REVIEW

Research Progress on Non-Antibiotic Substances for Prevention and Control of Campylobacteriosis in Chickens

  • LI Yanlong ,
  • CAO Changchang ,
  • HU Jinming ,
  • WANG Zhong , *
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  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-17

  Online published: 2026-09-12

Abstract

Campylobacteriosis in chickens poses a serious threat to poultry production. Strengthening biosecurity measures and antibiotic therapy play a crucial role in the prevention and control of campylobacteriosis in chickens. However, with the increasing antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in poultry, there is an urgent need to develop and implement non-antibiotic strategies to combat Campylobacter infection in chickens. This review systematically summarizes the pathogen, infection routes and mechanisms, hazards, and control measures of chicken campylobacteriosis, with a focus on the application effects and mechanisms of non-antibiotic substances in the prevention and control of chicken campylobacteriosis, aiming to provide reference and new perspectives for research on the prevention and control of campylobacteriosis in chickens.

Cite this article

LI Yanlong , CAO Changchang , HU Jinming , WANG Zhong . Research Progress on Non-Antibiotic Substances for Prevention and Control of Campylobacteriosis in Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(9) : 6351 -6362 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.507

随着禽类养殖规模化和集约化发展,鸡弯曲杆菌病在养殖场中呈高发态势,已成为威胁鸡群健康生长和禽产品食品安全的重要风险因素。抗生素一直是抗菌药的首选,然而,近年来家禽生产中抗生素的大量使用甚至滥用,已导致弯曲杆菌耐药性问题日益突出。为应对日益严峻的耐药形势,我国自2020年起全面实施饲料“禁抗”政策,明确规定禁止在饲料中添加抗生素,旨在减少养殖环节中抗生素的滥用,同时也使传统抗生素治疗方案面临严格管控。在此背景下,鸡弯曲杆菌病的防控策略亟需转向以“非抗生素物质”为核心的新路径。本文系统梳理了鸡弯曲杆菌病流行特征及防控措施,重点分析不同非抗生素物质的防控效果及作用机制,以期为鸡弯曲杆菌病的科学防控提供新的研究思路和参考依据。

1 鸡弯曲杆菌病

1.1 弯曲杆菌

弯曲杆菌属于变形菌门、弯曲杆菌属,主要包括空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)、结肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter coli)和胎儿弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter fetus)等菌种,其中,空肠弯曲杆菌空肠亚种是人畜禽共患的主要细菌性病原体之一[1]。该菌为革兰氏阴性微需氧型细菌,菌体呈细长、弯曲或螺旋状杆形,具有单端鞭毛,有运动性,适合在5%氧气(O2)、10%二氧化碳(CO2)、85%氮气(N2)下生长[2-3],且在含马血或羊血并添加多种抗菌物质(如万古霉素、环己酰胺、多菌素等)的选择性培养基中生长良好[4]。研究表明,空肠弯曲杆菌在42 ℃条件下可快速生长和运动,在37 ℃环境下则具有较强的侵袭性[5]。与部分肠道细菌不同,弯曲杆菌无法利用葡萄糖进行代谢,但可利用三羧酸循环中间体丙酮酸和氨基酸作为碳源[6]。另外,虽然弯曲杆菌无法形成内生孢子[2],但其在暴露于不适环境时能够生成生物膜,以抵抗外界不良环境因素,因此在潮湿环境和冷藏食品中也能存活[7-8]。此外,弯曲杆菌还可在多种细胞(如中国地鼠卵巢细胞、HeLa细胞和人上皮细胞系)及鸡胚中增殖培养[9-12]

1.2 感染途径和机制

由于肉鸡在胚胎期时,蛋内含有母源性的抗弯曲杆菌特异性抗体,因此弯曲杆菌很少由母体经垂直传播途径传递给后代;但随着出壳后肉鸡周龄增加,体内母源抗体含量逐渐降低,弯曲杆菌易通过染菌的水源、土壤等水平途径经消化道感染肉鸡[13-14]。弯曲杆菌通过由趋化响应调节蛋白(CheY)和趋化性组氨酸激酶(CheA)组成的双组分系统调控鞭毛运动,并依赖外排泵(CmeABC)抵抗肠道内不良环境,最终利用鞭毛蛋白、脂寡糖(lipooligosaccharide,LOS)及荚膜多糖等结构组分,黏附并定植于肠上皮细胞[15-17]

