1 材料与方法
1.1 试验菌株
1.2 培养基及主要试剂和仪器
1.3 抑菌性能测定
1.4 耐受性试验
1.4.1 耐胆盐试验
存活率(%)=100×A1/A0。
1.4.2 肠胃耐受性试验
存活率(%)=100×N1/N0。
1.5 表面特性试验
1.5.1 疏水性测定
疏水性(%)=100×(1-Dc/Db)。
1.5.2 自聚性测定
自聚性(%)=100×(1-E1/E0)。
1.6 安全性评价
1.6.1 溶血性试验
1.6.2 药敏试验
1.7 全基因组测序、组装及注释
1.8 生物信息学分析
1.9 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 5株乳酸菌的益生特性
2.1.1 抑菌性能
表1 5株乳酸菌对4种病原指示菌的抑菌圈直径Table 1 Diameters of inhibition zones of five strains of lactic acid bacteria against four kinds of pathogenic indicator bacteriamm |
| 项目 Items | 大肠杆菌 CMCC(B)44102 Escherichia coli CMCC(B)44102 | 金黄色葡萄 球菌ATCC 6538 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 | 弗氏志贺氏菌BDS8 Shigella flexneri BDS8 | 肠道沙门氏菌 CMCC(B)50094 Salmonella enterica CMCC(B)50094 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | 21.36±0.11b | 22.16±0.28ab | 18.30±0.20b | 17.43±0.41ab |
| 嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 18.30±0.10d | 20.10±0.17c | 15.16±0.05c | 17.46±0.30ab |
| 副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 23.50±0.10a | 23.33±0.32a | 17.53±0.05b | 17.60±0.20ab |
| 干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 20.30±0.10c | 21.30±0.30bc | 20.40±0.17a | 16.33±0.15b |
| 饲草联合乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 | 19.56±0.15cd | 21.23±0.15bc | 19.36±0.20a | 18.66±0.15a |
| P值 P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
2.1.2 耐受性
表2 5株乳酸菌对模拟肠胃液及胆盐的耐受存活率Table 2 Tolerance survival rates of five strains of lactic acid bacteria to simulated gastrointestinal fluids and bile salt% |
| 项目 Items | 3 h模拟胃液 3 h simulated gastric fluid | 4 h模拟肠液 4 h simulated intestinal fluid | 4 h 0.3%胆盐 4 h 0.3% bile salt | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH 2.0 | pH 3.0 | pH 4.0 | pH 6.8 | pH 6.8 | |||||
| 饲草联合乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 | 50.21±1.23c | 86.48±0.85bc | 98.51±0.32b | 99.89±0.08ab | 61.27±1.56c | ||||
| 干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 86.80±1.12a | 95.24±0.67a | 99.12±0.25ab | 100.00±0.00a | 76.08±1.89b | ||||
| 副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 81.26±1.05b | 94.13±0.72a | 98.94±0.28b | 99.73±0.11b | 80.49±2.01a | ||||
| 嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 80.97±0.98b | 87.65±0.81b | 99.02±0.26b | 99.86±0.09ab | 78.29±1.95ab | ||||
| 唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | 50.25±0.88c | 85.48±0.88c | 99.57±0.21a | 100.00±0.00a | 60.41±1.48c | ||||
| P值 P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.006 | <0.001 | ||||
2.1.3 表面特性
2.2 5株乳酸菌的安全性
2.2.1 溶血性
图3 5株乳酸菌溶血活性检测N:金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538;1:唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05;2:嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3;3:副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401;4:干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4;5:饲草联合乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5。 Fig.3 Detection of hemolytic activity of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
2.2.2 药敏试验分析
表3 5株乳酸菌药敏试验结果Table 3 Results of drug sensitivity test of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
| 抗生素 Antibiotics | 唾液联合 乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | 嘉义乳酪 杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 副干酪乳 酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 干酪乳酪 杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 饲草联合 乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 青霉素 Penicillin | S | S | S | S | I |
| 诺氟沙星 Norfloxacin | I | I | S | S | S |
| 氨苄西林 Ampicillin | S | S | I | S | S |
| 头孢唑啉 Cefazolin | S | S | S | S | S |
| 庆大霉素 Gentamicin | I | I | I | I | I |
| 红霉素 Erythromycin | I | S | S | S | S |
| 环丙沙星 Ciprofloxacin | I | I | I | I | I |
| 氯霉素 Chloramphenicol | S | S | S | S | S |
| 四环素 Tetracycline | I | R | S | S | I |
| 多西环素 Doxycycline | I | R | S | I | I |
S表示敏感,抑菌圈直径>20 mm;I表示中度敏感,10 mm<抑菌圈直径≤20 mm;R表示耐药,抑菌圈直径≤10 mm。 | |
