Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 8: 6037 - 6046

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.484

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Drinking Water Supplemented with Capillarisin on Growth Performance, Intestinal Tissue Protein Contents and Cecal Microbial Metabolic Function of Ira Meat Rabbits

  • CAO Liang ,
  • WANG Guoyan ,
  • FAN Aifang ,
  • LIU Huadong ,
  • LI Tingting ,
  • TANG Juan ,
  • REN Keliang , *
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  • Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Development, College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-03-25

  Online published: 2026-08-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drinking water supplemented with capillarisin on growth performance, intestinal tissue protein contents and cecal microbial metabolic function of Ira meat rabbits. A total of 160 healthy 35-day-old weaned Ira commodity meat rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 40 replicates per group and 1 rabbit per replicate. All groups were fed the same basal diet, the control group received regular aquaculture water, and the experimental groups received water supplemented with 10 (test group Ⅰ), 20 (test group Ⅱ) and 30 mg/L (test group Ⅲ) capillarisin, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 6 days, followed by a formal experimental period of 25 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final body weight and average daily gain of test group Ⅲ were significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the contents of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and Occludin in jejunum of test group Ⅱ and test group Ⅲ were significantly increased (P<0.05); among them, the contents of sIgA and Occludin in jejunum of test group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of test group Ⅱ (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the Chao1 index and Observed_species index of cecal microbiota of test group Ⅱ were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the other groups, the signature species with the higher abundance of test group Ⅲ were Thauera_A, Rhodocyclaceae, CAG_793, UBA5905, and CAG_533. 5) Compared with the control group, the significantly up-regulated metabolic functional pathway of test group Ⅱ was the androstenedione degradation pathway Ⅰ (PWY-6944) (Adj-P<0.01), and the significantly up-regulated metabolic functional pathways of test group Ⅲ were the toluene degradation pathway Ⅳ (PWY-5178) and benzoyl CoA degradation pathway Ⅱ (CENTBENZCOA-PWY) (Adj-P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the significantly up-regulated metabolic functional pathways of test group Ⅲ were PWY-6944, PWY-5178 and CENTBENZCOA-PWY (Adj-P<0.01). 6) The species of cecal microbiota that up-regulated the enrichment of PWY-6944 metabolic functional pathway was Pseudomonas_E, and the species of cecal microbiota that up-regulated the PWY-5178 and CENTBENZCOA-PWY metabolic functional pathway was Thauera_A. In conclusion, the drinking water supplemented with 0.003% capillarisin can improve the final body weight and average daily gain of meat rabbits; it enhance the body defense capability by up-regulating the intestinal sIgA and Occludin contents; furthermore, it modulate the intestinal microbiota by improving the enrichment of PWY-6944, PWY-5178 and CENTBENZCOA-PWY metabolic functional pathways, thereby improving the intestinal environment and promoting intestinal health status.

Key words： drinking water; capillarisin; rabbits; intestinal tissue protein; microbial metabolic function

Cite this article

CAO Liang , WANG Guoyan , FAN Aifang , LIU Huadong , LI Tingting , TANG Juan , REN Keliang . Effects of Drinking Water Supplemented with Capillarisin on Growth Performance, Intestinal Tissue Protein Contents and Cecal Microbial Metabolic Function of Ira Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(8) : 6037 -6046 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.484

