<0.05); furthermore, the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content in the AGP, EAMP1 and EAMP2 groups was significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the CON and AGP groups, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs significantly increased the jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (P<0.05); compared with the CON group, the serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactic acid (D-LA) content in the AGP, EAMP1 and EAMP2 groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 75 or 150 mg/kg EAMPs can improve the growth performance and nutrient utilization, enhance immune function and antioxidant capacity, alleviate inflammatory response, and improve intestinal function of yellow-feathered broiler chicks, demonstrating the potential to replace antibiotics.

Key words： earthworm antimicrobial peptides; yellow-feathered broiler chicks; growth performance; blood biochemical indicators; intestinal function

Cite this article

ZHOU Panhong , LONG Dandan , LONG Guojing , HUANG Yifan , XU Tao , CHEN Wei , SHI Xiaoli . Effects of Earthworm Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates, Blood Biochemical Indicators and Intestinal Function of Yellow-Feathered Broiler Chicks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(7) : 5041 -5048 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.404

在集约化养殖与“禁抗”政策持续推进的背景下,寻找天然、高效的抗生素替代产品以保障畜禽健康养殖,已成为行业研究的热点^[1]。抗菌肽(AMPs)是生物体为抵御病原微生物侵袭而产生的一类小分子多肽,具有广谱抑菌活性,对细菌、真菌和病毒均表现出抑制作用^[2]。AMPs不仅具备不易产生耐药性和低毒性的优势,还能促进畜禽生长、增强机体免疫力、改善肠道发育及调节肠道菌群结构^[3],是一类重要的潜在替抗物。蚯蚓需适应土壤中大量病原微生物及理化因素的胁迫,因而进化出了强大的免疫系统,成为获取高活性抗菌肽的潜在来源。目前,已从蚯蚓中鉴定出包括蚯蚓素Lumbricin Ⅰ和Lumbricin-PG在内的10余种抗菌肽^[4-6]。本课题组前期以蚯蚓的生态适应性为理论依据,从生猪养殖场采集的蚯蚓中分离获得了对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均具有抑菌活性的蚯蚓抗菌肽(EAMPs),其具备良好的耐热性(80 ℃处理20 min后活性稳定)和贮存稳定性(8 ℃条件下保存90 d)^[7]。然而,EAMPs在畜禽生产中的实际应用效果尚需系统评估。为此,本试验以黄羽肉仔鸡为研究对象,系统考察EAMPs对其生长性能、养分利用、肠道形态与功能以及机体免疫功能、抗氧化能力和炎症反应的影响,旨在为EAMPs在畜禽生产中的开发与利用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

EAMPs的制备参照文献[7]进行,流程如下:蚯蚓匀浆后,经硫酸铵沉淀,采用Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析进行分离,并进一步通过反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)纯化。所得EAMPs溶液的多肽含量约为7.68 g/L。

1.2 试验设计

选取240只1日龄健康、体重接近的铁脚麻黄鸡公雏,平均体重为(29.66±0.27) g,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组(AGP组)在基础饲粮中添加30 mg/kg黄霉素,EAMP1组和EAMP2组在基础饲粮中分别添加75和150 mg/kg EAMPs(以多肽含量计,对应EAMPs溶液的添加量分别为9.77和19.54 mL/kg)。试验期21 d。本试验经贵州大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号为EAE-GZU-2024-T063。

1.3 饲粮配方及其营养水平

参考我国《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 3645—2020)中黄羽肉仔鸡的营养需要和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》配制玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验饲粮是在基础饲粮基础上分别添加设定量的黄霉素和EAMPs制成,各组饲粮营养水平相近,均制成颗粒料备用。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	62.90
豆粕Soybean meal	28.00
小麦麸Wheat bran	2.00
大豆油Soybean oil	2.50
赖氨酸Lysine	0.34
蛋氨酸Methionine	0.35
苏氨酸Threonine	0.05
氯化胆碱Choline chloride	0.15
石粉Limestone	1.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.25
食盐NaCl	0.13
碳酸氢钠NaHCO₃	0.47
维生素预混料Vitamin premix¹⁾	0.04
微量元素预混料Mineral premix²⁾	0.50
植酸酶Phytase	0.02
合计Total	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels³⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	12.40
粗蛋白质CP	18.09
粗脂肪EE	5.36
钙Ca	1.00
总磷TP	0.59
有效磷AP	0.35
赖氨酸Lys	1.02
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.85
苏氨酸Thr	0.70
色氨酸Trp	0.21
钠Na	0.20
氯Cl	0.20

