REVIEW

Research Progress on Biological Functions of Fumaric Acid and Its Application in Animal Production

  • XING Yali , 1 ,
  • CAI Jing 2 ,
  • LI Haihua 2 ,
  • QIAO Jiayun , 1, *
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  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-16

  Online published: 2026-08-13

Abstract

Fumaric acid serves multiple biological functions in animal feed as an acidifier, including lowering gastrointestinal pH, selectively inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, improving intestinal morphology and function, enhancing nutrient digestibility, modulating rumen fermentation patterns, acting as a hydrogen acceptor to reduce methane (CH4) emission, and exerting antioxidant and immune-regulatory effects. In weaned piglets, fumaric acid effectively alleviates weaning stress, improves growth performance, and controls diarrhea. In poultry, it enhances growth and egg production, improves meat and egg quality, and strengthens stress resistance. In ruminants, its primary role lies in regulating rumen fermentation by increasing propionate proportion and suppressing CH4 production. In aquaculture species such as Nile tilapia and Pacific white shrimp, fumaric acid also demonstrates potential for promoting growth, disease resistance and health regulation. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of its mechanisms of action and the development of novel and highly efficient preparations. This review systematically summarized the research progress on biological functions of fumaric acid and its application in swine, poultry, ruminant and aquatic animal production, aiming to provide guidance for its scientific application.

Cite this article

XING Yali , CAI Jing , LI Haihua , QIAO Jiayun . Research Progress on Biological Functions of Fumaric Acid and Its Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(8) : 5650 -5659 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.453

富马酸,又称延胡索酸,是三羧酸(TCA)循环中连接琥珀酸与苹果酸的关键中间代谢物,在细胞能量代谢中扮演重要角色;作为一种天然有机酸,其工业化生产主要通过微生物发酵法实现[1]。作为一种有机弱酸,得益于其高稳定性、良好的水溶性及抗菌特性,富马酸及其盐类作为一种安全、绿色的饲料添加剂,在替代饲用抗生素、改善动物健康与生产性能方面得到了长期且深入的研究和应用[2-3]。随着全球对畜牧业绿色、可持续发展要求的提高,富马酸的多功能生物活性,特别是其在调节瘤胃发酵甲烷(CH4)减排和增强动物自身免疫调节能力方面的作用,再次成为研究热点[4-5]。近年来,富马酸的应用范畴已从传统的猪、禽、反刍动物延伸至水产养殖领域[6-7]。本文旨在系统性阐述富马酸的生物学功能,并全面综述其在主要经济动物生产中的应用效果及研究进展,为富马酸作为饲料添加剂的科学应用提供参考。

1 富马酸的生物学功能

1.1 降低胃肠道pH和调控微生态

富马酸作为一种有机酸,在动物消化道内能迅速解离并释放氢离子,有效降低胃及近端肠道食糜的pH,形成酸化环境。这种酸化环境不利于大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等革兰氏阴性致病菌的生存与增殖,却为乳酸杆菌等耐酸有益菌创造了优势生长条件[8]。体外研究证实,富马酸能直接降低鸡肉中沙门氏菌的数量[9]。在仔猪上的研究表明,饲粮添加富马酸可显著降低胃肠道中大肠杆菌数量,同时提高乳酸杆菌数量,从而优化肠道菌群结构,维持肠道微生态平衡[8],并对特定病原菌如产肠毒素大肠杆菌有抑制作用[10]。在酸奶发酵中,富马酸也被证明能促进乳酸杆菌的生长[11]。在断奶仔猪中,有机酸混合物(含富马酸)的添加对空肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性无显著影响[12];但有研究显示,富马酸降低了胰腺的相对重量,推测这可能与能量和蛋白质的摄入有关[13]

1.2 改善肠道形态和屏障功能

富马酸能促进肠道发育,改善组织形态结构。研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加含富马酸的有机酸复合物,能显著提高空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值(绒隐比),降低空肠隐窝深度,这标志着肠道吸收面积的扩大和消化吸收功能的增强[12]。类似地,在球虫感染的肉鸡中,有机酸(含富马酸)的添加能降低空肠隐窝深度,提高空肠绒隐比,并提高空肠紧密连接蛋白如密封蛋白1(Claudin1)、闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)和闭合蛋白(Occludin)的mRNA表达水平,有助于维持肠道黏膜结构的完整性[14]。健康的肠道形态是物理屏障功能的基础,富马酸通过抑制病原菌及其毒素对上皮细胞的侵袭,间接保护了肠道屏障。

