Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 8: 5817 - 5828

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.466

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Soybean Lecithin Supplementation in Low-Energy Diets on Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Indices and Liver Health of Aged Laying Hens

  • TANG Li , 1, 2 ,
  • TANG Defu , 1, * ,
  • ZHANG Haijun , 2, * ,
  • WU Shugeng 2 ,
  • TANG Zhuo 3 ,
  • LEI Lili 3
Expand
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3 Louis Dreyfus (Shanghai) Animal Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200003, China
*TANG Defu, professor, E-mail: ;
ZHANG Haijun, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-12-19

  Online published: 2026-08-13

Fold

Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of soybean lecithin (SPL) supplementation in low-energy diets on performance, egg quality, serum indices and liver health of aged laying hens. A total of 720 Jinghong No. 1 laying hens at 72 weeks of age with an average laying rate of approximately 83% were selected and randomly assigned to 9 groups in a completely randomized design, each group consisted of 8 replicates with 10 hens per replicate. The control group (CON group) was fed a basal diet with normal energy level; the L209 and L418 groups were fed experimental diets with energy levels reduced by 209 and 418 kJ, respectively; the experimental groups were fed experimental diets which supplemented with 0.16% (L209-S16 group), 0.24% (L209-S24 group), and 0.32% (L209-S32 group) SPL based on the diet of L209 group and supplemented with 0.30% (L418-S30 group), 0.50% (L418-S50 group), and 0.70% (L418-S70 group) SPL based on the diet of L418 group, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 1 week, and the experimental period lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) during weeks 1 to 12, the laying rate of L209-S32 group was significantly higher than that of CON group (P<0.05), and the feed to egg ratio of L418 group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). 2) During weeks 1 to 12, the egg shape index of L209-S24 group and L209-S32 group was significantly higher than that of L418 group and L418-S50 group (P<0.05), the eggshell thickness of L418-S70 group was significantly higher than that of L209 group, L418 group and L418-S30 group (P<0.05), the albumen height of L209-S16 group, L418 group, L418-S30 group and L418-S70 group was significantly higher than that of CON group (P<0.05), the yolk color of L209-S24 group and L209-S32 group was significantly higher than that of L418-S30 group (P<0.05), and the Haugh unit of L418-S70 group was significantly higher than that of L209 group (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the L209 group, the serum total protein (TP) content of L418-S70 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the serum albumin (ALB) content of other groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content of L209-S32 group and L418-S70 group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the L418 group, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of other groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the CON group, the liver crude fat content of other groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The liver histological examination results showed that the hepatocytes were neatly arranged with reduced lipid vacuoles and less inflammation in L209-S32 group and L418-S70 group; in contrast, the CON group, L209 group and L418 group exhibited marked hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration. In conclusion, the SPL supplementation in low-energy diets can improve the performance, egg quality and liver health of aged laying hens. In the slight decrease energy diet (209 kJ reduction), the recommended SPL supplemental level is 0.32%; in the large decrease energy diet (418 kJ reduction), the recommended SPL supplemental level is 0.70%.

Key words： soybean lecithin; aged laying hens; performance; egg quality; liver health

Cite this article

TANG Li , TANG Defu , ZHANG Haijun , WU Shugeng , TANG Zhuo , LEI Lili . Effects of Soybean Lecithin Supplementation in Low-Energy Diets on Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Indices and Liver Health of Aged Laying Hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(8) : 5817 -5828 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.466

蛋鸡遗传育种技术的持续进步正推动产业目标从“80周龄产蛋360枚”向“100周龄产蛋500枚”跃升。实现更长产蛋周期具有显著的经济、社会和生态效益,已成为全球蛋鸡产业发展的核心目标[1]。然而,在长期高强度生产下,蛋鸡常出现产蛋率缓慢下降[2]、蛋壳质量劣化[3]及肝脏脂质代谢紊乱[4]等问题,严重影响产蛋后期持续生产能力,成为制约“100周龄产蛋500枚”目标实现与养殖效益提升的关键瓶颈[5]。此外,饲料原料价格波动与环保压力日益加剧,推动行业寻求兼顾成本控制与生产性能的饲养方案。因此,低能量饲粮配合功能性饲料添加剂的应用策略受到广泛关注。
大豆磷脂(soybean phospholipids,SPL)作为大豆油精炼的重要副产物,是一种功能性脂质和天然表面活性剂,具有良好的乳化、润湿及抗氧化性能,广泛应用于食品、饲料和医药等领域[6-8]。SPL富含胆胺、胆碱、磷、肌醇及脂肪酸等营养物质[9],在改善饲料适口性、提高饲料转化率、替代部分脂肪及提升饲料能量方面具有重要作用[10]。SPL在促进脂肪乳化与吸收、增强机体抗氧化与免疫能力等方面亦发挥关键作用[11]。研究表明,SPL可提高家禽对脂肪的消化率,并调节脂质代谢,从而改善其生产性能和健康水平[12]。目前,针对延养期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质下降的调控研究仍较缺乏,而改善老龄蛋鸡肝脏脂质代谢对延长其产蛋周期尤为重要。因此,本研究通过在低能量饲粮中添加不同比例SPL,系统评估其对老龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清指标及肝脏健康的影响,以期为老龄蛋鸡的低能量高效健康养殖提供理论依据与实践参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本试验经中国农业科学院饲料研究所动物护理与使用委员会伦理批准,批准编号:IFR-CAAS-20250301。