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供The vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 1 500 IU,VD₃ 400 IU,VE 30 IU,VK₃ 4 mg,VB₁ 4 mg,VB₂ 10 mg,VB₆ 4 mg,VB₁₂ 0.03 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.16 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg。

3)代谢能、粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为测定值,其他营养指标为参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》所得计算值。ME, CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while other nutritional indices were calculated values according to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024).

2)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供The mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.15 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg。

1.4 饲养管理

试验前,对鸡舍及设备进行清洗。笼具、料桶、饮水器等用1%百毒杀喷洒消毒,冲洗后晾干;随后以10%聚维酮碘按5 mL/m³密闭熏蒸48 h,再通风敞气48 h。育雏第1周,鸡舍温度控制在33~35 ℃,此后每周降低2~3 ℃,直至室温25 ℃;相对湿度保持在60%~65%,并注意通风换气。光照制度:第1天24 h连续光照,之后采用23 h光照、1 h黑暗循环。试验鸡按常规免疫程序进行免疫,采用网上笼养,自由采食和饮水。每日清扫鸡舍,保持环境卫生。

1.5 代谢试验

饲养试验结束后,从每个重复中选取2只鸡,每组共12只,按重复置于代谢笼中。采用全收粪法进行为期3 d的代谢试验^[8]。每日17:00准确记录每个重复鸡只的喂料量、抛洒量及剩余量,并收集全部排泄物,剔除其中的羽毛、皮屑及饲料残渣等杂物后称重。按每100 g新鲜排泄物加入10 mL 10%盐酸的比例固氮,混匀后于-20 ℃保存。代谢试验结束后,将每重复3 d的排泄物充分混匀,于55 ℃烘箱中烘干回潮24 h至恒重,测定初水分。样品粉碎过40目筛,用于营养成分分析。

1.6 样本采集和指标测定

1.6.1 生长性能

于试验第1天饲喂前称取肉仔鸡体重作为初始体重;试验期间,以重复为单位,每日记录每个重复的总投料量、剩料量及抛洒料量,并于试验第21天禁食16 h后取肉仔鸡体重作为终末体重。根据记录的数据计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)及料重比(F/G)。相关计算公式如下:

平均日增重(g/d)=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;

平均日采食量(g/d)=(总投料量-剩料量-抛洒料量)/(鸡只数×试验天数);

料重比(F/G)=平均日采食量/平均日增重。

1.6.2 养分表观代谢率与代谢能

测定饲粮和排泄物中的总能(ISO 9381—1998)、干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、钙(CB/T 6436—2018)和总磷含量(GB/T 6437—2018)后,按照如下方法计算代谢能和养分表观代谢率:

代谢能(MJ/kg)=(食入饲粮总能-排泄物总能)/干物质采食量;

养分表观代谢率(%)=[(养分摄入量-养分排泄量)/养分摄入量]×100。

1.6.3 血液生化指标的测定

饲养试验结束后,试验鸡禁食16 h(自由饮水)后,从每个重复随机选取3只鸡,每组共18只,经前腔静脉采血4 mL,分别注入真空普通采血管(制备血清)和肝素钠抗凝管(制备血浆)。血液样品静置30 min后,于4 ℃条件下1 095×g离心10 min,分离血清和血浆,分装后于-80 ℃冰箱保存待测。