兔子消化道是一套高度特化、为适应草食性而精密演化的生理系统,其核心特征在于单胃结构配合后肠发酵机制[1-2]。作为非反刍动物,兔子无法像牛、羊那样借助瘤胃发酵分解粗纤维,因此其消化策略高度依赖于极度发达的盲肠。这一占据腹腔较大空间的器官充当了微生物发酵的核心场所,栖息着大量有益菌群(如拟杆菌属),专门负责分解小肠中未被消化的可溶性纤维,产生挥发性脂肪酸,为兔子提供能量需求。肠道状态直接决定着兔子的生存质量,其意义远超出单纯的消化吸收范畴。一方面,盲肠内微生物的发酵产物是机体最主要的能量来源,若肠道功能发生紊乱,能量供应将随之中断,生命活动便会受到直接威胁。另一方面,健全的肠道屏障在抵御病原入侵方面发挥着不可替代的作用,稳定的微生态环境可有效抑制条件致病菌(如产气荚膜梭菌)的异常增殖,降低肠毒血症等严重疾病的发生风险;同时,结构完整的肠黏膜上皮能够阻止细菌及其毒素进入血液循环,防止全身性感染。
茵陈具有利湿退黄、改善肝脏功能、提高机体免疫力等作用,被广泛应用在各种中药方剂中[3-6]。茵陈参与的中药方剂被广泛用来治疗黄疸、水肿等疾病。有报道表明,茵陈可参与抑制骨质疏松小鼠的铁死亡状态,改善其健康状态[7];茵陈蒿汤对脂肪肝有改善作用[8];茵陈蒿汤对甲流病毒有抑制作用[9];茵陈术附汤可改善肝脏损伤[10];茵陈蒿汤可减轻黄疸造成的肝脏损失[11];茵陈甘草汤对肝炎有抑制作用[12];茵陈水提物可明显改善脂肪性肝炎[13]。目前,对茵陈的研究多集中在其对肝脏的影响,且多以茵陈全株为研究对象。茵陈黄酮作为茵陈的提取物之一,在畜牧业中的应用研究较少。因此,本试验在饮水中添加不同比例的茵陈黄酮,评价其对肉兔生长性能、空肠组织蛋白含量及盲肠微生物代谢功能的影响,为茵陈黄酮在肉兔养殖中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

茵陈黄酮(纯度>95%)购自上海某公司。制备方法如下:取干燥的茵陈药材,粉碎后加入70%的乙醇溶液(料液比为1∶30),加热回流提取3次,合并提取液,减压浓缩至无醇味。浓缩液经大孔吸附树脂柱吸附,用蒸馏水洗脱除去杂质后,用70%的乙醇洗脱,收集黄酮类有效部位,减压浓缩并干燥,即得茵陈黄酮标品。
称取300 mg茵陈黄酮标品,溶于100 mL预热至45 ℃的养殖用水中,搅拌至完全溶解,配制成浓度为0.3%(W/V,即3 mg/mL)的母液。分别取3.33、6.67、10.00 mL母液,分别加养殖用水定容至1 000 mL,制成0.001%(10 mg/L)、0.002%(20 mg/L)、0.003%(30 mg/L)的茵陈黄酮溶液。

1.2 试验设计

动物试验经山西农业大学实验动物伦理委员会伦理审批,批准编号为SXAU-EAW-2025R.DW.006027264。选择160只体重相近的健康35日龄断奶伊拉商品肉兔,随机分为4组,每组40个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组饲喂相同的基础饲粮,对照组饮用正常养殖用水,3个试验组分别在饮水中添加10(试验Ⅰ组)、20(试验Ⅱ组)、30 mg/L(试验Ⅲ组)的茵陈黄酮。预试期6 d,正试期25 d。
参照《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[14]标准配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。基础饲粮制成直径为3.5 mm的颗粒料。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 18.00
麸皮 Wheat bran 24.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 15.00
花生秧 Peanut vine 23.00
花生壳 Peanut hull 18.00
豆油 Soybean oil 0.40
食盐 NaCl 0.50
预混料 Premix1) 1.10
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 9.17
粗蛋白质 CP 15.42
粗纤维 CF 18.16
粗灰分 Ash 6.56
赖氨酸 Lys 0.79
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.56
钙 Ca 0.86
总磷 TP 0.45

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 960 IU,VE 41 mg,Lys 2.2 g,Met 1.1 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 50 mg,CaCO3 3 500 mg。

2)消化能为计算值[14],其余为实测值。DE was a calculate value[14], while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