1.3 危害

空肠弯曲杆菌是造成鸡弯曲杆菌病的主要菌种之一[18],其常作为共生微生物定植于肉鸡肠道中,有时可引发机体炎症反应并改变肠道菌群结构[19],受污染的鸡肉经人食用后可能导致人弯曲杆菌病。此外,放养母鸡或产蛋高峰期母鸡感染肝弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter hepaticus)后,易患禽弧菌性肝炎(avian vibrionic hepatitis,AVH),又称斑点肝病(spotty liver disease,SLD),该病以肝脏出血、肿胀、坏死为主要特征,临床表现为腹泻、肠炎、黄疸、肝脾肿大、产蛋率显著下降等[20]

1.4 常规防控措施

1.4.1 生物安全措施

生物安全措施是减少弯曲杆菌在鸡群间传播和定植的有效措施。常见的生物安全措施包括控制人员的活动、加强环境卫生控制、切断生物传播三大类。研究表明,加强养殖场工作人员和进出车辆的卫生管理,能够有效降低鸡群弯曲杆菌患病率[21]。弯曲杆菌能够在鸡饲料中存活,并受饲料来源及组成的影响[22-23]。另外,水也是弯曲杆菌感染的重要传播媒介之一,具有季节性和物种特异性[24]。由于弯曲杆菌在鸡肠道中定植,鸡粪便中可能含有大量弯曲杆菌,使得粪便成为弯曲杆菌环境污染和家禽感染的主要载体[25]。此外,苍蝇、飞禽、虫子和小鼠等生物也是弯曲杆菌传播的重要媒介[26-27]。因此,在养殖生产中,应做好人员、车辆、饲料原料和饮用水等卫生检查,及时清理粪污,做好虫鼠防控工作,以减少弯曲杆菌水平传播的途径。

1.4.2 抗生素

抗生素如土霉素、四环素、金霉素、红霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠等可用于控制弯曲杆菌病,其效果明显、使用方法成熟且成本低,常作为弯曲杆菌严重感染或急性治疗的首选。然而,家禽生产中抗生素的大量使用导致弯曲杆菌耐药性增加[28],弯曲杆菌抗生素耐药性的可能机制包括通过调整孔蛋白表达模式改变膜通透性,从而阻止抗生素扩散到细胞内环境[29],或通过外排泵将抗生素从细胞质排到细胞外[30]。近年来,抗生素已从过去的常规治疗手段,逐渐转变为在符合严格规定下针对严重病例的补充性治疗措施,对鸡弯曲杆菌病的防控策略正转向使用益生菌、益生元、植物提取物等非抗生素物质。

2 防控鸡弯曲杆菌病的非抗生素物质

2.1 益生菌

常见的益生菌包括乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和肠球菌等,其中以乳杆菌和双歧杆菌最为常见[31]。益生菌通常能通过核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、干扰素、Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)、蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB)等通路调控机体免疫[32],或产生细菌素、抗黏性分子、有机酸等物质[33-35],也可以通过减弱ciaBflaA等毒力基因表达[36],或通过抑制群体感应信号分子自诱导蛋白-2(autoinducer-2,AI-2)的生成[37],发挥抗弯曲杆菌作用。
目前,已有多种常见益生菌应用于抗鸡弯曲杆菌感染的报道。芽孢杆菌能够通过其代谢活性,维持宿主细胞和肠道菌群结构功能稳定,抑制病原菌存活[38]。Cui等[39]选用1日龄无特定病原体(SPF)白来航雏鸡于第1~14天和第16~30天每日每只口服100 μL含108 CFU的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CAU227(Bacillus velezensis CAU227)悬液,于第15天时每只接种104 CFU的空肠弯曲杆菌NCTC 11168,发现Bacillus velezensis CAU227能够延迟接种后第1天鸡盲肠中空肠弯曲杆菌的定植,同时显著降低了接种后第15天空肠弯曲杆菌的定植水平;另有研究表明,Bacillus velezensis CAU227代谢物能够抑制空肠弯曲杆菌的活性,并可能通过调控肠道微生物群落结构进一步影响空肠弯曲杆菌的定植。粪肠球菌属于乳酸菌的一种,体外试验证明其具有显著的抗弯曲杆菌活性[40]。Robyn等[41]选用孵化当天的罗斯(Ross)肉雏鸡,于第1~21天每日口服0.5 mL含104或108 CFU的粪肠球菌MB5259(Enterococcus faecalis MB5259)的林格氏液,于第15天时每组选取2只雏鸡口服接种0.5 mL含2.0×104 CFU的空肠弯曲杆菌MB4185悬液并放回原组以感染其他鸡只,结果发现,Enterococcus faecalis MB5259能够在肉鸡盲肠中定植,但不影响空肠弯曲杆菌在盲肠中的定植,且与剂量无关。
益生菌功效可以通过多种方法增强,如选择更有效的菌株、基因改造以及多种菌株的组合等,而复合益生菌是增强益生菌功效的最佳方式之一。Ghareeb等[42]选用1日龄Ross肉雏鸡,于第1天开始每只鸡每日口服2或20 mg由粪肠球菌、乳酸片球菌、动物双歧杆菌、唾液乳杆菌和鲁氏乳杆菌等组成的复合益生菌,且于第1天时每组选取4只雏鸡口服0.1 mL含104 CFU空肠弯曲杆菌的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)并放回原组以接触感染其他鸡只,结果发现,口服2种剂量的复合益生菌均能降低空肠弯曲杆菌在盲肠的定植水平,并进一步分析认为复合益生菌可能通过竞争营养和附着位点,或分泌有机酸、细菌素等物质抵抗空肠弯曲杆菌感染。肠道微生物群作为一个复杂而庞大的系统,各菌群间存在广泛的互作关系,这值得深入研究探索。