1.3 改善营养物质消化和利用

富马酸可通过降低胃肠道pH、提高内源酶活性、抑制有害菌增殖、改善肠道形态等多重途径增强肠道对营养物质的吸收能力,但不同研究显示,富马酸对营养物质的消化利用率的作用效果存在一定差异。富马酸改善营养物质消化和利用的研究用在猪上最为广泛,例如,Giesting等[15]研究发现,在仔猪饲粮中添加富马酸可提高干物质和氮表观回肠消化率,但无显著差异;Gabert等[16]研究也证实,富马酸及其钠盐对仔猪氨基酸和能量表观回肠消化率以及回肠食糜中乙酸和丙酸含量均有一定的改善作用。富马酸对营养物质消化率的改善效果受到饲粮系酸力(缓冲能力)的影响[17-18],但总的来说可提高早期断奶仔猪总能、粗蛋白质和多数氨基酸的表观回肠消化率[17]。在肉鸡上的研究也显示,富马酸可上调十二指肠Ⅱb型钠依赖性磷酸盐共转运蛋白(NaP-Ⅱb)和无机磷转运蛋白2(PiT2)基因表达,下调无机磷转运蛋白1(PiT1)基因表达,提高低磷饲粮条件下磷的吸收利用率[19]。对饲喂大麦型饲粮的猪而言,有机酸可改善干物质、粗蛋白质和能量表观消化率,且与酶制剂有协同作用[20]。早期研究也证实,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加有机酸(含富马酸)对仔猪有积极作用[21]。饲粮添加富马酸可降低仔猪粪氮和尿氮含量,提高氮利用率[22]

1.4 调节瘤胃发酵并作为氢受体

在反刍动物营养中,富马酸展现出独特且重要的功能。富马酸能被瘤胃微生物(如琥珀酸代谢菌)还原为琥珀酸,进而转化为丙酸[23]。此还原过程需要消耗氢气(H2),而H2正是产甲烷古菌合成CH4的关键底物[24]。因此,富马酸作为一种高效的“氢受体”,通过竞争性消耗H2,能够抑制CH4生成[25],同时将发酵导向产生更多可供宿主利用的丙酸[26]。这种发酵模式的转变(提高丙酸比例,降低乙酸/丙酸值)意味着饲料能量利用效率的提高[27-28]。体外研究进一步阐明了富马酸钠对瘤胃内不同形态H2和CH4生成的抑制动力学[29]。但也有研究发现,富马酸对奶牛CH4排放无显著影响[30]

1.5 抗氧化和免疫调节功能

作为TCA循环的中间体,富马酸直接参与细胞的能量代谢和电子传递过程,并可能通过影响线粒体功能、减少活性氧(ROS)过度生成及增强机体抗氧化酶系统能力等方式发挥抗氧化作用。研究表明,在慢性热应激条件下,饲粮添加1.0%或1.5%富马酸均能提高肉鸡胸肌总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),降低胸肌脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而改善肌肉抗氧化状态和品质[31]。孙诗昂等[32]研究也证实,富马酸能够缓解循环热应激对肉鸡的氧化损伤,并提升其免疫功能。但是,在蛋鸭生产后期的研究中发现,含富马酸的有机酸复合物降低了血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和T-AOC,并提高了血清MDA含量,同时降低了血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量[33],这种对抗氧化和免疫功能的作用差异可能与有机酸的成分与添加量、饲粮组成、动物健康状态以及日龄有关[34]。细胞分子层面的研究揭示,富马酸与肉桂醛联用可能通过上调热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)等信号通路,缓解产肠毒素大肠杆菌诱导的猪肠上皮细胞氧化应激[35]。此外,基础医学研究发现,富马酸及其衍生物在免疫细胞(如CD8+ T细胞)的代谢重编程和功能调控中扮演关键角色,这为理解其在动物体内的潜在免疫调节作用提供了新视角[5]

2 富马酸在动物生产中的应用

2.1 在猪生产中的应用

富马酸在养猪业中的应用主要集中于断奶仔猪阶段,其目的主要在于克服断奶应激导致的采食量下降、消化紊乱和腹泻高发等问题[36]。在改善生长性能与健康方面,研究证实,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加富马酸有助于提高平均日增重和饲料转化效率[37-38]。研究显示,富马酸与植物提取物(如肉桂醛)联合使用具有协同效应,能更有效地促进断奶仔猪生长,并改善其血清生化和抗氧化指标及肠道炎症反应[39]。在控制腹泻方面,富马酸的抗菌与酸化特性使其成为控制断奶后腹泻的有效工具之一。Tsiloyiannis等[40]报道,有机酸能有效降低断奶后腹泻的发生率和严重程度,其作用机制与降低胃肠道pH、抑制致病菌定植以及改善肠道健康密切相关[8,12]。在提高营养物质消化利用率和替抗潜力方面,富马酸可提高仔猪对蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率[15-16],且其效果受饲粮缓冲能力的影响[17]。保护型有机酸混合物(含17%富马酸)在生长育肥猪中可作为抗生素的替代方案[41]

