Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 7: 5049 - 5060

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.405

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Silybin on Performance, Egg Quality and Immune Function of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period

  • CHENG Xuan , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Xinyao 1 ,
  • SONG Bei 1 ,
  • OUYANG Wenbin 3 ,
  • XIAO Haibo 3 ,
  • LIU Hua 1 ,
  • PEI Yuanzhong 4 ,
  • CHEN Yian 4 ,
  • LIN Qian , 1, 2, * ,
  • ZENG Jianguo , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Institute of Hemp, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 4 Guangdong Taihetang Industrial Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 516021, China
* LIN Qian, associate professor, E-mail: ;
ZENG Jianguo, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-12-12

  Online published: 2026-07-13

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of silybin on performance, egg quality and immune function of laying hens in late laying period. A total of 192 five hundred and eighty-day-old Hy-Line grey laying hens were randomly divided into two groups with 8 replicates per group and 12 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg silybin. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 56 days. The results showed that compared with the control group: 1) the feed to egg ratio on 1 to 56 days of the experimental group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); 2) the Haugh unit on 28 and 56 days of the experimental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the albumen height, yolk color and eggshell thickness on 56 days were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); 3) the serum albumin (ALB) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of the experimental group were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-13 (IL-13) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); 4) the contents of IgA, immunoglobulin G (IgG), IL-10, IL-13 and TNF-α in liver were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the liver immunoglobulin M (IgM) content was significantly increased (P<0.05); 5) the oviduct IgM content of the experimental group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the oviduct IgG content was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary 500 mg/kg silybin can effectively improve the performance, egg quality and immune function of laying hens in late laying period, demonstrating good application potential.

Key words： silybin; laying hens; performance; egg quality; immune

Cite this article

CHENG Xuan , LI Xinyao , SONG Bei , OUYANG Wenbin , XIAO Haibo , LIU Hua , PEI Yuanzhong , CHEN Yian , LIN Qian , ZENG Jianguo . Effects of Silybin on Performance, Egg Quality and Immune Function of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(7) : 5049 -5060 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.405

蛋鸡在27周龄左右进入产蛋高峰,随后产蛋率随周龄增加而逐步下降,通常在72周龄后因产蛋率低和蛋壳质量差而被淘汰[1]。随着蛋鸡年龄的增长,产蛋后期不仅涉及生产性能的变化[2],还有生理功能衰退,包括脂质代谢紊乱[3]、抗氧化能力下降[4]、免疫功能减弱[1]和生殖系统功能衰退[5]等问题。饲用植物及其提取物富含多类具有生物活性的成分,能够发挥多种生理功能,如减轻炎症反应[6-7]、清除自由基[8]、促进动物生长[9]以及改善肠道状况[10-11]等作用,凭借其多方面的生物学效应,饲用植物已成为开发饲料替代抗生素产品及构建替抗技术体系的重要功能性资源[12]。
水飞蓟素(silibinin)是从菊科植物水飞蓟(Silybum marianum)种子中提取的主要活性成分,属于黄酮木脂素类化合物[13]。水飞蓟素主要由水飞蓟宾(silybin)、异水飞蓟宾(isosilybin)、水飞蓟宁(silydianin)和水飞蓟亭(silychristin)等成分组成[14]。水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B是水飞蓟素中含量最高(60%~70%)、活性最强的成分[15],水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B是2种非对映异构体的混合物,不能单独分开,常以二者总量表示水飞蓟宾有效成分含量。Guo等[16]研究表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的水飞蓟素可以改善产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋率。Ahammad等[17]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.06%的水飞蓟素可使鸡蛋哈氏单位、蛋重和蛋壳强度均呈现线性改善。Tao等[18]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.10%的水飞蓟素可改善肉鸡的肝脏功能,减轻病理损伤和炎症反应。Han等[19]研究表明,水飞蓟素还具备预防和治疗艾美耳球虫的能力。Kim等[20]研究表明,浓度在0.05~0.40 mmol/L的水飞蓟宾能不同程度地下调人肥大细胞中的抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路,同时降低促炎因子[如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)]的表达,从而减轻慢性炎症状态。梁梦秋等[21]研究表明,在糖尿病及其并发症的研究中,水飞蓟宾通过下调组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(histone deacetylase 6,HDAC6)的表达,抑制NF-κB核转位,减少炎症介质释放,改善胰岛素抵抗相关的免疫异常。Im等[22]通过构建肺损伤小鼠模型发现,水飞蓟宾可以下调五氧化二钒诱发肺损伤中促炎细胞因子[如TNF-α、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和IL-1β]的表达,还显著抑制了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)和NF-κB信号通路的激活,同时肺组织中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体表达水平显著下降。由此可见,水飞蓟宾通过NF-κB[21,23-24]、MAPK、NLRP3[22]等多条信号通路,有效抑制TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等关键炎症因子的生成。
因此,本研究在参考前人研究的基础上,更换产品来源,并对其效果进行验证,旨在深入探究水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和免疫功能的影响,从而为水飞蓟宾在蛋鸡生产领域的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