使用上海酶联生物科技有限公司生产的试剂盒测定血液生化指标,包括血浆中养分代谢相关指标[葡萄糖(GLU,葡萄糖氧化酶法)、甘油三酯(TG,分光光度法)、尿酸(UA,分光光度法)含量]、血清中抗氧化相关指标[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px,分光光度法)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,WST-8法)和过氧化氢酶(CAT,微板法)活性]、血清中体液免疫相关指标[免疫球蛋白Y(IgY)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,均采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法]、血清中炎症反应相关指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量,均采用ELISA法]、血清中肠道黏膜屏障功能相关指标[D-乳酸(D-LA)含量和二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性,均采用ELISA法]。

1.6.4 肠道组织形态

将采血后的试验鸡屠宰,解剖后于空肠1/2处截取2 cm肠段,用0.9%生理盐水冲洗去除食糜后,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定。取出固定的肠道组织,经脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋、切片及苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后,使用数字切片扫描仪采集图像。采用CaseViewer 2.0软件,在40倍镜下每张切片随机选取10根完整绒毛,测量绒毛高度(VH)和隐窝深度(CD),以10根绒毛的测量平均值作为该样本的最终值,并计算绒隐比(VH/CD)。

1.7 数据分析

采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。首先,使用Shapiro-Wilk(S-W)法检验数据正态性,Levene法检验方差齐性。以笼舍为区组,采用一般线性模型(GLM)中的Univariate过程进行方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。方差分析的数学模型为:SS_T=SS_A+SS_block+SS_e,其中SS_T、SS_A、SS_block和SS_e分别为总变异、处理、区组、随机因素的离差平方和。结果表示为“平均值±标准差”,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 EAMPs对黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

如表2所示,与CON组和AGP组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs虽对平均日采食量无显著影响,但显著提高了黄羽肉仔鸡的21日龄体重(终末体重)和1~21日龄平均日增重(P<0.05);同时,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs还显著降低了料重比(P<0.05)。

表2 蚯蚓抗菌肽对黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of EAMPs on growth performance of yellow-feathered broiler chicks

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	AGP	EAMP1	EAMP2	P值 P-value
初始体重IBW/g	29.92±0.56	29.85±0.48	29.46±1.05	29.40±0.37	0.918
终末体重FBW/g	289.33±27.96^b	298.00±25.19^b	319.00±24.09^a	328.33±23.10^a	0.015
平均日增重ADG/(g/d)	12.35±0.52^b	12.76±0.33^b	13.78±0.36^a	14.23±0.35^a	0.026
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	25.44±3.22	25.13±2.26	25.47±3.57	25.55±3.78	0.853
料重比F/G	2.06±0.06^a	1.97±0.03^b	1.86±0.09^bc	1.81±0.05^c	0.031

	同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 EAMPs对黄羽肉仔鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

如表3所示,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs显著提高了黄羽肉仔鸡对饲粮中干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、钙和总磷的表观代谢率(P<0.05),且2个EAMPs添加量间无显著差异(P>0.05);此外,与AGP组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs显著提高了干物质和粗蛋白质的表观代谢率(P<0.05)。

表3 蚯蚓抗菌肽对黄羽肉仔鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 3 Effects of EAMPs on apparent metabolic rates of nutrients of yellow-feathered broiler chicks %

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	AGP	EAMP1	EAMP2	P值 P-value
干物质DM	83.18±1.02^b	84.44±0.78^b	86.15±0.45^a	87.58±0.73^a	0.047
总能GE	72.45±0.46^b	73.24±0.82^ab	74.12±0.59^a	75.26±0.58^a	0.039
粗蛋白质CP	62.78±2.10^b	62.45±2.23^b	66.63±1.28^a	69.12±1.78^a	0.012
钙Ca	62.12±1.94^b	64.38±1.73^ab	65.28±1.29^a	65.23±2.28^a	0.027
总磷TP	54.85±1.29^b	56.26±1.28^ab	58.46±1.46^a	57.27±1.43^a	0.042