2.2 在家禽生产中的应用

在家禽养殖中,富马酸被用于促进生长、改善产品品质以及增强机体对应激的耐受力。在肉鸡养殖领域,部分研究显示在肉鸡饲粮中添加富马酸能够有效提高体增重和饲料利用率[42-43];但也有报道显示,富马酸对肉鸡体增重和饲料利用率没有显著改善作用[44]。在疾病或应激状态下,富马酸的作用更为凸显。Abdelli等[45-46]研究发现,采用微囊化技术处理的富马酸与百里香酚联用,能有效改善肉鸡在短期禁食或患坏死性肠炎下的生长性能和消化功能。此外,富马酸还能改善鸡肉品质,例如在热应激条件下能够降低胸肌滴水损失并改善肉色[31]。刘禹彤等[47]研究也表明,富马酸可以提高肉鸡平均日增重和机体抗氧化能力,提高血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,改善盲肠菌群结构。热应激是制约肉鸡生产的关键环境因子,饲粮添加富马酸被证明是一种有效的营养调控措施。孙诗昂等[32]研究表明,富马酸提高了慢性热应激肉鸡采食量和终末体重,同时增强了抗氧化能力和免疫功能。在蛋禽及种禽养殖领域,在产蛋后期蛋鸭饲粮中添加富马酸可提高鸭蛋哈氏单位、蛋黄重量,改善蛋黄颜色,但下调了卵巢和输卵管子宫部的钙结合蛋白-D28k(CaBP-D28k)和碳酸酐酶2(CA2)的表达,影响繁殖性能[33]。在鹌鹑上的研究发现,饲粮添加1.5%富马酸不仅能提高生长性能和营养物质消化率,还能改善肠道菌群组成,提高有益菌相对丰度[48]

2.3 在反刍动物生产中的应用

在反刍动物中,富马酸主要作为瘤胃发酵调节剂,用于提高生产性能和减少温室气体排放。饲粮添加富马酸钠盐可定向改变奶山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸比例,表现为丙酸比例升高,乙酸/丙酸值下降[27]。在慢性酸中毒情况下,饲粮添加富马酸钠盐能使奶山羊瘤胃乳酸杆菌数量减少而乳酸利用菌数量增加[49],从而提升饲粮能量的利用效率。刘云芳等[50]研究表明,延胡索酸二钠提高了早期断奶羔羊的平均日增重,并促进了瘤胃发育。在奶牛上的研究显示,富马酸的添加可提高产奶量[51-52],但对乳成分和血浆生化指标无显著影响[51]。王荣等[53]报道,饲粮添加2%延胡索酸可以提高妊娠后期山羊瘤胃中总挥发性脂肪酸含量,发酵模式向丙酸型转变,并有助于提高机体抗氧化能力、母羊妊娠后期增重和羔羊出生总重。在高精料饲粮下,补充延胡索酸二钠可通过调节瘤胃pH改善湖羊肌肉品质,抑制肌肉氧化应激并促进脂质代谢[54]。饲喂300 g/d的富马酸可降低公牛血清β-羟基丁酸含量和瘤胃液中丁酸含量,有提高屠宰率的趋势,但对采食量、日增重、血液红细胞计数和血气浓度均无显著影响,且粗饲料类型影响富马酸的作用效果[55-56]。在奶牛中,与单独添加硝酸盐相比,富马酸与硝酸盐联合添加可降低瘤胃中H2产量,并伴随着丙酸含量增加[57]
抑制CH4排放是富马酸在反刍动物营养中最受关注的环境功能。Bayaru等[25]报道,富马酸可使仅饲喂高粱青贮饲料的肉牛CH4产量降低23%,二氧化碳(CO2)产量降低20.5%,但不影响中性洗涤纤维的消化率。在山羊上的长期研究表明,富马酸可以降低CH4排放,且当粗饲料颗粒与精饲料颗粒的比值较小时效果更显著[58]。近期的研究表明,富马酸盐能降低奶山羊CH4排放,并强化机体TCA循环和尿素循环[59]。体内外研究发现,包被富马酸降低生长期羔羊瘤胃CH4排放的效果更显著[24]。但也有研究显示,富马酸或盐对肉牛[60]以及高产泌乳奶牛[61]的CH4排放无显著影响,这可能与其在饲粮中的添加量有关。

