1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 2种青贮原料的营养成分含量(实测值)Table 1 Nutrient contents of two silage raw materials (measured values) |
| 项目 Items | 菊苣茎叶 Chicory stems and leaves | 玉米秸秆 Corn stover |
|---|---|---|
| 干物质 DM/% FM | 18.64 | 88.86 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 16.36 | 4.66 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 23.75 | 71.48 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 20.56 | 45.87 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM | 14.60 | 3.37 |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 体外瘤胃发酵试验
1.4 指标测定及方法
1.4.1 感官品质评定
1.4.2 营养成分含量测定
1.4.3 发酵品质测定
1.4.4 体外瘤胃发酵特性测定
某营养物质降解率(%)=100×(a-b)/a。
式中:a为发酵前底物中该营养物质含量(g);b为发酵后残渣中该营养物质含量(g)。
产气速率及降解每克底物的产气量的计算公式为:
产气速率(mL/h)=Vt/(m·t);
降解每克底物的产气量(mL/g)=Vt/DMDt。
1.4.5 隶属函数综合评价
UX(+)=(Xij-Ximin)/(Ximax-Ximin);
UX(-)=1-UX(+)。
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的感官品质
表2 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的感官品质Table 2 Sensory quality of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | |
| 色泽评分 Color score | 黄褐色(1) | 黄绿色(2) | 黄绿色(2) | 黄绿色(2) | 淡黄色(1) |
| 气味评分 Smell score | 酸味且带有少 量丁酸味(10) | 酸香味和较轻 丁酸味(10) | 酸味较浓且呈 芳香味(14) | 芳香酸味(12) | 较弱芳香 酸味(10) |
| 质地评分 Texture score | 茎叶结构受损且有 少量渗出液(2) | 茎叶结构 轻微受损(2) | 茎叶结构 保持良好(4) | 茎叶结构 保持良好(4) | 茎叶结构 保持良好(4) |
| 总分 Total score | 13 | 14 | 20 | 18 | 15 |
| 等级 Grade | 二级尚好 | 二级尚好 | 一级优良 | 一级优良 | 二级尚好 |
2.2 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的营养成分
表3 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的营养成分Table 3 Nutritional components of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||
| 干物质 DM/% FM | 16.94±0.24e | 21.04±1.06d | 25.23±0.90c | 28.68±0.69b | 31.26±0.36a | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 22.36±0.53e | 27.17±0.82d | 33.18±0.61c | 39.66±0.32b | 49.38±0.87a | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 18.99±0.63e | 21.68±0.48d | 23.84±0.47c | 27.27±0.47b | 33.17±0.34a | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 15.68±0.28a | 14.87±0.88a | 13.04±0.88b | 12.63±1.08b | 10.51±0.98c | <0.001 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM | 7.10±0.17a | 5.75±0.02b | 5.49±0.07b | 5.32±0.03c | 5.13±0.07c | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同(表5和表9除外)。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below (except for Table 5 and Table 9). |
2.3 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质
表4 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质Table 4 Fermented quality of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||
| pH | 3.76±0.02a | 3.69±0.03bc | 3.66±0.02c | 3.70±0.02b | 3.71±0.02b | 0.001 |
| 乳酸 Lactic acid/(g/kg DM) | 20.72±0.42c | 22.66±0.57b | 26.18±0.39a | 23.34±0.25b | 23.50±0.74b | <0.001 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(g/kg DM) | 9.85±0.02a | 8.61±0.34b | 6.76±0.28c | 6.45±0.56c | 6.32±0.28c | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propanoic acid/(g/kg DM) | 1.63±0.14a | 1.30±0.22b | 0.83±0.08c | 0.81±0.14c | 0.72±0.21c | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(g/kg DM) | 1.99±0.22a | 1.27±0.08b | 0.71±0.13c | 0.70±0.16c | 0.99±0.12c | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN/% | 1.77±0.06a | 0.84±0.03b | 0.94±0.08b | 0.79±0.05b | 0.78±0.36b | <0.001 |