2.3 EAMPs对黄羽肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

如表4所示,与CON组和AGP组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs显著降低了黄羽肉仔鸡血浆中UA含量(P<0.05),显著提升了血清中IgY含量(P<0.05),显著增强了血清中CAT活性(P<0.05),并显著降低了血清中促炎因子IL-1β和IL-6含量(P<0.05);与CON组和AGP组相比,饲粮中添加150 mg/kg EAMPs还显著增强了血清中GSH-Px活性(P<0.05);此外,AGP组、EAMP1组和EAMP2组血清中促炎因子TNF-α含量均显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。

表4 蚯蚓抗菌肽对黄羽肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of EAMPs on blood biochemical indicators of yellow-feathered broiler chicks

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	AGP	EAMP1	EAMP2	P值 P-value
血浆中养分代谢相关指标Plasma nutrient metabolism-related indicators/(mmol/L)
葡萄糖GLU	219.01±5.67	217.31±3.90	218.03±6.21	217.52±3.34	0.821
甘油三酯TG	14.46±1.98	13.22±1.08	13.63±2.46	14.11±3.60	0.469
尿酸UA	302.57±8.92^a	298.51±4.87^a	204.18±3.21^b	203.92±5.95^b	<0.001
血清中体液免疫相关指标Serum humoral immunity-related indicators/(μg/mL)
免疫球蛋白Y IgY	2 298.79±21.00^b	2 315.71±16.25^b	2 362.53±20.84^a	2 372.01±28.31^a	0.014
免疫球蛋白A IgA	1 547.46±35.21	1 548.29±26.30	1 549.00±33.09	1 548.75±24.23	0.843
免疫球蛋白M IgM	62.18±4.07	65.57±3.61	64.00±5.10	63.94±4.50	0.301
血清中抗氧化相关指标Serum antioxidant-related indicators/(U/mL)
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px	361.38±3.45^b	365.48±3.18^b	369.14±3.92^ab	372.89±3.65^a	0.011
超氧化物歧化酶SOD	12.42±1.45	13.76±1.05	14.81±1.59	14.92±2.33	0.489
过氧化氢酶CAT	3.11±0.45^c	4.87±0.26^b	5.14±0.58^a	5.21±0.21^a	<0.001
血清中炎症反应相关指标Serum inflammatory response-related indicators/(pg/mL)
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α	42.46±4.05^a	36.03±3.61^b	34.40±2.93^b	30.00±3.20^b	<0.001
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β	74.32±3.60^a	65.08±4.21^a	45.27±3.44^b	43.01±2.53^b	<0.001
白细胞介素-6 IL-6	14.73±0.57^a	12.91±0.36^a	9.96±0.70^b	8.89±0.53^b	<0.001

2.4 EAMPs对黄羽肉仔鸡肠道组织形态和屏障功能的影响

如表5所示,与CON组和AGP组相比,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs显著提高了肉仔鸡空肠的绒毛高度和绒隐比(P<0.05);与CON组相比,AGP组、EAMP1组和EAMP2组血清中DAO活性和D-LA含量均显著降低(P<0.05),且EAMP2血清中DAO活性和D-LA含量还显著低于AGP组(P<0.05),EAMP1组血清中D-LA含量也显著低于AGP组(P<0.05)。

表5 蚯蚓抗菌肽对黄羽肉仔鸡肠道组织形态与屏障功能的影响

Table 5 Effects of EAMPs on intestinal morphology and barrier function of yellow-feathered broiler chicks

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	AGP	EAMP1	EAMP2	P值 P-value
肠道组织形态相关指标Intestinal morphology-related indicators
绒毛高度VH/μm	783.46±33.05^b	845.88±28.53^b	896.63±34.85^a	912.97±41.06^a	0.039
隐窝深度CD/μm	147.84±11.21	145.72±19.50	146.57±14.49	151.81±20.22	0.620
绒隐比VH/CD	5.30±0.78^b	5.80±0.82^b	6.12±0.74^a	6.01±0.81^a	<0.001
血清中肠道黏膜屏障功能相关指标Serum intestinal mucosal barrier function-related indicators
二胺氧化酶DAO/(U/mL)	9.86±0.32^a	6.89±0.26^b	6.78±0.30^bc	6.33±0.19^c	<0.001
D-乳酸D-LA/(μg/L)	112.04±6.01^a	95.07±5.11^b	90.12±8.10^c	88.14±5.30^c	<0.001