1.2 试验材料

SPL由上海某动物营养科技有限公司提供,溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量为1.8%,溶血磷脂(LPL)含量≥4.0%,丙酮不溶物含量≥50%,酸价≤40 mg KOH/g。

1.3 试验设计

选取720只72周龄、产蛋率约为83%的京红1号蛋鸡,采用完全随机设计,分为9个组,每组8个重复,每重复10只鸡。对照组(CON组)饲喂正常能量水平的基础饲粮;L209组和L418组饲喂能量水平分别降低209和418 kJ的试验饲粮;试验组饲喂在L209组饲粮基础上分别添加0.16%(L209-S16组)、0.24%(L209-S24组)、0.32%(L209-S32组)的SPL的试验饲粮以及在L418组饲粮基础上分别添加0.30%(L418-S30)、0.50%(L418-S50)和0.70%(L418-S70)的SPL的试验饲粮。预试期1周,正试期12周。

1.4 试验饲粮

试验采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,其配方依据NRC(1994)、NY/T 33—2004及《京红1号蛋鸡饲养手册》中的营养需要量设计,通过降低大豆油添加量调整能量水平,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
CON L209 L209-S16 L209-S24 L209-S32 L418 L418-S30 L418-S50 L418-S70
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 65.37 64.39 64.39 64.39 64.37 61.22 61.22 61.22 61.22
豆粕 Soybean meal 20.56 20.72 20.72 20.72 20.72 20.05 20.05 20.05 20.05
碳酸钙(粗)
CaCO3 (granular)		 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22
碳酸钙(细)
CaCO3 (fine)		 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.22
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38
大豆油 Soybean oil 0.70 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
食盐 NaCl 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
蛋氨酸 Met 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
赖氨酸 Lys 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
苏氨酸 Thr 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
植酸酶 Phytase 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
沸石粉 Zeolite powder 0.23 1.30 1.14 1.06 1.00 1.94 1.64 1.44 1.24
麸皮 Bran 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
大豆磷脂 SPL 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.30 0.50 0.70
预混料 Premix1) 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 11.25 11.05 11.05 11.05 11.05 10.84 10.84 10.84 10.84
粗蛋白质 CP 14.13 14.21 14.16 14.23 14.15 14.15 14.37 14.23 14.14
钙 Ca 4.18 4.25 4.13 4.35 4.24 4.48 4.34 4.19 4.22
总磷 TP 0.45 0.56 0.51 0.48 0.52 0.49 0.54 0.39 0.44

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided for per kilogram diets:VA 12 500 IU,VD3 4 125 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 2 mg,VB1 1 mg,VB2 8.5 mg,VB3 32.5 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 8 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,VB12 5 mg,Mn 65 mg,I 1 mg,Fe 60 mg,Cu 8 mg,Zn 66 mg,Se 0.3 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》计算,粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值。ME was a calculated value referred to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024), while CP (GB/T 6432—2018), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values.

1.5 饲养管理

试验于2025年3—5月在中国农业科学院南口中试基地进行。预试期内,各组均饲喂基础饲粮;正试期内,各组分别饲喂相应的试验饲粮。试验采用全封闭式4层立体笼养鸡舍,将9个组共计72个重复均匀分布于鸡舍内。试验期间,鸡舍环境条件控制如下:温度20~25 ℃,相对湿度50%~80%,每日光照时间16 h,光照强度维持在20 lx。试验饲粮为干粉料,自由采食和饮水。每日07:30和13:30各饲喂1次,固定每日14:00捡蛋。每周带鸡消毒和清理鸡粪1次,依照商品代蛋鸡常规防疫制度进行免疫。试验期间,及时淘汰病弱、死亡蛋鸡,持续观察并记录蛋鸡群体健康状况。

1.6 检测指标与方法

1.6.1 样品采集

在正试期末,各组以重复为单位随机选择1只蛋鸡(禁食12 h,自由饮水),翅下静脉采血5 mL,静置1 h后,1 300×g离心15 min,分离血清,移液枪转移至灭菌1.5 mL冻存管中,于-20 ℃保存待测。遵循动物福利化屠宰流程对鸡只进行屠宰,取出肝脏,进行后续指标的测定。

1.6.2 生产性能测定

根据正试期试验记录,整理并计算各组第1~4周、第5~8周、第9~12周及第1~12周的产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比。

1.6.3 蛋品质测定

在正试期第4周、第8周和第12周末,各组以重复为单位随机收集5枚蛋,分别用蛋壳厚度测定仪(ESTG-1,Orka Food Technology Ltd.,以色列)测定蛋壳厚度,用蛋形指数测定仪(FHK,Fujitsubo Co. Ltd.,日本)测定蛋形指数,用蛋品质自动分析仪(EA-01,Orka Food Technology Ltd.,以色列)测定蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位,用蛋壳强度分析仪(EFR-01,Orka Food Technology Ltd.,以色列)测定蛋壳强度。
基于对生产性能和蛋品质指标的综合评估,选择具有代表性的5个组进行后续检测。