2.4 在水产动物生产中的应用

近年来,富马酸在水产养殖中的应用开始受到关注,并显示出良好的应用前景。Das Neves等[6]在尼罗罗非鱼上的研究表明,饲料添加1.5%富马酸能改善肠道形态,降低肠道革兰氏阴性菌的数量,优化肠道菌群结构,有效促进生长。一种含富马酸的杀菌黏土可提高尼罗罗非鱼的生长性能、饲料利用率、免疫功能和抗氧化能力[62]。更深入的研究发现,富马酸对感染病原体的水产动物具有保护作用。Srisapoome等[7]报道,在感染微孢子虫的南美白对虾饲料中添加富马酸,不仅能改善其生长性能,还能通过调节肠道菌群和宿主免疫相关蛋白质(如β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白、肿瘤抑制蛋白P53和蛋白质二硫键异构酶A3)的表达,减轻感染造成的病理损伤,显示出治疗潜力。
综上所述,表1汇总了饲粮添加富马酸或复合制剂对动物生长性能及其他指标的影响。
表1 饲粮添加富马酸或其复合制剂对动物生长性能及其他指标的影响

Table 1 Effects of dietary supplementation with fumaric acid or its compound preparations on growth performance and other indicators of animals

项目
Items
添加量
Supplemental
level/%
动物
Animals
改善生长性能
Growth performance
improvement
其他效果
Other effects
参考文献
References
G F G∶F
有机酸(含富马酸)
Organic acids
(contained fumaric acid)
0.15 断奶仔猪 NS NS 提高空肠绒隐比 [12]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 2 断奶仔猪 NS [15]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 1.5 断奶仔猪 NS NS NS [37]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 1.5或3.0 断奶仔猪 [38]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.06 断奶仔猪 [39]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 1.5 断奶仔猪 降低腹泻率和
腹泻程度
[40]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.5 肉鸡
(28~42日龄)
NS [32]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 1 肉鸡
(1~42日龄)
[42]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.25或0.50 肉鸡
(1~42日龄)
[43]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.5或
1.0或1.5
肉鸡
(14~30日龄)
NS NS [44]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.09 肉鸡
(1~35日龄)
NS NS [45]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 0.06 肉鸡
(1~42日龄)
NS NS [47]
苯甲酸、富马酸、
磷酸、甲酸
Benzoic acid, fumaric
acid, phosphoric acid,
and formic acid
1.5 蛋鸭
(42~48周龄)
NS NS [33]
富马酸钠盐
Sodium fumarate
1 断奶羔羊 NS NS 提高十二指肠绒隐比 [50]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 2 妊娠后期山羊 提高瘤胃中总挥发
性脂肪酸含量
[53]
富马酸 Fumaric acid 1.5 尼罗罗非鱼 NS [6]
富马酸、柠檬酸、
多种氨基酸
Fumaric acid, citric
acid, and various
amino acids
0.5或1.0
或2.0
尼罗罗非鱼 提高前肠绒毛高度 [62]

G表示体增重,F表示采食量,G∶F表示体增重与采食量的比值,NS表示无显著影响(P>0.05),—表示未测定。

G represented body weight gain, F represented feed intake, G∶F represented ratio of body weight gain to feed intake, NS represented no significant effects (P>0.05), and — indicated no measurement.

3 小结与展望

富马酸以其来源天然、功能多样、安全高效等特点,已成为饲料“禁抗”时代一种极具价值的核心功能性添加剂。富马酸通过酸化抑菌、维护肠道健康、调控营养物质代谢、抗氧化等多种途径,在多种动物生产中均展现出积极的应用效果,尤其在改善仔猪肠道健康、缓解家禽热应激、优化反刍动物瘤胃发酵及减少CH4排放方面价值突出(图1)。展望未来,一是要继续开展富马酸作用机制的深度解析,利用多组学技术和细胞分子生物学手段,深入揭示富马酸调控宿主营养物质代谢、肠道免疫屏障、氧化应激反应以及与瘤胃或肠道微生物互作的分子网络和关键信号通路;二是新型高效制剂研发,持续推进缓释、靶向、稳定性更高的新型制剂的研发,以进一步提升其生物利用度和作用效果。
图1 富马酸作用机制示意图

FA:富马酸 fumaric acid;H2:氢气 hydrogen;CH4:甲烷 methane;ROS:活性氧 reactive oxygen species。

+代表改善或增强作用,-代表抑制或降低作用。+ represented improvement or enhancement effects, and - represented inhibitory or reducing effects.

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of fumaric acid mechanism of action

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Outlines

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