1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设备
1.3 试验原料及饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成(风干基础)Table 1 Composition of experimental diets (air-dry basis) |
| 原料 Ingredients | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diet |
|---|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 54.43 | 42.93 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 30.15 | 23.79 |
| 待测菜籽粕 Test rapeseed meal | 20.00 | |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal | 6.11 | 4.82 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 4.05 | 3.20 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.76 | 1.76 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.40 | 1.40 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.33 | 0.33 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 植酸酶 Phytase | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 预混料 Premix | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 二氧化钛 TiO2 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 U,VB1 0.01 mg,VB2 8.00 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 34 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。 |
表2 试验饲粮营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
| 干物质 DM | 90.20 | 88.26 | 88.07 | 88.84 | 89.10 | 88.43 | 88.61 | 89.06 | 88.93 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.68 | 17.29 | 17.52 | 17.43 | 17.66 | 17.20 | 17.35 | 17.42 | 17.54 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 23.53 | 26.06 | 26.59 | 26.76 | 26.42 | 25.48 | 26.57 | 25.97 | 26.48 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 3.05 | 5.01 | 5.09 | 4.88 | 5.23 | 5.13 | 4.93 | 4.05 | 4.01 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.05 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.64 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.76 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.65 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.14 | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 1.19 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.90 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.06 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.92 |
1.4 试验设计
1.5 样品采集
1.6 指标测定方法
1.7 计算公式
总能摄入量=饲粮总能×采食量;
排泄总能=粪能×排粪量;
表观代谢能摄入量=总能摄入量-排泄总能;
表观代谢能=表观代谢能摄入量/采食量;
氮摄入量=饲粮氮含量×采食量;
氮排出量=粪便氮含量×排粪量;
氮沉积量=氮摄入量-氮排出量;
氮校正表观代谢能=表观代谢能-氮沉积量×34.39;
总产热量=16.18×氧气消耗量+5.02×二氧化碳产生量。
绝食产热量=代谢体重(BW0.70)×450 kJ/kg BW0.70。
热增耗=总产热量-绝食产热量;
呼吸熵=二氧化碳产生量/氧气消耗量;
净能摄入量=表观代谢能摄入量-热增耗;
净能=(表观代谢能摄入量-热增耗)/采食量;
沉积能=表观代谢能摄入量-总产热量。
待测原料的有效能=(待测饲粮的有效能-基础饲粮的有效能×a)/b。
1.8 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 菜籽粕的化学成分含量
表3 菜籽粕的化学成分含量(风干基础)Table 3 Chemical component contents of rapeseed meal (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 菜籽粕编号 Rapeseed meal number | 平均值 Mean | 变异系数 CV/% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.78 | 17.40 | 17.65 | 17.24 | 17.75 | 17.39 | 17.93 | 17.57 | 17.59 | 1.32 |
| 干物质 DM/% | 89.23 | 87.30 | 88.78 | 89.12 | 89.25 | 88.13 | 90.32 | 88.70 | 88.85 | 0.89 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 38.67 | 40.74 | 40.98 | 39.73 | 36.57 | 40.55 | 37.80 | 39.75 | 39.35 | 3.95 |
| 粗脂肪 EE/% | 1.19 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.23 | 1.68 | 1.39 | 3.08 | 2.79 | 1.77 | 41.62 |
| 粗灰分 Ash/% | 6.76 | 6.31 | 6.22 | 7.32 | 6.94 | 6.13 | 6.90 | 6.32 | 6.61 | 6.46 |
| 粗纤维 CF/% | 14.40 | 15.83 | 13.28 | 16.53 | 15.51 | 13.51 | 9.64 | 8.87 | 13.45 | 21.00 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% | 34.43 | 27.24 | 24.59 | 35.17 | 33.89 | 30.10 | 28.63 | 26.88 | 30.12 | 13.16 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% | 22.61 | 19.15 | 19.30 | 29.04 | 23.26 | 19.98 | 21.67 | 16.80 | 21.48 | 17.24 |