动物试验伦理批准编号:No.202406;审批机构:湖南农业大学生物医学研究伦理委员会。选取580日龄海兰灰蛋鸡192只,随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(S500组)在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的水飞蓟宾。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。本试验参考Guo等[16]的研究结果,其使用的水飞蓟素(水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B含量为27.82%)最优添加剂量为500 mg/kg。在此剂量基础上,虽然本研究使用的水飞蓟素(水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B含量为30%)与Guo等[16]的来源不同,但有效成分含量没有太大差异,均以水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B为主要活性成分,因此使用其确定的最优添加剂量。基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕型粉状料,依据《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)[25]中蛋鸡营养需求标准进行配制,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 39.70
稻谷Paddy 10.00
豆粕Soybean meal 9.95
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 8.00
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 8.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 12.00
食盐NaCl 0.30
石粉Limestone 9.00
赖氨酸Lys 0.15
蛋氨酸Met 0.20
苏氨酸Thr 0.10
色氨酸Trp 0.05
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.50
乙氧基喹啉Ethoxyquin 0.05
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.49
粗蛋白质CP 17.87
蛋氨酸Met 0.46
赖氨酸Lys 0.78
钙Ca 3.61
总磷TP 0.66
粗纤维CF 4.41

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 600 000 IU,VB1 100 mg,VB2 400 mg,VB6 100 mg,VB12 1.0 mg,VC 1 000 mg,VD3 250 000 IU,VE 2 000 mg,VK3 80 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 1 000 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 500 mg,叶酸 folic acid 100 mg,生物素 biotin 10 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 300 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 70 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 75 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.6 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

本研究采用3层全阶梯式笼养模式进行饲养试验。每天分别在08:00、11:00和18:00定时饲喂,并确保供水充足,试验鸡只自由采食和饮水。饲养管理过程严格遵循养殖场的规范操作要求,同时对相关生产与管理数据进行实时、准确的记录。在整个试验期内,各试验组的环境与管理条件保持一致,以避免外界因素对试验结果造成干扰。

1.3 样品采集和检测指标

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分

饲粮粗蛋白质含量按照GB/T 6432—2018[26],采用凯氏定氮法进行测定;钙含量按照GB/T 6436—2018[27],采用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)络合滴定法进行测定;总磷含量按照GB/T 6437—2018[28],采用分光光度法进行测定;粗纤维、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量按照GB/T 18868—2002[29],采用近红外光谱法进行测定;代谢能参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》[30]进行计算。

1.3.2 生产性能

以重复为统计单位每日记录产蛋量、蛋重、破损蛋与软壳蛋数量,并同步登记死亡及淘汰个体情况。每周依据重复数据计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比。试验期间若出现死亡或淘汰现象,对平均日采食量和料蛋比等相关指标进行及时修正,以确保数据的准确性。

1.3.3 蛋品质

在28和56 d时,每组分别随机选取20枚鸡蛋,利用多功能蛋品质测定仪(ORKA EA-01,ORKA Food Technology Ltd,以色列)对蛋重、蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位进行测定;利用蛋壳强度测试仪(EFR-01,ORKA Food Technology Ltd,以色列)对蛋壳强度进行测定;利用电子天平(SF-400,德清拜杰电器有限公司)对蛋黄重量进行测定;利用游标卡尺(ARZ-1331,常州博远精密工具有限公司)对蛋壳厚度、蛋黄高度、蛋黄直径以及鸡蛋钝端、尖端和赤道区域的无内膜蛋壳厚度(直接手动将内膜从蛋壳上剥离)进行测定,计算蛋形指数和蛋黄指数[16]。

1.3.4 血清、肝脏、卵巢和输卵管的样品采集

在56 d时,从每个重复中挑选1只试验鸡,进行静脉采血,使用离心机(TDZ4-WS,湖南迈克尔实验仪器有限公司)以3 000×g离心15 min,分离血清,在-20 ℃保存待测。采用颈部脱臼法屠宰蛋鸡,并取出完整的肝脏、卵巢和输卵管组织,使用生理盐水冲洗各个组织后,从右叶采集体积约为1 cm3的肝脏组织,并剪取卵巢和输卵管中段,立即置于液氮中冷冻,随后在-80 ℃保存待测。