3 讨论

增重与料重比是评价肉鸡生长性能和经济效益的重要指标。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加75或150 mg/kg EAMPs可显著改善黄羽肉仔鸡的生长性能。与抗生素组及对照组相比,EAMPs添加组肉鸡体重提高了7.05%~10.17%,料重比降低了0.11~0.16,显示出EAMPs作为饲用抗生素替代物的潜力。尽管目前从蚯蚓中已鉴定出10余种抗菌肽^[4-6],但其在畜禽生产中的应用研究仍较为有限。本研究结果与其他来源抗菌肽改善肉鸡生长性能的报道^[9-10]相一致。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加5^[11]或50 mg/kg^[12]黄霉素可促进肉鸡生长,但本试验中添加30 mg/kg黄霉素未观察到显著的促生长效应,可能与本试验在笼养条件下卫生状况良好有关,亦不排除抗生素耐药性因素的影响^[13-14]。

EAMPs的促生长作用是一个涉及多靶点、多通路的协同增效过程,其核心机制在于通过多途径调节机体功能,优化养分利用效率^[8-9]。肠道是养分消化吸收的核心场所,EAMPs可通过改善肠道结构与屏障功能,提高养分利用率。本试验发现,EAMPs显著降低了血清中DAO活性和D-LA含量,表明其能降低肠道通透性,增强黏膜屏障完整性^[15-17];同时,EAMPs还显著提高了小肠绒毛高度和绒隐比,为养分的高效吸收奠定了形态学基础^[18]。代谢试验结果进一步证实,EAMPs提高了黄羽肉仔鸡对饲粮中干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、钙和磷的表观代谢率。这与前人研究结果一致,即抗菌肽凭借其耐酸耐热的特性,能够顺利到达肠道并发挥抗菌作用,优化菌群结构,促进养分更充分地消化吸收^[19]。此外,饲粮中添加EAMPs后黄羽肉仔鸡血清中UA含量降低,从侧面印证了蛋白质利用率提高,表明EAMPs促使蛋白质更多用于机体生长和组织沉积,而非以含氮废物形式排出^[20]。EAMPs通过增强机体的抗氧化能力和免疫功能,并抑制炎症反应,为生长营造了稳定的内部环境。集约化养殖条件下家禽易受氧化应激影响,过低的抗氧化能力会激活免疫系统,导致用于肌肉合成的蛋白质转而用于合成细胞因子,最终引起体重下降^[21]。本研究发现,EAMPs显著提高了血清中CAT和GSH-Px活性。这2种酶是机体抗氧化防御体系的关键组成部分,其活性升高意味着机体清除自由基、抵抗氧化损伤的能力增强^[22]。更为关键的是,EAMPs展现出良好的抗炎潜力:一方面抑制肠道有害菌生长,减少脂多糖(LPS)的产生;另一方面直接抑制LPS引发的免疫反应,阻止其过度激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路,从而减少TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等促炎因子的合成^[22]。通过降低机体整体炎症水平,EAMPs减少了因炎症反应造成的营养物质损耗,使更多能量和蛋白质用于肌肉生长。同时,EAMPs还提高了血清中IgY含量,说明增强了肉鸡的体液免疫能力^[23-24],为机体健康提供了额外保障。综上所述,EAMPs的促生长作用并非源于单一效应,而是以改善肠道功能为基石,通过提高养分代谢率、增强抗氧化与免疫功能、抑制炎症反应等多重途径协同作用,共同促进了黄羽肉仔鸡的健康生长和饲料效率的提升。

4 结论

饲粮中添加EAMPs可改善黄羽肉仔鸡的肠道组织形态与屏障功能,增强机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力,缓解炎症反应,提高饲粮养分利用率,从而促进黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能。在本试验条件下,75与150 mg/kg EAMPs的效果相当,综合考虑,黄羽肉仔鸡饲粮中的推荐添加剂量为75 mg/kg。

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