1.6.4 血清指标测定

1.6.4.1 血清生化指标

委托北京金海科隅生物科技发展有限公司进行血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)、尿酸(UA)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量及谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性的检测。

1.6.4.2 血清抗氧化指标

采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒,对血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性进行测定。所有测定步骤均严格按照试剂盒说明书执行。

1.6.5 肝脏指数、形态及粗脂肪含量

采集肝脏整体,经无菌滤纸吸干表面后,称重并计算肝脏指数。取右叶肝组织,锡纸包裹后液氮冻存,后续采用粗脂肪测定仪(Soxtherm,VELP Scientifica Ltd.,意大利)测定粗脂肪含量;取左叶肝组织,经4%多聚甲醛固定后,制备石蜡切片并进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,以观察组织病理变化。

1.7 数据处理与分析

使用SAS 9.4软件进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan氏法多重范围检验比较组间差异,所有试验数据均采用“平均值±标准差”表示,以P<0.05作为差异显著的判定标准。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,各组之间各阶段平均蛋重、平均日采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。第1~4周,L209-S32组产蛋率最高,且显著高于L418组(P<0.05);第5~8周,L209-S16组产蛋率最高,且显著高于L418组(P<0.05);第9~12周,L209组、L209-S16组、L209-S24组、L209-S32组、L418-S50组、L418-S70组产蛋率显著高于CON组和L418组(P<0.05);第1~12周,L209-S32组和产蛋率显著高于CON组和L418组(P<0.05)。第1~4周、第5~8周和第9~12周,各组之间料蛋比无显著差异(P>0.05);第1~12周,L418组料蛋比显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary SPL on performance of aged laying hens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
CON L209 L209-S16 L209-S24 L209-S32 L418 L418-S30 L418-S50 L418-S70
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 66.48±0.45 66.35±0.76 67.63±0.68 67.15±0.29 67.23±0.49 65.59±0.35 66.06±0.45 66.82±0.65 66.41±0.58 0.227
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 65.17±0.45 65.91±0.51 66.80±0.81 66.02±0.49 64.92±0.83 65.40±0.31 65.41±0.44 65.74±0.37 66.01±0.43 0.406
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 63.19±0.52 62.53±0.34 63.41±0.60 63.13±0.37 62.26±0.50 62.84±0.39 62.60±0.48 62.63±0.46 62.75±0.56 0.788
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 63.15±0.25 62.79±0.29 63.86±0.32 63.15±0.20 62.58±0.35 62.83±0.24 62.96±0.28 62.87±0.25 63.03±0.33 0.112
产蛋率 Laying rate/%
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 85.27±2.16ab 85.67±1.46ab 85.36±2.08ab 87.14±0.76ab 90.09±1.34a 80.09±2.18b 84.60±1.44ab 86.79±1.45ab 84.29±2.00ab 0.023
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 83.39±1.71ab 86.94±1.97ab 87.43±2.31a 85.40±1.48ab 84.73±1.32ab 79.60±1.39b 81.07±1.67ab 83.13±1.14ab 84.51±1.77ab 0.029
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 79.96±1.13bc 84.29±1.34a 85.23±2.44a 83.56±1.92a 86.75±1.03a 79.16±1.09c 81.52±0.71ab 83.35±1.44a 87.23±1.79a 0.002
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 82.87±1.05bc 85.61±0.93ab 85.96±1.27ab 85.99±0.86ab 87.28±0.79a 79.61±0.90c 82.40±0.81bc 85.09±0.80ab 85.34±1.06ab <0.001
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/g
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 127.50±0.68 126.23±0.92 128.14±0.76 128.59±0.93 128.72±0.45 127.85±0.73 127.43±0.74 127.80±0.34 125.78±1.00 0.114
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 119.38±0.80 121.04±1.15 119.18±0.85 118.44±1.03 119.16±0.86 120.09±0.73 118.88±0.90 119.78±0.56 120.45±1.21 0.610
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 115.06±1.33 116.00±1.61 120.76±1.55 117.73±1.00 117.07±0.97 117.02±0.74 115.98±0.68 116.43±1.07 115.80±1.05 0.051
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 120.65±1.20 121.50±1.10 123.53±0.98 121.62±1.17 121.77±1.12 121.65±1.03 120.76±1.10 121.34±1.07 120.68±1.04 0.737
料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 2.38±0.08 2.35±0.06 2.34±0.07 2.33±0.03 2.26±0.04 2.55±0.08 2.38±0.04 2.36±0.06 2.33±0.05 0.099
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 2.30±0.05 2.26±0.07 2.22±0.07 2.22±0.05 2.28±0.04 2.42±0.04 2.36±0.07 2.26±0.03 2.24±0.04 0.188
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 2.29±0.06 2.21±0.03 2.27±0.10 2.27±0.06 2.19±0.06 2.37±0.04 2.28±0.02 2.24±0.04 2.12±0.05 0.170
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 2.32±0.04b 2.27±0.03b 2.28±0.05b 2.27±0.03b 2.24±0.03b 2.45±0.03a 2.34±0.03b 2.27±0.03b 2.25±0.03b <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,第1~4周,L418-S30组蛋壳厚度最高,且显著高于CON组、L209组、L209-S32组、L418组、L418-S50组和L418-S70组(P<0.05);L209-S16组蛋壳强度最高,且显著高于L418-S70组(P<0.05);L418-S70组蛋白高度和哈氏单位最高,其中L418-S70组蛋白高度显著高于CON组和L209组(P<0.05),L418-S70组哈氏单位显著高于L209组(P<0.05)。第5~8周,L209-S32组蛋形指数显著高于L418-S50组(P<0.05);CON组蛋黄颜色显著高于L209组、L209-S16组、L418组、L418-S30组和L418-S50组(P<0.05)。第9~12周,L209-S32组蛋壳厚度最高,且显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);L418-S70组蛋白高度和哈氏单位最高,且均显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。第1~12周,L209-S24组和L209-S32组蛋形指数显著高于L418组和L418-S50组(P<0.05);L418-S70组蛋壳厚度显著高于L209组、L418组和L418-S30组(P<0.05);L209-S16组、L418组、L418-S30组和L418-S70组蛋白高度显著高于CON组(P<0.05);L209-S24组和L209-S32组蛋黄颜色显著高于L418-S30组(P<0.05);L418-S70组哈氏单位显著高于L209组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary SPL on egg quality of aged laying hens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