S indicated susceptible, with inhibition zone diameter>20 mm; I indicated intermediate, with 10 mm<inhibition zone diameter≤20 mm; R indicated resistant, with inhibition zone diameter≤10 mm. |
2.3 5株乳酸菌基因组基本特征
表4 5株乳酸菌基因组基本特征Table 4 Basic genomic characteristics of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
| 菌株 Strains | 基因组大小 Genome size/Mbp | GC含量 GC content/% | 编码序 列数目 Number of CDS/个 | 转运 RNA数目 Number of tRNA/个 | 核糖体 RNA数目 Number of rRNA/个 | 杂项RNA 数目 Number of miscRNA/个 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 3.10 | 46.35 | 2 941 | 60 | 15 | 1 |
| 干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 3.09 | 46.66 | 3 420 | 61 | 15 | 1 |
| 嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 2.86 | 47.17 | 2 758 | 58 | 15 | 1 |
| 饲草联合乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 | 2.49 | 36.76 | 2 429 | 12 | 1 | 1 |
| 唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | 1.92 | 33.51 | 1 757 | 78 | 22 | 1 |
2.4 5株乳酸菌系统发育树分析
图4 基于核心基因序列构建的5株乳酸菌系统发育树L.plantarum:植物乳植杆菌 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum;L.pentosus:戊糖乳植杆菌 Lactiplantibacillus pentosus;L.kunkeei;昆克乳杆菌 Lactobacillus kunkeei;L.reuteri:罗伊氏黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri;L.pabuli:饲草联合乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus pabuli;L.amylolyticus:解淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylolyticus;L.iners:惰性乳杆菌 Lactobacillus iners;L.graminis:草广泛乳杆菌 Latilactobacillus graminis;L.casei;干酪乳酪杆菌 Lacticaseibacillus casei;L.paracasei:副干酪乳酪杆菌 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei;L.rhamnosus:鼠李糖乳酪杆菌 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus;L.zeae:玉米乳酪杆菌 Lacticaseibacillus zeae;L.chiayiensis:嘉义乳酪杆菌 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis;L.kimchii:泡菜乳杆菌 Lactobacillus kimchii;L.acidipiscis:酸鱼联合乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis;L.salivarius:唾液联合乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius。 Fig.4 Phylogenetic tree of five strains of lactic acid bacteria constructed based on core gene sequences |
2.5 5株乳酸菌基因组功能基因注释
2.5.1 核心基因和特有基因分析
2.5.2 COG注释结果
图6 5株乳酸菌核心基因COG注释Energy production and conversion:能量产生与转换;Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning:细胞周期控制、细胞分裂、染色体分离;Amino acid transport and metabolism:氨基酸转运与代谢;Nucleotide transport and metabolism:核苷酸转运与代谢;Carbohydrate transport and metabolism:碳水化合物转运与代谢;Coenzyme transport and metabolism:辅酶转运与代谢;Lipid transport and metabolism:脂质转运与代谢;Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis:翻译、核糖体结构和生物发生;Transcription:转录;Replication, recombination and repair:复制、重组和修复;Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis:细胞壁/膜/被膜生物发生;Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones:翻译后修饰、蛋白质周转、分子伴侣;Inorganic ion transport and metabolism:无机离子转运与代谢;Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism:次生代谢物生物合成、转运与分解代谢;General function prediction only:仅预测通用功能;Function unknown:功能未知;Signal transduction mechanisms:信号转导机制;Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport:细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输);Defense mechanisms:防御机制。图7同 the same as Fig.7。 Fig.6 COG annotation of core genes of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
2.5.3 抗生素耐药基因及毒力基因分析
表5 基于ARDB数据库的5株乳酸菌抗生素耐药基因注释Table 5 Annotation of antibiotic resistance genes of five strains of lactic acid bacteria based on ARDB database |
| 菌株 Strains | 基因编号 Gene ID | 预测抗生素耐药类别 Predicted antibiotic resistance category | 相似性 Similarity/% |
|---|---|---|---|
唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | GL001735 | 林可酰胺类、链阳菌素B | 99.60 |
| GL001755 | 四环素类抗生素 | 95.60 | |
| GL001756 | 四环素类抗生素 | 98.50 | |
| 副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | assembly_01760 | 大环内酯类抗生素 | 100.00 |
| 干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | assembly_01758 | 氨基糖苷类抗生素 | 90.91 |
| 嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | assembly_01524 | 四环素类抗生素 | 100.00 |
| 饲草联合乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 | — | — | — |