将试验兔称重、记录雌雄、编号、分组,均采用单笼饲养,每日饲喂时间为07:30和16:30,自由饮水。含药饮水每日新鲜配制,充分混匀后采用防滴漏饮水器供各组肉兔自由饮用,每2 d彻底清洗饮水器具,确保添加剂量准确稳定。

1.4 样品采集和指标测定

1.4.1 饲粮营养成分

饲粮粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗灰分、氨基酸、钙、磷含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 18246—2019、GB/T 13885—2017、GB/T 6437—2018的方法进行测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

正试期开始时,在07:30对试验兔进行称重记录,记为初始体重(IBW);正试期结束第2天07:30对试验兔进行称重记录,记为终末体重(FBW)。记录正试期每只兔子的采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。腹泻率和死亡率计算公式如下:

腹泻率(%)=[(各试验组腹泻只数×腹泻的天数)/(各试验组样本总数×试验天数)]×100;

死亡率(%)=(各试验组死亡只数/各试验组样本总数)×100。

1.4.3 空肠组织蛋白含量

在试验结束后,禁食12 h,每组随机选取7只试验兔,屠宰后用手术剪截取空肠段,使用预冷的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)(pH为7.4,浓度为0.01 mol/L)冲洗组织,用滤纸吸干水分后,取1.0 g空肠组织,剪碎成小块,加入9.0 mL PBS,液氮研磨20 min,5 000×g离心10 min,取上清液,将2次上清液合并备用。使用上海酶联生物科技有限公司的酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测试剂盒检测空肠组织中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、闭合蛋白(Occludin)含量。

1.4.4 盲肠微生物代谢功能

每组随机选取6只试验兔,采集新鲜盲肠内容物,置于5 mL冻存管中,液氮速冻15 min后,-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。采用Illumina HiSeq平台对盲肠内容物进行测序并进行微生物区系、代谢通路差异分析。在Illumina HiSeq平台上,对盲肠内容物的有效序列进行多样性分析;使用线性判别分析效应大小(LEfSe)分析方法对肠道微生物标志物、代谢功能通路丰度进行组间差异分析。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 29.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和Duncan氏法多重比较,结果以“平均值±标准误”的形式呈现,P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。

2 结果

2.1 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组的终末体重、平均日增重显著增加(P<0.05)。各组之间平均日采食量、腹泻率、死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of drinking water supplemented with capillarisin on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅲ
初始体重 IBW/g 1 038.13±61.52 1 049.38±43.30 1 024.63±50.70 1 065.25±47.17
终末体重 FBW/g 2 205.63±144.60b 2 213.13±103.61b 2 272.38±143.56ab 2 408.13±232.92a
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 152.40±11.95 154.01±3.97 158.90±10.73 162.24±11.38
平均日增重 ADG/g 41.70±4.47b 41.55±2.94b 42.91±5.05ab 48.72±7.81a
料重比 F/G 3.27±0.12ab 3.32±0.16a 3.20±0.18ab 3.06±0.34b
腹泻率 Diarrhea frequency/% 0.40 0.20 0 0
死亡率 Mortality/% 5.00 0 0 0

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔空肠组织蛋白含量的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组的空肠sIgA和Occludin含量显著升高(P<0.05);其中,试验Ⅲ组的空肠sIgA和Occludin含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。
表3 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔空肠组织蛋白含量的影响

Table 3 Effects of drinking water supplemented with capillarisin on jejunal tissue protein contents of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅲ
分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(μg/g) 367.15±34.61d 408.08±33.88c 483.80±34.07b 543.93±33.79a
闭合蛋白 Occludin/(ng/g) 7 646.85±650.85c 7 051.65±682.61c 8 678.30±677.53b 9 987.07±735.31a

2.3 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔盲肠微生物代谢功能的影响

2.3.1 盲肠微生物Alpha多样性分析

由表4可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的盲肠微生物Chao1指数、Observed_species指数显著降低(P<0.05)。各组之间盲肠微生物Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou_e指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 盲肠微生物Alpha多样性指数