| 植酸 PA/(g/kg) | 13.96 | 12.79 | 14.05 | 14.65 | 16.95 | 10.77 | 15.00 | 14.91 | 14.14 | 12.74 |
| 硫代葡萄糖苷 GLS/(μmol/g) | 1.63 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 3.45 | 1.66 | 0.96 | 1.83 | 1.03 | 1.57 | 53.23 |
| 淀粉 ST/% | 2.19 | 2.15 | 2.12 | 2.21 | 2.03 | 2.21 | 2.26 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 3.48 |
2.2 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡呼吸量、氮平衡及能量代谢的影响
表4 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡呼吸量及氮平衡的影响(干物质基础)Table 4 Effects of different diets on respiratory capacity and nitrogen balance of white-feathered broilers (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||
| 呼吸量 Respiratory capacity | |||||||||||
| 氧气消耗量 O2 consumption/ [L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 44.05b | 44.61ab | 44.63ab | 41.71c | 44.31ab | 44.46ab | 44.58ab | 44.97a | 44.87ab | 0.139 | <0.001 |
| 二氧化碳产生量 CO2 production/ [L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 42.07ab | 41.99b | 42.01ab | 41.75b | 42.60a | 42.25ab | 42.02ab | 40.54c | 40.48c | 0.103 | <0.001 |
| 呼吸熵 RQ | 0.96b | 0.94c | 0.94c | 1.00a | 0.96b | 0.95bc | 0.94c | 0.90d | 0.90d | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| 氮平衡 Nitrogen balance/(g/d) | |||||||||||
| 氮摄入量 Nitrogen intake | 4.15d | 4.64b | 4.71ab | 4.73ab | 4.87a | 4.82ab | 4.89a | 4.44c | 4.73ab | 0.033 | <0.001 |
| 氮排出量 Nitrogen excreta | 1.62b | 1.77ab | 1.76ab | 1.81ab | 1.81ab | 1.84ab | 1.86a | 1.68ab | 1.77ab | 0.019 | 0.045 |
| 氮沉积量 Nitrogen retained | 2.53b | 2.87ab | 2.95ab | 2.92ab | 3.06a | 2.98ab | 3.03a | 2.76ab | 2.96ab | 0.039 | 0.037 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表5 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡能量代谢的影响(干物质基础)Table 5 Effects of different diets on energy metabolism of white-feathered broilers (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||
| 能量平衡 Energy balance/[kJ/(BW0.70·d)] | |||||||||||
| 总能摄入量 GEI | 2 164.04 | 2 136.42 | 2 165.83 | 2 157.86 | 2 202.71 | 2 161.20 | 2 143.59 | 2 073.56 | 2 188.58 | 10.152 | 0.158 |
| 表观代谢能摄入量 AMEI | 1 503.27a | 1 388.96bc | 1 407.57bc | 1 402.19bc | 1 417.30b | 1 385.74bc | 1 393.18bc | 1 347.49c | 1 424.98b | 7.161 | <0.001 |
| 净能摄入量 NEI | 1 027.69a | 916.34b | 924.36b | 925.44b | 961.78ab | 923.67b | 919.50b | 890.34b | 944.90b | 7.639 | <0.001 |
| 总产热量 THP | 945.58 | 928.45 | 933.21 | 931.20 | 948.62 | 932.07 | 934.85 | 936.56 | 930.08 | 1.781 | 0.076 |
| 热增耗 HI | 624.10b | 628.90ab | 631.77ab | 632.48ab | 645.88a | 635.18ab | 630.21ab | 625.30b | 633.19ab | 1.439 | <0.001 |
| 沉积能 RE | 557.69a | 460.58d | 493.24bc | 471.08cd | 464.62d | 453.36d | 497.06b | 493.28bc | 502.85b | 4.377 | <0.001 |
| 有效能值 Effective energy values/(MJ/kg) | |||||||||||
| 表观代谢能 AME | 11.66a | 11.18bc | 11.17bc | 11.22bc | 11.09c | 11.06c | 11.29bc | 11.39ab | 11.25bc | 0.031 | <0.001 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | 11.15a | 10.62b | 10.65b | 10.89ab | 10.69b | 10.75ab | 11.16a | 11.11a | 11.03ab | 0.040 | <0.001 |
| 净能 NE | 7.99a | 7.35bc | 7.33c | 7.40bc | 7.30c | 7.26c | 7.42bc | 7.51b | 7.46bc | 0.033 | <0.001 |
| 能量转化效率 Energy conversion efficiency/% | |||||||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能 AME/GE | 69.41a | 65.76bc | 64.94cd | 65.11cd | 64.38d | 65.01cd | 65.89bc | 67.12b | 66.56b | 0.218 | <0.001 |
| 净能/表观代谢能 NE/AME | 68.36a | 65.74b | 65.67b | 65.95b | 65.83b | 65.61b | 65.72b | 65.94ab | 66.28ab | 0.204 | 0.004 |
2.3 白羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的有效能值和能量转化效率
表6 白羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的有效能值和能量转化效率(干物质基础)Table 6 Effective energy values and energy conversion efficiency of rapeseed meal in white-feathered broilers (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 菜籽粕编号 Rapeseed meal number | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||