2.5.4 细菌基因簇分析
图8 5株乳酸菌次级代谢产物基因簇预测结果(antiSMASH)L.salivarius:唾液联合乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05;L.chiayiensis:嘉义乳酪杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3;L.paracasei:副干酪乳酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401;L.casei:干酪乳酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4。图9同 the same as Fig.9。 Region:区域;Core biosynthetic genes:核心生物合成基因;Additional biosynthetic genes:附加生物合成基因;Transport-related genes:转运相关基因;Regulatory genes:调控基因;Other genes:其他基因;Resistance:抗性。 Fig.8 Prediction results of secondary metabolite gene clusters in five strains of lactic acid bacteria (antiSMASH) |
图9 5株乳酸菌细菌素基因簇预测结果(BAGEL4)Region:区域;Gene names:基因名称;predicted promoters:预测启动子;predicted terminators:预测终止子;Show or hide small ORFs:展示或隐藏小开放阅读框;No function determined:未确定功能;Blast hit with UniRef90:UniRef90中BLAST比对命中;Core Peptide:核心肽;Modification:修饰;Immunity/Transport:免疫/转运;Regulation:调控;Transport & Leader cleavage:转运与前导肽切割;Protease:蛋白酶;ABC:ATP结合盒转运蛋白 ATP-binding cassette transporter;Enterolysin_A:肠溶素A;LanT:羊毛硫细菌素转运蛋白 lantibiotic transport protein;bacteriocin:细菌素;Enterocin_X:肠球菌素X;Carnocin_CP52:卡诺菌素CP52;EntA_Immun:肠球菌素A免疫蛋白 enterocin A immunity protein;Thermophilin_A:嗜热链球菌素A;HlyD:溶血素D型分泌蛋白hemolysin D-type secretion protein。 Fig.9 Prediction results of bacteriocin gene clusters in five strains of lactic acid bacteria (BAGEL4) |
表6 5株乳酸菌碳水化合物活性酶注释结果Table 6 Annotation results of carbohydrate-active enzymes of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
| CAZy数据库类别 CAZy database categories | 饲草联合 乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 | 嘉义乳酪 杆菌AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 干酪乳 酪杆菌AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 副干酪乳酪 杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 唾液联合 乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糖苷水解酶类 Glycoside hydrolases | 639 | 50 | 44 | 42 | 19 |
| 糖基转移酶类 Glycosyl transferases | 19 | 22 | 30 | 27 | 26 |
| 多糖裂解酶类 Polysaccharide lyases | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 碳水化合物酯酶类 Carbohydrate esterases | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 2 |
| 辅助活性酶类 Auxiliary activities | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 碳水化合物结合模块 Carbohydrate-binding modules | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
2.5.5 益生基因分析
表7 5株乳酸菌益生特性相关基因Table 7 Probiotic property-related genes of five strains of lactic acid bacteria |
| 功能类别 Function categories | 基因 名称 Gene names | 相关基因/系统 Related genes/systems | 唾液联合 乳杆菌05 Ligilactobacillus salivarius 05 | 嘉义乳酪杆菌 AACE3 Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 | 副干酪乳 酪杆菌XLK401 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 | 干酪乳酪杆菌 AACE4 Lacticaseibacillus casei AACE4 | 饲草联合 乳杆菌AACE5 Ligilactobacillus pabuli AACE5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
抗逆性 Stress resistance | dltA | 磷壁酸生物合成/修饰系统 | + | + | + | + | + |
| clpX | ATP依赖型Clp蛋白酶系统 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| dnaJ | 热休克蛋白家族 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| dnaK | 热休克蛋白家族 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| grpE | 热休克蛋白家族 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| hslO | 热休克蛋白家族 | + | + | + | + | + | |
DNA和蛋白质保护及修复 Protection and repair of DNA and proteins | clpC | ATP依赖型Clp蛋白酶系统 | + | + | + | + | + |
| msrB | 硫氨酸亚砜还原酶系统 | + | + | + | + | + | |
抗氧化应激反应 Antioxidative stress response | Tpx | 硫氧还蛋白系统/过氧化物酶 | + | + | + | + | + |
| trxA | 硫氧还蛋白系统 | + | - | + | + | + | |
| Pox5 | 丙酮酸氧化酶系统 | - | + | + | + | + | |
黏附能力 Adhesion ability | fbp | 纤连蛋白结合蛋白 | + | + | + | + | + |
| luxS | S-核糖基高半胱氨酸裂 解酶/群体感应系统 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| tuf | 延伸因子 | + | + | + | + | + | |
| 自聚集能力 Autoaggregation ability | MapA | 黏液结合蛋白/表面蛋白 | + | - | - | - | - |
“+”表示检测到该基因,“-”表示未检测到该基因。 | |
“+” indicated the gene was detected, and “-” indicated the gene was not detected. |