CON L209 L209-S16 L209-S24 L209-S32 L418 L418-S30 L418-S50 L418-S70
蛋形指数 Egg shape index
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 1.37±0.06 1.36±0.05 1.36±0.06 1.38±0.05 1.38±0.05 1.36±0.05 1.38±0.05 1.35±0.06 1.38±0.06 0.149
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 1.36±0.05ab 1.37±0.06ab 1.37±0.06ab 1.37±0.05ab 1.37±0.07a 1.34±0.05ab 1.36±0.06ab 1.33±0.06b 1.36±0.06ab 0.021
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 1.37±0.07 1.37±0.05 1.36±0.06 1.38±0.06 1.38±0.04 1.37±0.06 1.35±0.06 1.36±0.06 1.36±0.05 0.377
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 1.36±0.06ab 1.37±0.06ab 1.36±0.06ab 1.38±0.05a 1.38±0.06a 1.36±0.05bc 1.36±0.06ab 1.35±0.06c 1.37±0.06ab 0.002
蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness/×10-3 mm
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 38.09±3.74cd 37.09±3.96cd 41.55±5.47ab 40.77±4.45ab 36.58±2.69de 35.48±2.06e 43.17±4.75a 38.32±3.97d 39.36±3.61bc <0.001
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 42.47±2.67 41.82±2.75 41.18±2.29 42.53±3.34 42.42±3.05 41.93±3.52 43.09±3.21 43.11±3.30 42.38±3.59 0.140
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 40.01±3.10cd 41.48±3.60bc 42.63±7.06b 39.38±3.60d 45.09±2.07a 40.71±2.70bc 40.21±3.43bc 42.05±3.43bc 39.09±2.99d <0.001
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 40.19±3.65bc 40.13±4.07c 41.79±5.31ab 40.89±4.01bc 41.36±4.42ab 39.37±3.96c 40.16±4.07c 41.16±4.11ab 42.28±3.70ab <0.001
蛋壳强度 Shell strength/N
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 36.23±9.22ab 34.93±7.16ab 38.81±7.08a 33.84±8.47ab 36.57±7.91ab 36.54±7.75ab 33.71±8.47ab 35.22±8.48ab 32.49±7.56b 0.026
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 35.24±6.97 36.36±8.39 33.75±8.59 36.00±6.52 35.52±7.94 35.78±7.22 36.37±8.94 36.38±8.45 36.18±6.51 0.876
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 33.29±7.45 41.48±3.60 34.66±8.65 34.48±6.64 35.57±5.87 32.59±7.57 33.58±5.16 35.42±7.23 34.13±6.51 0.582
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 34.92±7.97 35.47±7.62 35.75±8.37 34.77±7.29 35.88±7.26 34.97±7.65 34.58±7.80 35.68±8.02 34.30±6.98 0.743
蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 5.71±1.15bc 5.41±1.66c 6.48±0.94ab 6.09±1.16ab 6.00±1.27ab 6.45±1.04ab 6.37±1.11ab 6.35±0.96ab 6.51±1.00a <0.001
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 5.55±1.11 6.23±1.62 6.20±1.10 5.96±2.01 5.82±1.47 6.14±1.12 5.93±1.10 5.76±1.11 5.80±1.22 0.354
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 5.17±1.05b 5.71±1.19ab 5.55±1.07ab 5.39±1.05ab 5.63±1.21ab 5.48±1.07ab 5.89±1.21ab 5.38±1.22ab 6.09±1.11a 0.025
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 5.48±1.12b 5.78±1.53ab 6.09±1.10a 5.82±1.49ab 5.82±1.35ab 6.03±1.14a 6.06±1.12a 5.83±1.16ab 6.13±1.15a 0.001
蛋黄颜色 Yolk color
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 7.55±1.45 7.53±1.43 7.63±1.41 7.83±1.15 8.00±1.26 7.68±1.05 7.08±1.58 7.583±1.52 7.58±1.22 0.206
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 6.33±1.54a 5.48±1.15b 5.58±1.22b 6.08±1.42ab 6.18±1.52ab 5.50±1.18b 5.58±1.20b 5.60±1.22b 6.20±1.49ab 0.006
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 5.49±1.15 5.63±1.21 5.97±1.50 6.11±1.47 6.10±1.50 5.95±1.39 5.46±1.17 5.98±1.42 6.03±1.44 0.210
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 6.48±1.62ab 6.24±1.56ab 6.37±1.66ab 6.68±1.57a 6.76±1.67a 6.38±1.53ab 6.04±1.51b 6.38±1.63ab 6.63±1.54ab 0.015
哈氏单位 Haugh unit
第1~4周 Weeks 1 to 4 72.31±9.89ab 68.16±18.21b 77.03±12.84a 75.56±8.53a 74.90±9.96a 78.22±6.76a 76.61±12.70a 77.76±6.70a 79.53±7.40a <0.001
第5~8周 Weeks 5 to 8 72.08±10.26 77.14±10.27 76.64±8.90 73.23±15.53 73.99±10.05 76.23±9.09 74.77±8.97 73.42±9.53 73.32±13.30 0.396
第9~12周 Weeks 9 to 12 67.99±9.60b 73.12±9.98ab 71.13±9.11ab 69.88±7.48ab 72.15±10.06ab 70.91±8.97ab 73.93±9.15ab 67.67±11.40ab 76.19±8.92a 0.013
第1~12周 Weeks 1 to 12 70.87±10.03ab 72.81±13.77b 75.07±10.73ab 72.94±11.77ab 73.68±10.01ab 75.15±8.83ab 75.11±10.40ab 73.62±9.90ab 76.38±10.24a 0.005