| 有效能值 Effective energy values/(MJ/kg) | ||||||||||
| 表观代谢能 AME | 9.26bc | 9.21bc | 9.46b | 8.81c | 8.68c | 9.81ab | 10.31a | 9.62b | 0.084 | <0.001 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | 9.19b | 9.13b | 9.35b | 8.75c | 8.60c | 9.72b | 10.16a | 9.49b | 0.079 | <0.001 |
| 净能 NE | 4.78cd | 4.70cd | 5.03bc | 4.53d | 4.35d | 5.13abc | 5.58a | 5.33ab | 0.067 | <0.001 |
| 能量转化效率 Energy conversion efficiency/% | ||||||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能 AME/GE | 52.06cd | 54.13b | 53.57bc | 51.37d | 50.70d | 56.39a | 57.48a | 56.03a | 0.367 | <0.001 |
| 净能/表观代谢能 NE/AME | 51.65cd | 51.07cd | 53.20abc | 51.45cd | 50.13d | 52.32bcd | 54.15ab | 55.37a | 0.286 | <0.001 |
2.4 菜籽粕化学成分含量与有效能值的相关性分析
图1 菜籽粕化学成分含量与有效能值的相关性分析网络热图DM:干物质 dry matter;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;ASH:粗灰分 ash;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;ST:淀粉 starch;PA:植酸 phytic acid;GLS:硫代葡萄糖苷 glucosinolate;GE:总能 gross energy;AME:表观代谢能 apparent metabolizable energy;NE:净能 net energy。r.sign:相关系数符号 correlation coefficient sign;Negative:负相关 negative correlation;Positive:正相关 positive correlation;p:P值 P-value;r.abs:相关系数绝对值 absolute value of correlation coefficient;pearson’s r:Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient。 Fig.1 Network heatmap of correlation analysis between chemical component contents and effective energy values of rapeseed meal |
2.5 菜籽粕有效能值预测方程的构建
表7 菜籽粕有效能值预测方程(干物质基础)Table 7 Effective energy value prediction equations of rapeseed meal (DM basis) |
| 编号 No. | 预测方程 Prediction equation | 决定系数 R2 | 均方根误差 RMSE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 表观代谢能=11.405-0.150×粗纤维 | 0.572 | 0.346 | 0.018 |
| 2 | 表观代谢能=3.980-0.140×粗纤维+3.381×淀粉 | 0.803 | 0.237 | 0.007 |
| 3 | 表观代谢能=1.767-0.110×粗纤维+4.398×淀粉-0.243×硫代葡萄糖苷 | 0.939 | 0.130 | <0.001 |
| 4 | 净能=-2.156+0.754×表观代谢能 | 0.919 | 0.110 | <0.001 |
| 5 | 净能=0.800+0.519×表观代谢能-0.056×粗纤维 | 0.976 | 0.063 | <0.001 |
| 6 | 净能=0.182+0.470×表观代谢能-0.640×粗纤维+0.030×粗蛋白质 | 0.990 | 0.045 | <0.001 |
| 7 | 净能=-1.209+0.477×表观代谢能-0.068×粗纤维+0.048×粗蛋白质+0.102×粗灰分 | 0.999 | 0.031 | <0.001 |
表8 菜籽粕表观代谢能预测值与实测值比较(干物质基础)Table 8 Comparison of predicted and measured apparent metabolizable energy values of rapeseed meal (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 菜籽粕编号 Rapeseed meal number | 平均值 Mean | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
| 实测值 Measured values/(MJ/kg) | 9.26 | 9.21 | 9.46 | 8.81 | 8.68 | 9.81 | 10.31 | 9.62 | 9.40 |
| 预测值 Predicted values/(MJ/kg) | 9.42 | 9.24 | 9.38 | 8.83 | 8.59 | 9.77 | 10.20 | 9.73 | 9.39 |
| 差值 Difference/(MJ/kg) | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
| 相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 1.21 | 0.23 | 0.60 | 0.16 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.76 | 0.80 | 0.60 |
表9 菜籽粕净能预测值与实测值比较(干物质基础)Table 9 Comparison of predicted and measured net energy values of rapeseed meal (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 菜籽粕编号 Rapeseed meal number | 平均值 Mean | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
| 实测值 Measured values/(MJ/kg) | 4.78 | 4.70 | 5.03 | 4.53 | 4.35 | 5.13 | 5.58 | 5.33 | 4.93 |
| 预测值 Predicted values/(MJ/kg) | 4.77 | 4.71 | 5.00 | 4.52 | 4.34 | 5.12 | 5.57 | 5.33 | 4.92 |
| 差值 Difference/(MJ/kg) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| 相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
表10 菜籽粕有效能值预测方程适应性验证(干物质基础)Table 10 Adaptability verification of effective energy value prediction equations of rapeseed meal (DM basis)MJ/kg |
| 项目 Items | 实测值 Measured values | 预测值 Predicted values | 差值 Difference | 相对标准偏差 RSD/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 表观代谢能 AME | 9.42 | 9.56 | 0.14 | 1.04 |
| 净能 NE | 5.01 | 5.07 | 0.06 | 0.84 |