1.3.5 血清生化指标

采用全自动生化分析仪(BS-460,深圳迈瑞生物电子股份有限公司),使用该仪器配套的商业试剂盒(深圳迈瑞生物电子股份有限公司)测定血清葡萄糖(glucose,GLU)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、球蛋白(globulin,GLB)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)含量及谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性,每个样品设3个重复,并计算白球比(白蛋白/球蛋白,ALB/GLB)。

1.3.6 血清、肝脏、输卵管和卵巢免疫指标

取采集后的卵巢和输卵管组织,称取0.1 mg样品与直径3 mm的不锈钢研磨珠(G0103-200G,武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)一同放入2 mL的试管中,加入900 μL生理盐水,使用匀浆仪(JXFSTPRP,上海净信实业发展有限公司)进行高速震荡破碎。采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒增强型(P0010,上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)测定血清、肝脏、输卵管和卵巢中蛋白浓度[31],采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(上海酶联生物科技有限公司)测定血清、肝脏、输卵管和卵巢中免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)、TNF-α、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)和白细胞介素-13(interleukin-13,IL-13)含量,每个样品设3个重复,严格按照说明书进行操作。

1.4 数据分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,采用独立样本t检验分析数据的显著性。试验结果用平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,在1~28 d,2组之间平均蛋重、料蛋比和平均日采食量没有显著差异(P>0.05);与CON组相比,S500组的产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05)。在29~56 d,2组之间产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在1~56 d,2组之间产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量没有显著差异(P>0.05);与CON组相比,S500组的料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of silybin on performance of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500


产蛋率
Laying rate/%		 1~28 70.71±1.21 79.66±4.18 0.024
29~56 63.26±2.13 63.90±3.78 0.810
1~56 67.67±0.34 69.80±3.52 0.374


平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 1~28 64.90±1.87 64.02±0.97 0.481
29~56 66.65±2.14 65.64±1.14 0.608
1~56 65.66±1.96 64.76±0.96 0.557


平均日采食量
Average daily feed intake/(g/d)		 1~28 118.71±5.92 124.21±9.39 0.202
29~56 134.69±7.64 141.93±9.12 0.132
1~56 126.70±5.55 132.79±8.91 0.180


料蛋比
Feed to egg ratio		 1~28 2.63±0.15 2.42±0.26 0.058
29~56 3.20±0.20 3.00±0.40 0.265
1~56 2.87±0.21 2.63±0.21 0.033

2.2 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,在28 d,2组之间蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄指数没有显著差异(P>0.05);与CON组相比,S500组的哈氏单位显著提高(P<0.05),蛋黄颜色极显著下降(P<0.01)。
表3 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡28 d蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of silybin egg quality on 28 days of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
蛋重Egg weight/g 63.80±5.75 60.78±4.68 0.124
蛋形指数Egg shape index/% 1.33±0.06 1.26±0.15 0.102
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2) 4.15±0.59 3.90±1.28 0.480
蛋黄颜色Yolk color 11.60±1.55 7.56±1.67 0.001
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 6.24±0.30 6.26±0.82 0.931
哈氏单位Haugh unit 67.60±8.67 75.65±6.12 0.014
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm 0.39±0.03 0.40±0.03 0.185
蛋黄指数Yolk index 0.38±0.04 0.37±0.03 0.424
由表4可知,在56 d,2组之间蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度和蛋黄指数没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与CON组相比,S500组的哈氏单位显著提高(P<0.05),蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和蛋壳厚度极显著提高(P<0.01)。
表4 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡56 d蛋品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of silybin egg quality on 56 days of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
蛋重Egg weight/g 61.17±7.60 63.91±5.07 0.232
蛋形指数Egg shape index/% 1.33±0.05 1.32±0.05 0.725
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2) 3.71±0.60 3.26±0.77 0.067
蛋黄颜色Yolk color 7.44±2.18 11.50±1.10 0.001
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 4.16±0.78 5.36±0.47 0.001
哈氏单位Haugh unit 67.61±11.47 75.37±5.44 0.024
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm 0.22±0.03 0.30±0.09 0.001
蛋黄指数Yolk index 0.42±0.03 0.42±0.03 0.934