2.3 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

基于上述对生产性能和蛋品质指标的综合评估,选择5个组进行更深入的血清生化、抗氧化指标和肝脏健康指标分析。所选组别包括CON组、L209组、L418组及表现出较好综合性能的L209-S32组和L418-S70组。
由表4可见,与L209组相比,L418-S70组血清TP含量显著升高(P<0.05),其余各组血清ALB含量均显著升高(P<0.05),L209-S32组和L418-S70组血清HDL-C含量显著升高(P<0.05)。各组之间其余血清生化指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary SPL on serum biochemical indices of aged laying hens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
CON L209 L209-S32 L418 L418-S70
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 33.76±2.69ab 29.45±3.24b 32.21±3.07ab 31.06±3.22ab 34.73±4.04a 0.022
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 20.45±0.74a 18.28±1.16b 19.80±1.19a 19.83±1.80a 20.07±1.04a 0.015
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 13.69±1.25 13.71±1.96 13.27±2.35 13.90±0.95 14.04±2.01 0.930
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 0.65±0.03 0.75±0.18 0.77±0.19 0.68±0.14 0.71±0.15 0.491
尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) 279.56±95.21 257.97±64.27 237.93±39.98 310.89±66.72 305.15±67.24 0.193
钙 Ca/(mmol/L) 5.39±0.17 4.93±0.50 5.14±0.43 5.14±0.31 5.33±0.37 0.193
磷 P/(mmol/L) 2.34±0.49 2.04±0.55 2.39±0.34 1.95±0.32 2.29±0.44 0.192
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 138.81±10.00 149.38±20.72 148.79±19.98 138.73±15.00 138.26±5.69 0.365
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 13.26±2.55 12.47±2.13 12.31±1.08 12.64±1.56 16.40±9.37 0.355
总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) 3.99±0.43 3.62±1.40 3.86±0.75 3.80±0.96 4.68±1.55 0.374
甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) 19.46±5.46 15.12±7.87 15.97±6.66 17.76±6.08 19.66±4.16 0.459
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.32±0.31ab 1.07±0.44b 1.47±0.26a 1.16±0.37ab 1.52±0.27a 0.049
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.40±0.28 2.36±0.80 2.11±0.51 2.41±0.58 2.76±1.12 0.515

2.4 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可见,与L418组相比,其余各组血清T-AOC均显著升高(P<0.05)。各组之间其余血清抗氧化指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary SPL on serum antioxidant indices of aged laying hens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
CON L209 L209-S32 L418 L418-S70
总抗氧能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) 6.19±0.77a 6.35±0.91a 6.49±0.64a 3.12±0.98c 4.70±1.14b <0.001
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 12.73±4.14 7.47±0.53 13.68±2.65 14.47±2.32 21.44±17.43 0.397
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/L)		 698.45±121.07 634.97±58.74 694.86±111.00 629.94±139.93 689.83±89.88 0.615
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) 22.16±4.68 20.50±5.70 19.52±4.92 22.74±6.62 19.91±3.63 0.696

2.5 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡肝脏重量、指数、粗脂肪含量及病理变化的影响

由表6可知,各组之间肝脏重量和指数无显著差异(P>0.05);与L209组和L418组相比,L209-S32组和L418-S70组的肝脏指数有所降低。与CON组相比,其余各组肝脏粗脂肪含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡肝脏重量、指数和粗脂肪含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary SPL on liver weight, index and crude fat content of aged laying hens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
CON L209 L209-S32 L418 L418-S70
重量 Weight/g 36.79±5.20 39.63±4.84 39.23±3.70 42.20±6.66 39.81±4.61 0.844
指数 Index/% 1.93±0.29 2.16±0.40 2.06±0.14 2.16±0.15 2.00±0.27 0.776
粗脂肪含量
Crude fat content/%		 31.42±7.41a 20.42±6.65b 17.44±3.96b 22.17±6.79b 20.94±6.38b 0.005
由图1可知,HE染色光镜下观察,CON组、L209组和L418组肝细胞排列紊乱,部分区域伴炎性浸润,含有大量脂肪空泡;L209-S32组和L418-S70组肝细胞排列较为紧密,肝细胞索呈放射状围绕中央静脉,汇管区未见炎性细胞浸润,肝细胞脂肪空泡体积减小、数量减少,脂肪变性程度有所减轻。
图1 饲粮添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡肝脏病理变化的影响