Table 4 Alpha diversity indices of cecal microbiota

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅲ
Chao1指数 Chao1 index 1 797.10±235.10a 1 791.14±238.06a 1 495.72±185.30b 1 708.50±161.19ab
Observed_species指数
Observed_species index		 1 718.50±205.48a 1 690.92±216.94ab 1 470.58±173.94b 1 655.28±139.38ab
Simpson指数 Simpson index 0.98±0.01 0.99±0.00 0.98±0.01 0.99±0.00
Shannon指数 Shannon index 8.19±0.41 8.49±0.15 8.11±0.43 8.43±0.25
Pielou_e指数 Pielou_e index 0.76±0.03 0.79±0.01 0.77±0.03 0.79±0.02

2.3.2 盲肠微生物组成LEfSe分析

采用LEfSe分析筛选出差异显著的标志性物种。由图1可知,与其他各组相比,试验Ⅲ组相对丰度较高的盲肠标志性物种为陶厄氏菌属_A(Thauera_A)、红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)、CAG_793、UBA5905、CAG_533。
图1 盲肠微生物标志性物种分类学分枝图

Marinilabiliaceae:海滑菌科;Agathobacter:粪球菌属;Pseudomonas_E:假单胞菌属_E;Rhodocyclaceae:红环菌科;Thauera_A:陶厄氏菌属_A。

Fig.1 Branching diagram of signature species classification of cecal microbiota

2.3.3 盲肠代谢功能通路富集度LEfSe分析

使用LEfSe分析对各组盲肠代谢功能通路富集度进行两两分析,找出各组之间具有极显著差异代谢功能通路,log2差异倍数为正值,表明该代谢功能通路富集度上调,校正P值(Adj-P)<0.01为差异极显著。由表5可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组极显著上调的代谢功能通路为雄烯二酮降解途径Ⅰ(PWY-6944)(Adj-P<0.01),试验Ⅲ组极显著上调的代谢功能通路为甲苯降解途径Ⅳ(PWY-5178)、PWY-6944、苯甲酰-辅酶A降解途径Ⅱ(CENTBENZCOA-PWY)(Adj-P<0.01)。与其他试验组相比,试验Ⅲ组极显著上调的代谢功能通路为PWY-6944、PWY-5178、CENTBENZCOA-PWY(Adj-P<0.01)。
表5 各组肠道微生物代谢功能通路差异

Table 5 Differences in metabolic functional pathways of gut microbiota among groups

项目
Items		 通路
Pathways		 log2差异倍数
log2FC		 标准误
SE		 校正P值
Adj-P
对照组vs.试验Ⅱ组
Control group vs. test group Ⅱ		 PWY-6944 0.666 0.033 <0.001
对照组vs.试验Ⅲ组
Control group vs. test group Ⅲ		 PWY-5178
PWY-6944
CENTBENZCOA-PWY		 1.697
0.524
0.366		 0.324
0.085
0.065		 <0.001
<0.001
<0.001
试验Ⅰ组vs.试验Ⅱ组
Test group Ⅰ vs. test group Ⅱ		 PWY-6944 0.613 0.056 <0.001
试验Ⅰ组vs.试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅰ vs. test group Ⅲ		 PWY-6944
CENTBENZCOA-PWY		 0.487
0.376		 0.087
0.056		 <0.001
<0.001
试验Ⅱ组vs.试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅱ vs. test group Ⅲ		 PWY-5178
CENTBENZCOA-PWY		 1.609
0.374		 0.324
0.055		 <0.001
<0.001

PWY-6944:雄烯二酮降解途径Ⅰ androstenedione degradation pathway Ⅰ;PWY-5178:甲苯降解途径Ⅳ toluene degradation pathway Ⅳ;CENTBENZCOA-PWY:苯甲酰-辅酶A降解途径Ⅱ benzoyl CoA degradation pathway Ⅱ。下表同 the same as below。