2.3 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,2组之间血清TP、GLB、GLU、TC、TG、UA、HDL-C、LDL-C含量和AST活性及ALB/GLB没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与CON组相比,S500组的血清ALB含量和LDH活性极显著降低(P<0.01)。
表5 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of silybin on serum biochemical parameters of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 60.30±11.27 56.59±3.57 0.425
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 23.67±2.11 19.64±2.11 0.003
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 47.67±17.77 39.44±6.00 0.235
白球比ALB/GLB 0.50±0.11 0.50±0.05 0.975
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 13.23±1.54 14.27±1.98 0.264
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 192.13±17.63 198.95±35.01 0.640
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 315.43±57.97 176.05±72.92 0.001
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 5.00±1.49 3.28±2.47 0.113
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 17.15±6.18 17.85±4.13 0.795
尿酸UA/(μmol/L) 189.57±123.15 214.84±49.47 0.599
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.12±0.37 1.23±0.82 0.743
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 4.15±1.25 2.87±2.30 0.241

2.4 水飞蓟宾对蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,2组之间血清IgM和IgG含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与CON组相比,S500组的血清IgA、IL-10、IL-13和TNF-α含量极显著提高(P<0.01)。
表6 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of silybin on serum immune parameters of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 35.92±3.54 62.58±7.07 0.072
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 28.40±7.98 76.19±2.01 0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 52.29±8.60 30.14±7.68 0.061
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 8.72±5.11 36.61±4.02 0.001
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 8.84±1.09 60.15±2.07 0.001
白细胞介素-13 IL-13/(pg/mL) 201.71±17.67 849.95±26.71 0.003

2.5 水飞蓟宾对蛋鸡肝脏免疫指标的影响

由表7可知,与CON组相比,S500组的肝脏IgA、IgG、IL-10、IL-13和TNF-α含量极显著提高(P<0.01),肝脏IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表7 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏免疫指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of silybin on liver immune parameters of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g prot) 2.41±1.01 4.96±1.59 0.047
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/g prot) 0.98±0.46 7.55±1.84 0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/g prot) 13.24±3.00 89.62±3.60 0.001
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/g prot) 3.61±3.39 30.03±6.39 0.001
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/g prot) 0.82±0.31 12.31±1.79 0.001
白细胞介素-13 IL-13/(pg/g prot) 3.02±1.48 15.76±2.06 0.004

2.6 水飞蓟宾对蛋鸡卵巢免疫指标的影响

由表8可知,2组之间卵巢IgM、IgA、IgG、IL-10、TNF-α和IL-13含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
表8 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡卵巢免疫指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of silybin on ovary immune parameters of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g prot) 3.56±1.82 4.32±3.06 0.646
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/g prot) 4.14±4.76 3.54±2.05 0.800
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/g prot) 39.00±12.55 27.92±9.25 0.286
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/g prot) 24.79±9.03 19.15±2.44 0.275
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/g prot) 7.78±4.42 7.68±6.63 0.978
白细胞介素-13 IL-13/(pg/g prot) 1.67±1.86 1.63±0.32 0.982

2.7 水飞蓟宾对蛋鸡输卵管免疫指标的影响

由表9可知,2组之间输卵管IgA、TNF-α、IL-10和IL-13含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与CON组相比,S500组的输卵管IgM含量显著降低(P<0.05),输卵管IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表9 水飞蓟宾对产蛋后期蛋鸡输卵管免疫指标的影响

Table 9 Effects of silybin on oviduct immune parameters of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON S500
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g prot) 39.06±12.94 16.27±1.61 0.013
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/g prot) 24.50±4.46 40.40±6.49 0.119
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/g prot) 140.13±25.17 287.17±10.40 0.017
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/g prot) 22.19±6.72 22.99±9.14 0.379
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/g prot) 87.54±2.54 82.55±2.26 0.173
白细胞介素-13 IL-13/(pg/g prot) 55.78±4.13 56.42±13.06 0.938