红色箭头代表中央静脉,紫色箭头代表肝血窦,黄色箭头代表脂滴空泡,绿色箭头代表炎性浸润。

Fig.1 Effects of dietary SPL on liver pathological changes of aged laying hens (20×)

The red arrows indicate the central vein, the purple arrows indicate the hepatic sinusoids, the yellow arrows indicate the lipid droplet vacuoles, and the green arrows indicate the inflammatory infiltration.

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

蛋鸡的生产性能是衡量其养殖效益和可持续发展的核心指标,直接决定了养殖场的经济生存能力。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加SPL可同步改善蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质。燕维[13]和Attia等[14]的研究亦支持该结论。Han等[15-16]指出,饲粮中添加0.15%的SPL可显著提高蛋重和饲料转化率。本试验中,饲粮添加SPL未显著影响蛋重,但显著降低了其余各组的第1~12周料蛋比(相较于L418组),该结果可能与SPL提升营养物质利用率的作用有关。孙长春等[17]报道,饲粮中添加SPL可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,且添加量在0.5%~2.0%时,生产性能改善较为明显,这与本试验结果类似。研究发现,产蛋高峰期蛋鸡饲粮中添加SPL可降低平均日采食量[18]。本试验结果中未观测到饲粮中添加SPL对平均日采食量的显著影响,可能与产蛋后期蛋鸡自身生理状况、生产性能特点有关。
蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度是保障鸡蛋商业价值与安全性的关键物理指标。在本研究中,饲粮中添加SPL可改善老龄蛋鸡的蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度,与李园园等[19]和王修启等[20]的报道一致。其作用机制可能在于磷脂水解生成的胆碱促进了Ca、P的吸收,进而改善了蛋壳质量。蛋黄颜色、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度是评价蛋品质的关键指标,较深的蛋黄颜色通常被认为代表更高的商品等级和消费者接受度[21]。尽管有研究指出SPL对蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位无显著影响[15-16],但也有研究表明SPL可改善蛋白高度、蛋黄品质及哈氏单位[13-14],这与本试验结果一致。原因可能是SPL中不饱和脂肪酸有利于叶黄素的吸收和利用,随着饲粮中SPL添加水平的增加,脂肪消化率提高,有利于促进蛋黄颜色的叶黄素吸收。综上所述,添加SPL是改善蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的有效营养策略,但其具体效果受添加水平和蛋鸡生理阶段的影响。

3.2 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

动物机体代谢是一个动态平衡的变化过程,血清中的生化物质是反映机体物质代谢和组织器官机能变化的重要指标,对评估动物的健康状态具有重要意义[22]。血清TP和ALB含量能够反映出动物肝脏合成储备蛋白质的能力[23]。本试验中,饲粮中添加SPL可提高血清TP和ALB含量,提示SPL可能增强了机体蛋白质的周转代谢,提高了氮的利用效率。AST和ALT的活性通常用于判断动物肝脏的功能状况和损伤程度[24]。本试验中,饲粮中添加SPL可降低血清AST活性,提示其对肝脏功能具有潜在的保护作用,有助于缓解肝脏损伤。UA是蛋鸡蛋白质代谢的重要指标,其降低通常预示着蛋白质利用率和饲料转化率的提高[25]。本试验中,饲粮中添加SPL可降低血清UA含量,提示SPL可改善氮代谢,促进蛋白质吸收;饲粮中添加SPL可提高血清TC、TG和HDL-C含量,原因可能是短链脂肪酸抑制肝脏羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶活性[26],多酚类物质调控脂代谢关键酶如抑制脂肪酸合酶(FAS)等[27],以及调节肠道菌群促进胆汁酸排泄和HDL-C合成[28],从而协同降低蛋鸡血清TC、TG含量并提升HDL-C含量。
MDA作为脂质过氧化的关键终产物,其含量可直观反映机体氧化损伤程度。SOD和GSH-Px是蛋鸡体内关键的抗氧化酶,而T-AOC表征机体的整体抗氧化状态,通过协同清除过量自由基,增强机体的抗氧化防御能力[29];有研究显示,饲粮中添加SPL可降低LDL-C、MDA等有害代谢物在肝脏和血液中沉积,提高血液中GSH-Px和SOD活性,提高机体对细胞损伤的抵抗力[30],与本试验结果类似。因此,饲粮中添加SPL可改善脂质代谢、减轻肝脏损伤及增强抗氧化能力,全面优化蛋鸡的代谢健康。