由表6可知,使PWY-6944代谢功能通路富集度上调的盲肠菌群物种为假单胞菌属_E(Pseudomonas_E),使PWY-5178、CENTBENZCOA-PWY代谢功能通路富集度上调的主要盲肠菌群物种为陶厄氏菌属_A。与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组的盲肠假单胞菌属_E和陶厄氏菌属_A相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。
表6 盲肠微生物代谢功能通路差异的物种组成

Table 6 Species composition underlying differential metabolic pathways of cecal microbiota%

通路
Pathways		 物种
Species		 对照组
Control group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test group Ⅲ
PWY-6944 Pseudomonas_E 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.76±0.13a 0.60±0.23a


PWY-5178		 Thauera_A 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.22±0.15a
Actinobacteriota 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.07±0.07a
Lachnospiraceae 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.04±0.03a
CENTBENZCOA-PWY Thauera_A 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.00±0.00b 0.46±0.18a

Pseudomonas_E:假单胞菌属_E;Thauera_A:陶厄氏菌属_A;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科。

3 讨论

3.1 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔生长性能和盲肠微生物的影响

茵陈和青蒿均属于菊科蒿属植物,它们在植物形态、生长习性等方面具有一定的相似性,均以植物的干燥地上部分入药,两者均具有抗炎、抗氧化及保肝的功效。本研究结果表明,饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮可显著提高肉兔的终末体重和平均日增重。这与侯伟[15]报道的青蒿提取物在犊牛上的结果一致。潘存霞等[16]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.25%的青蒿提取物可显著提高獭兔的平均日增重。各研究结果有一定差异,可能与物种不同、品种不同有关,也可能与添加剂类型不同有关。
肠道微生物不仅与机体健康相关,与营养物质的消化吸收也密切相关。本研究结果表明,饮水中添加0.002%的茵陈黄酮可显著降低盲肠菌群的Chao1指数和Observed_species指数,即微生物物种丰富度下降,这通常被视为一种不太健康的生态状态。而饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮对盲肠微生物物种丰富度影响不大,且显著富集了多个与消化吸收和饲料利用密切相关的功能性菌群,其标志性物种包括陶厄氏菌属_A、红环菌科、CAG_793、UBA5905、CAG_533。
从促进饲料养分降解与消化的角度看,CAG_533(芽孢杆菌科)能够分泌淀粉酶和蛋白酶,直接帮助肉兔分解饲粮中的复杂碳水化合物和蛋白质,提高饲料的可消化性;同时,它通过消耗游离氧制造厌氧环境,抑制有害需氧菌的竞争性增殖[17-18],为有益菌群的生长创造条件。CAG_793(瘤胃球菌科)作为草食动物肠道的关键有益菌,专门负责降解木质纤维素,将难以利用的纤维组分转化为可吸收的能量来源,其代谢产生的短链脂肪酸可维持肠道低pH,阻断病原菌定植[19]。UBA5905(颤螺旋菌科)属于核心纤维降解菌群,专门发酵纤维素产生丁酸,丁酸不仅是肠道上皮细胞的主要能量来源,还能直接修复黏膜、增强紧密连接蛋白表达,从而提升肠道对营养物质的吸收效率。上述三者协同构建了从饲料分解(CAG_533)→纤维利用(CAG_793、UBA5905)→能量供应与屏障修复(丁酸)的完整益生链条,系统性地提高了饲料的消化率和营养吸收效率。
从优化肠道内环境以提升饲料利用率的角度看,上述菌群代谢产生的短链脂肪酸可维持肠道低pH,阻断病原菌定植,减少因亚临床感染造成的营养损耗。陶厄氏菌属是一类在环境微生物学和医学微生物学均具有重要意义的细菌[20-21]。陶厄氏菌属(红环菌科)不仅具有降解芳香族化合物和反硝化的环境修复功能,近年来还被证实具备降解肠道中雄性激素的能力,有助于清除内源性代谢废物,维持肠道内分泌稳态,从而减少对消化吸收过程的干扰[22]。
综上所述,饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮,通过定向富集具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶分泌能力及纤维降解功能的菌群,并促进丁酸等短链脂肪酸的产生,从饲料分解、养分吸收、内环境优化3个层面协同提升消化吸收效率和饲料利用率,最终改善机体健康状态和生长性能。