3 讨论

在产蛋后期,蛋鸡肝脏代谢负荷增加,需要持续合成大量脂质和蛋白质以维持产蛋性能[32]。同时,免疫系统发生适应性改变,细胞溶解能力较强的淋巴细胞(如细胞毒性T淋巴细胞和γδT细胞)数量减少,免疫系统更多依赖于先天免疫和体液免疫反应,而细胞介导的适应性免疫相对不足[33]。该阶段常伴随产蛋率下降、蛋壳质量变差及饲料利用率降低等问题[34-35]。因此,减轻肝脏代谢负荷和增强免疫调节能力是提高老龄蛋鸡生产性能和经济效益的关键[36]。Guo等[16]研究表明,水飞蓟宾主要通过调节肝脏脂质代谢、盲肠微生物功能及其代谢产物,从而降低料蛋比,这与本研究结果相符。Ahammad等[17]研究表明,蛋鸡饲粮中添加0~0.06%水飞蓟宾,鸡蛋在整个试验期间的哈氏单位呈线性上升,在第12周的蛋白高度和蛋壳厚度呈线性增加,表明其改善蛋白质结构和蛋的新鲜度,这与本试验的结果相符。老龄蛋鸡蛋壳断裂强度下降与钙代谢失调及氧化还原失衡相关[37],已有研究表明,水飞蓟宾可提高蛋壳厚度[16-17],与本试验结果一致。免疫反应初期,机体优先将资源分配给免疫修复和防御机制,而非生产性功能(如卵黄色素的沉积)[38-39]。在本研究中,试验组的28 d蛋黄颜色极显著低于对照组,而56 d蛋黄颜色则极显著高于对照组。这一变化表明,随着免疫系统的恢复,生产功能逐步恢复,免疫资源的分配趋于平衡。
水飞蓟宾能够增强特异性免疫应答,尤其在代谢相关免疫调节中发挥重要作用[40]。LDH是体内一种重要的糖酵解酶,广泛存在于心脏、肝脏、骨骼肌、肾脏、红细胞等多种组织细胞中。当细胞受损时,LDH会释放到血液中,导致血清LDH活性升高[41-43]。Kinoshita等[44]研究表明,LDH活性升高与肝脏功能下降相关。水飞蓟宾显著降低血清LDH活性,表明其可能通过改善肝脏健康减轻肝脏损伤[45]。ALB作为由肝脏合成的蛋白质,反映了营养和炎症状况[46-47]。本研究发现,水飞蓟宾极显著降低了血清LDH活性和ALB含量,提示其通过增强免疫功能,改善了肝脏健康,降低了肝脏功能损伤。
Zhang等[48]研究表明,在饲粮中添加1 600 mg/kg水飞蓟宾显著增加了北京鸭血清IgA含量,这与本试验结果一致。值得注意的是,本研究中血清IgG含量呈现下降趋势,这一现象可能与水飞蓟宾的免疫调节特性相关。研究表明,水飞蓟宾能够促进M2型巨噬细胞极化,而M2型巨噬细胞主要分泌IL-10等抗炎因子,同时抑制促炎因子的产生[49],水飞蓟宾通过抑制NF-κB信号通路并上调抗炎因子IL-10发挥抗炎作用[50]。强烈刺激背景下可能出现短暂性或局部的TNF-α上调反应,Tong等[51]研究发现,在大鼠关节炎模型中,灌胃水飞蓟宾(50、100和150 mg/kg)能显著升高血清TNF-α含量,最高剂量组可达约1 300 pg/mL,远高于对照组。IL-13作为辅助型T细胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)分泌的细胞因子[52],参与肝脏纤维化进程[53],从而使IL-13等抗炎细胞因子含量升高,促进修复性免疫反应[54],这与本研究在免疫调节方面的发现相符。IgG代表机体适应性免疫功能的强化[55]。水飞蓟宾对肝脏和输卵管IgG含量的提升作用,可能与其对B细胞抗体类别转换的调节有关。IgG的产生通常需要T细胞的辅助和特定的细胞因子环境,如白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、IL-10等细胞因子可促进IgG的类别转换[56]。IgM作为初级体液免疫反应的主要免疫球蛋白,产蛋后期蛋鸡在持续应激下,会出现免疫抑制状态,表现为血清免疫球蛋白(如IgG、IgM)含量降低[57],本研究发现,水飞蓟宾显著提高了肝脏IgM含量[58],并且减轻了生殖道炎性刺激[59],免疫抑制可能影响输卵管局部黏膜免疫系统,导致IgM分泌减少。
总之,本研究显示水飞蓟宾能够调节免疫系统、改善肝脏功能、减轻代谢负担并增强免疫调节能力,表现出良好的应用前景。目前观察到的免疫指标与生产性能的改善多为表型结果,二者之间是否存在直接因果关系,尚需通过更深度的相关性分析或机制研究加以验证。

4 结论

饲粮中添加500 mg/kg水飞蓟宾能够降低产蛋后期蛋鸡的料蛋比,提升哈氏单位和蛋壳厚度,同时改善蛋黄颜色;此外,水飞蓟宾通过调节血清、肝脏和生殖道的免疫因子含量,增强了蛋鸡的免疫应答能力。总体来看,水飞蓟宾能够有效改善产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和免疫功能,具备良好的应用潜力。

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