表5 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质综合得分Table 5 Comprehensive score of fermented quality of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | |
| 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN/% | 1.77(50) | 0.84(50) | 0.94(50) | 0.79(50) | 0.78(50) |
| 乳酸/总酸 Lactic acid/total acid/% | 60.59(20) | 66.96(24) | 75.91(25) | 74.55(25) | 74.53(25) |
| 乙酸/总酸 Acetic acid/total acid/% | 28.80(20) | 25.44(22) | 19.60(25) | 20.60(24) | 20.04(24) |
| 丁酸/总酸 Butyric acid/total acid/% | 5.84(34) | 3.77(37) | 2.08(40) | 2.25(38) | 3.13(38) |
| 综合得分 Comprehensive score | 87 | 91.5 | 95 | 93.5 | 93 |
| 等级 Grade | 优 | 优 | 优 | 优 | 优 |
2.4 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的体外瘤胃发酵产气量、产气参数及发酵参数
表6 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的体外瘤胃发酵产气量和产气参数Table 6 In vitro rumen fermentation gas production and gas production parameters of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time/h | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||||
总产气量 Total gas production/mL | 6 | 90.48±3.86a | 88.68±2.91a | 86.68±2.62ab | 83.43±2.98bc | 81.76±2.26c | 0.001 | |
| 12 | 110.65±3.04a | 104.18±2.78b | 101.45±3.03bc | 98.87±2.79bc | 96.38±3.07c | 0.001 | ||
| 24 | 122.87±3.68a | 116.72±3.31ab | 110.63±2.21bc | 103.94±3.22cd | 99.85±2.24d | 0.001 | ||
| 48 | 142.30±4.73a | 138.11±3.60ab | 132.48±4.84b | 130.41±5.47bc | 124.19±4.28c | 0.001 | ||
产气速率 Gas production rate/(mL/h) | 6 | 15.08±0.64a | 14.78±0.49a | 14.45±0.44ab | 13.91±0.83bc | 13.63±0.38c | 0.001 | |
| 12 | 9.22±0.34a | 8.68±0.48b | 8.45±0.42bc | 8.24±0.48bc | 8.03±0.42c | 0.001 | ||
| 24 | 5.12±0.32a | 4.86±0.22ab | 4.61±0.22bc | 4.33±0.22cd | 4.16±0.22d | <0.001 | ||
| 48 | 2.96±0.18a | 2.88±0.14ab | 2.76±0.10b | 2.72±0.11bc | 2.59±0.09c | <0.001 | ||
降解每克底物的产气量 Gas production per gram of degraded substrate/(mL/g) | 6 | 185.87±3.07e | 197.20±2.59d | 210.49±3.96c | 217.10±3.63b | 229.40±4.26a | <0.001 | |
| 12 | 199.80±2.84d | 204.71±3.24d | 214.21±2.54c | 226.61±3.52b | 240.82±3.96a | <0.001 | ||
| 24 | 181.41±2.67b | 182.77±2.72b | 184.48±2.93b | 185.11±2.67b | 197.92±2.45 | <0.001 | ||
| 48 | 177.47±2.29c | 180.94±4.82bc | 185.03±3.94b | 193.31±2.85a | 196.13±3.47a | <0.001 | ||
甲烷产量 CH4 production/mL | 6 | 10.54±0.37a | 9.80±0.21b | 9.02±0.15c | 8.59±0.31cd | 8.23±0.16d | <0.001 | |
| 12 | 15.21±0.43a | 14.59±0.32b | 14.25±0.41b | 13.29±0.16c | 12.45±0.36d | <0.001 | ||
| 24 | 23.62±0.19a | 22.98±0.41b | 22.58±0.24b | 22.28±0.31b | 20.81±0.39c | <0.001 | ||
| 48 | 30.36±0.11a | 29.02±0.15b | 28.65±0.48b | 26.87±0.32c | 25.52±0.26d | <0.001 | ||
甲烷产气速率 CH4 gas production rate/(mL/h) | 6 | 1.76±0.03a | 1.63±0.03b | 1.50±0.02c | 1.43±0.05cd | 1.37±0.04d | 0.001 | |
| 12 | 1.27±0.01a | 1.22±0.03ab | 1.19±0.02b | 1.11±0.04c | 1.04±0.02d | 0.001 | ||
| 24 | 0.98±0.02 | 0.95±0.04 | 0.94±0.03 | 0.92±0.05 | 0.86±0.02 | 0.351 | ||
| 48 | 0.63±0.02 | 0.60±0.01 | 0.59±0.02 | 0.58±0.02 | 0.56±0.01 | 0.142 | ||
降解每克底物的甲烷产量 CH4 production per gram of degraded substrate/(mL/g) | 6 | 21.65±0.10c | 21.79±0.03c | 21.90±0.07c | 22.35±0.06b | 23.09±0.08a | <0.001 | |