3.3 饲粮中添加SPL对老龄蛋鸡肝脏健康的影响

肝脏作为家禽脂质代谢的核心场所,其功能状态直接影响机体的健康及生产性能。在产蛋后期,蛋鸡常因高产蛋需求及持续脂质合成导致代谢负荷加重,易出现肝脏脂质沉积,进而诱发脂肪肝,影响产蛋性能和健康状态[30]。本试验中,饲粮中以SPL替代油脂可降低老龄蛋鸡肝脏粗脂肪含量,改善肝脏组织形态,表明SPL具有缓解老龄蛋鸡肝脏脂肪沉积的潜力。组织学观察进一步揭示,SPL添加组肝细胞排列更为整齐,脂肪空泡数量和体积减少,炎症反应减轻,提示SPL可能通过调节肝脏脂质代谢通路,改善肝细胞结构与功能。该结果与相关研究一致,如3%的SPL替代玉米可改善蛋鸡血脂指标和肝脏功能[31],而低脂饲粮条件下添加溶血磷脂亦被证实可提高脂肪利用率,促进脂肪分解,降低肝脏和血液中有害代谢物沉积,增强机体抗氧化能力[30]。SPL改善肝脏健康的机制可能涉及多个方面:1)SPL通过乳化作用促进脂肪的消化吸收,并参与极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的组装与分泌,加速肝脏中脂质向外周转运[32];2)SPL可抑制FAS活性,减少脂肪合成,同时激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα),促进脂肪酸β-氧化[33];3)SPL中所含的磷脂酰胆碱作为胆汁重要组成,有助于预防胆汁淤积,促进脂溶性毒素排泄,从而缓解肝脏代谢压力[34]。上述机制共同作用,可能有助于改善老龄蛋鸡的肝脏健康,为SPL在蛋鸡生产中的合理应用提供了理论依据。

4 结论

饲粮中添加SPL可改善老龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及肝脏健康。在小幅度降能(降低209 kJ)饲粮中,推荐SPL添加水平为0.32%;在大幅度降能(降低418 kJ)饲粮中,推荐SPL添加水平为0.70%。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
BAIN M M, NYS Y, DUNN I C. Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles.What are the challenges?[J]. British Poultry Science, 2016, 57(3):330-338.

[2]
GU Y F, CHEN Y P, JIN R, et al. A comparison of intestinal integrity,digestive function,and egg quality in laying hens with different ages[J]. Poultry Science, 2021, 100(3):100949.

[3]
CHENG X, NING Z H. Research progress on bird eggshell quality defects:a review[J]. Poultry Science, 2023, 102(1):102283.

[4]
GLOUX A, DUCLOS M J, BRIONNE A, et al. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic data related to the liver of laying hens:from physiological basics to newly identified functions[J]. BMC Genomics, 2019, 20(1):821.

[5]
ZHU Y, ZHANG X L, DU P F, et al. Dietary herbaceous mixture supplementation reduced hepatic lipid deposition and improved hepatic health status in post-peak laying hens[J]. Poultry Science, 2022, 101(6):101870.

[6]
VAN HOOGEVEST P, WENDEL A. The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients[J]. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2014, 116(9):1088-1107.

[7]
SUN N, CHEN J, WANG D, et al. Advance in food-derived phospholipids:sources,molecular species and structure as well as their biological activities[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2018, 80:199-211.

[8]
ALI A H, ZOU X Q, ABED S M, et al. Natural phospholipids:occurrence,biosynthesis,separation,identification,and beneficial health aspects[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2019, 59(2):253-275.

[9]
KANG J J, YIN R, CAO D. Molecular species determination of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in soybean lecithin powders[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2019, 99(4):1525-1532.

[10]
王文高, 朱天仪, 王波. 不同形态大豆磷脂产品中溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量研究[J]. 粮食与油脂, 2016, 29(2):76-78.

WANG W G, ZHU T Y, WANG B. The content of LPC in different forms of soybean lecithin[J]. Cereals & Oils, 2016, 29(2):76-78. (in Chinese)

[11]
TOCHER D R, BENDIKSEN E Å, CAMPBELL P J, et al. The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish[J]. Aquaculture, 2008, 280(1/2/3/4):21-34.

[12]
ATTEH J O, LEESON S, SUMMERS J D. Effects of dietary sources and levels of fat on performance,nutrient retention and bone mineralization of broiler chicks fed two levels of calcium[J]. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1989, 69(2):459-467.

[13]
燕维. 溶血磷脂对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道酶活以及养分利用率的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2022.

YAN W. Effects of lysophospholipids on production performance,egg quality,intestinal enzyme activity and nutrient utilization of laying hens in the late laying period[D]. Master’s Thesis. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chinese)

[14]
ATTIA Y A, HUSSEIN A S, TAG EL-DIN A E, et al. Improving productive and reproductive performance of dual-purpose crossbred hens in the tropics by lecithin supplementation[J]. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2009, 41(4):461-475.

[15]
HAN Y K, JIN Y H, KIM J H, et al. Influence of enzyme and/or lysolecithin supplementation on performance,nutrient digestibility and egg quality for laying hens[J]. Trends in Animal and Veterinary Sciences Journal, 2010, 1(1):28-35.

[16]
HAN Y K, JIN Y H, LEE W I, et al. Influence of lysolecithin on the performance of laying hens,interior and exterior egg quality as well as fat soluble vitamin and cholesterol content in the yolk[J]. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2010, 9(20):2583-2588.