3.2 饮水中添加茵陈黄酮对肉兔空肠组织蛋白含量及盲肠微生物代谢功能的影响

本研究发现,饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮可显著上调兔肠道菌群中3条代谢通路的相对丰度,分别为PWY-6944、PWY-5178和CENTBENZCOA-PWY。这表明茵陈黄酮能够选择性富集肠道内具有芳香环及甾体骨架化合物降解能力的微生物类群,从而增强肠道微生态系统对外源性植物化学物和内源性代谢物的清除能力。
假单胞菌属_E是PWY-6944代谢功能通路的直接功能执行者,其相对丰度增加促进了红球菌、睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌等甾体激素降解菌的代谢活性,有助于加速肠道内累积的雄烯二酮等内源性甾体激素的清除,对维持肠道内分泌稳态具有潜在意义。陶厄氏菌属_A则同时参与了PWY-5178(好氧)和CENTBENZCOA-PWY(厌氧)代谢功能通路,表明其具备好氧与厌氧双重代谢能力。3条代谢功能通路的同步上调,共同构建了一个从好氧表层到厌氧深层的立体代谢网络,强化了肠道微生态系统对黄酮类外源性化合物及内源性甾体激素的清除与转化功能。
值得注意的是,肠道菌群的代谢重塑与肠道组织紧密连接功能密切相关。肠道黏膜的完整性和肠道组织蛋白的紧密性是肠道健康的重要组成,能有效阻止有害物质和病原微生物的侵入[23-25]。sIgA作为黏膜免疫系统的核心效应分子,由局部浆细胞产生,通过多聚免疫球蛋白受体(pIgR)转运至腔道,主要通过非炎症性的免疫排斥机制阻断病原体黏附,同时在维持肠道免疫稳态和调控菌群中发挥核心作用[26-27]。紧密连接蛋白Occludin作为黏附连接的重要组成部分,其首要功能是维持紧密连接的结构稳定性和组织物理屏蔽功能,过表达Occludin可增强上皮细胞的跨上皮电阻,使肠道组织更加紧密[28-29]。本研究结果显示,饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮可显著提高空肠组织中sIgA和Occludin含量,表明免疫屏障(sIgA拦截病原)和物理屏障(Occludin加固细胞连接)被同步强化,机体防御能力整体提升。
综上所述,饮水中添加0.003%的茵陈黄酮对兔肠道健康的影响呈现出一个完整的“菌群-代谢-屏障”调控轴:首先,茵陈黄酮选择性富集假单胞菌属_E和陶厄氏菌属_A等功能菌群,激活PWY-6944、PWY-5178和CENTBENZCOA-PWY代谢功能通路,构建立体代谢网络以清除外源性植物化学物和内源性甾体激素;其次,菌群代谢产物(如丁酸等短链脂肪酸)或菌群-宿主互作信号进一步促进了sIgA和Occludin的分泌,同步强化免疫屏障和物理屏障;最终,肠道双重屏障功能的增强为维持肠道稳态、提升机体防御能力奠定了坚实基础。这一“菌群重塑→代谢激活→屏障强化”的级联机制,可能是茵陈黄酮发挥其肠道保护作用的重要微生物学基础。

4 结论

饮水中添加30 mg/L的茵陈黄酮可以提高肉兔的终末体重、平均日增重及空肠sIgA和Occludin含量,使免疫屏障和肠道组织紧密性被同步强化,提升机体防御能力;可以通过调控肠道菌群,使PWY-6944、PWY-5178、CENTBENZCOA-PWY代谢功能通路富集度升高,促进甾体激素降解和厌氧芳香环裂解,进一步改善肠道内环境,提高肠道健康状态。

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