| 12 | 27.46±0.14e | 28.67±0.06d | 30.08±0.04c | 30.46±0.09b | 31.11±0.13a | <0.001 | ||
| 24 | 34.87±0.08e | 35.98±0.05d | 37.65±0.08c | 39.68±0.19b | 41.25±0.11a | <0.001 | ||
| 48 | 37.86±0.12d | 38.02±0.14d | 40.01±0.09c | 41.31±0.12b | 42.50±0.05a | <0.001 | ||
表7 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的48 h体外瘤胃发酵参数Table 7 48 h in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||
| pH | 6.74±0.27 | 6.57±0.28 | 6.53±0.33 | 6.54±0.28 | 6.46±0.27 | 0.667 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 22.43±0.49a | 21.82±0.81ab | 20.68±0.49b | 18.97±1.52c | 17.99±0.33c | <0.001 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 61.09±0.14b | 61.38±0.08ab | 61.72±0.26a | 60.60±0.34b | 59.48±0.33c | <0.001 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 36.76±0.26c | 37.53±0.19b | 38.57±0.39a | 37.97±0.25ab | 37.26±0.56c | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propanoic acid/(mmol/L) | 14.34±0.15a | 14.07±0.09b | 13.82±0.15bc | 13.46±0.37c | 13.35±0.25c | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 7.03±0.48a | 6.63±0.24ab | 6.25±0.06b | 6.16±0.30b | 5.97±0.13b | 0.001 |
| 乙丙比 A/P ratio | 2.56±0.08b | 2.67±0.05b | 2.79±0.09ab | 2.82±0.04a | 2.79±0.16ab | 0.001 |
2.5 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的48 h体外瘤胃发酵营养物质降解率
表8 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮的48 h体外瘤胃发酵营养物质降解率Table 8 48 h in vitro rumen fermentation nutrient degradation rates of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||
| 干物质降解率 DMD | 80.18±1.10a | 76.33±1.34b | 71.60±0.43c | 67.46±0.57d | 63.32±1.27e | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质降解率 CPD | 82.36±1.72a | 79.18±2.21b | 75.65±2.28c | 73.75±2.73d | 69.18±1.22e | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维降解率 NDFD | 51.48±0.66a | 48.15±0.72b | 45.69±0.36c | 42.61±0.44d | 40.54±0.58e | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维降解率 ADFD | 37.61±0.68a | 34.37±0.54b | 31.11±0.37c | 29.88±0.43d | 26.17±0.36e | <0.001 |
2.6 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮品质及体外瘤胃降解特性的综合评价
表9 菊苣茎叶与玉米秸秆混合青贮品质及体外瘤胃降解特性的综合评价Table 9 Comprehensive evaluation of quality and in vitro rumen degradation characteristics of mixed silage of chicory stems and leaves and corn stover |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
| 乳酸 Lactic acid | 0.00 | 0.36 | 1.00 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
| pH | 0.00 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.50 |
| 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 1.00 |
| 丙酸 Propanoic acid | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 1.00 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.00 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.42 | 0.00 |
| 干物质降解率 DMD | 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.00 |
| 中性洗涤纤维降解率 NDFD | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.47 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
| 平均值 Average value | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.36 |
| 排序 Rank | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