[17]
孙长春, 武书庚, 张海军, 等. 饲粮添加大豆磷脂对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋磷脂含量的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2010, 22(4):1046-1053.

SUN C C, WU S G, ZHANG H J, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with soy-lecithin on performance and phospholipid contents in eggs of laying hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2010, 22(4):1046-1053. (in Chinese)

[18]
JUNTANAPUM W, POEIKHAMPH T, POUNGPONG K, et al. The effects of supplementing lysophosphatidylcholine in diet on production performance,egg quality and intestinal morphology of laying hens[J]. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2019, 18(5):238-243.

[19]
李园园, 周洁蕊, 马忠文, 等. 饲粮中添加油脂和大豆磷脂对鸡蛋品质及蛋中胆固醇和甘油三酯含量的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2021, 44(8):33-36.

LI Y Y, ZHOU J R, MA Z W, et al. Effect of dietary oil and soybean phospholipids on egg quality,cholesterol and triglyceride content in eggs of laying hens[J]. Feed Research, 2021, 44(8):33-36. (in Chinese)

[20]
王修启, 郑海刚, 安汝义, 等. 影响蛋壳质量的因素及改善措施[J]. 中国家禽, 1999, 21(7):39-41.

WANG X Q, ZHENG H G, AN R Y, et al. Factors affecting eggshell quality and improvement measures[J]. China Poultry, 1999, 21(7):439-41. (in Chinese)

[21]
秦彩玲, 王中华. 伤力草提取物对蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能、蛋品质及免疫功能的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2020, 43(8):42-45.

QIN C L, WANG Z H. Effect of Shanglicao extract on laying performance,egg quality and immune function of laying hens in late laying period[J]. Feed Research, 2020, 43(8):42-45. (in Chinese)

[22]
彭丽娟, 李孟伟, 谢华德, 等. 象草与甘蔗梢混合青贮对水牛表观消化率、泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2021, 44(16):6-10.

PENG L J, LI M W, XIE H D, et al. Effect of elephant grass and sugarcane tail mixed silage on apparent digestibility,lactation performance and serum biochemical index of buffalo[J]. Feed Research, 2021, 44(16):6-10. (in Chinese)

[23]
朱依玲, 张英, 金清, 等. 针刺肝经腧穴对兔血液生理生化指标的影响[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2020(13):84-86.

ZHU Y L, ZHANG Y, JIN Q, et al. Effects of acupuncture at liver meridian acupoints on blood physiological and biochemical indices in rabbits[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020(13):84-86. (in Chinese)

[24]
苗启翔, 谢彦娇, 唐湘方, 等. 氧化应激的产生及其对畜禽肝脏功能的影响与机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(8):3496-3504.

MIAO Q X, XIE Y J, TANG X F, et al. Generation of oxidative stress as well as its effect and mechanism on liver function of livestock and poultry[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(8):3496-3504. (in Chinese)

[25]
CHEN H Y, HENG X Y, LI K Y, et al. Complexation of multiple mineral elements by fermentation and its application in laying hens[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9:1001412.

[26]
DEN BESTEN G, VAN EUNEN K, GROEN A K, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet,gut microbiota,and host energy metabolism[J]. Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9):2325-2340.

[27]
SCALBERT A, MANACH C, MORAND C, et al. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2005, 45(4):287-306.

[28]
PATEL K, SHACKEL N A. Current status of fibrosis markers[J]. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 2014, 30(3):253-259.

[29]
王媛媛, 闫俊书, 宦海琳, 等. 生物发酵饲料对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及肠道微生物菌群的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2024, 45(5):23-31.

WANG Y Y, YAN J S, HUAN H L, et al. Effects of biofermented feed on production performance,egg quality and intestinal microbiota of laying hens[J]. Feed Industry, 2024, 45(5):23-31. (in Chinese)

[30]
曾键文. 溶血卵磷脂对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能及肝脏脂肪代谢的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 绵阳: 西南科技大学, 2021.

ZENG J W. The effects of lysophosphatidylcholine on production performance and liver fat metabolism in late lying hens[D]. Master’s Thesis. Mianyang: Southwest University of Science and Technology, 2021. (in Chinese)

[31]
YANG F, RUAN J M, WANG T C, et al. Improving effect of dietary soybean phospholipids supplement on hepatic and serum indexes relevant to fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2017, 88(11):1860-1869.

[32]
李建喜, 赵艳平, 胡国良, 等. 大豆磷脂对蛋鸡脂肪肝综合征肝脂率腹脂率和肌脂率的影响[J]. 中国兽医杂志, 2009, 45(8):37-39.

LI J X, ZHAO Y P, HU G L, et al. The impact of soybean phosphatide on the fat rates of liver,abdomen and muscle of layer chickens with fatty liver syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2009, 45(8):37-39. (in Chinese)

[33]
刘梅, 史挺, 刘秋菊. 大豆磷脂对肉仔鸡生长性能及脂肪代谢的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2013, 49(15):54-57.

LIU M, SHI T, LIU Q J. Effects of soybean phospholipids on growth performance and lipid metabolism in broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 49(15):54-57. (in Chinese)

[34]
COHN J S, WAT E, KAMILI A, et al. Dietary phospholipids, hepatic lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease[J]. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 2008, 19(3):257-262.

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.