2.2 益生元

禽类生产中常用的益生元大多属于碳水化合物,包括低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖和甘露寡糖等[43]。有关益生元在鸡抗弯曲杆菌感染应用方面,Wu等[44]在1日龄雄性爱拔益加(AA)雏鸡饲粮中添加0.15%的玉米源低聚木糖,结果发现玉米源低聚木糖降低了雏鸡盲肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平,同时富集了产丁酸菌,改善了肠道微生物结构;Rahimi等[45]在1日龄大白火鸡雏鸡饲粮中添加0.05%的酵母源甘露寡糖,并于第7天时每只鸡口服105 CFU的空肠弯曲杆菌,结果发现酵母源甘露寡糖增加了受感染雏鸡肠道中分段丝状细菌数,并促进了杯状细胞增殖和肠黏液分泌,有利于维持回肠黏膜完整性,但该研究未对空肠弯曲杆菌的黏附定植情况进行统计;Corrigan等[46]选用孵化当天的雄性肉鸡,于第1~35天阶段性饲喂添加富含酵母源甘露寡糖的饲粮,结果发现酵母源甘露寡糖能够降低盲肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平;另外,Rostami等[47]选用1日龄雄性Ross肉雏鸡于第1~42天每日饲喂添加2 g/kg酵母源甘露寡糖的饲粮,并于第15天每只鸡口服1 mL含105 CFU空肠弯曲杆菌的悬液以建立感染模型,结果发现酵母源甘露寡糖不仅增加了第24天和第42天雏鸡盲肠中乳酸杆菌数量,减少了弯曲杆菌数量,同时还增加了血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)A和IgG水平,提高了机体免疫水平。以上研究结果表明,甘露寡糖等益生元能够调控肠道菌群结构,通过促进有益菌的增殖增强肠道免疫和屏障功能,改善肠道健康,抑制弯曲杆菌感染。然而,目前益生元在抗鸡弯曲杆菌感染方面的应用研究还较少,未来仍需进一步开发应用益生元以防控鸡弯曲杆菌感染。

2.3 合生元和后生元

合生元是益生菌和益生元的混合物,能够对宿主健康产生有益影响,其中益生元可选择性地促进特定肠道微生物的生长与增殖[48]。合生元中常用的益生菌包括乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌等,常用的益生元包括低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖等[49]。Baffoni等[50]选用1日龄肉雏鸡于试验第1~39天饲喂添加含1%芽孢杆菌和0.2%低聚木糖的饲粮,并口服0.1 mL 106 CFU/mL的空肠弯曲杆菌悬液以建立感染模型,结果发现,与不添加组、于试验第14天开始添加组相比,早期添加合生元能够更有效地降低盲肠中空肠弯曲杆菌的定植水平。同样地,Baffoni等[51]在试验第1~21天每日按100 g饲粮中添加1 g长双歧杆菌和3 g低聚半乳糖的标准饲喂40日龄科宝(Cobb)肉鸡,发现该合生元能够降低试验第14天肉鸡粪便中空肠弯曲杆菌的数量。以上研究结果表明,无论是在鸡生长早期还是生长后期,合生元均能有效改善肠道弯曲杆菌感染。事实上,合生元能够发挥出比单独使用益生菌或益生元更显著的效果[52],这可能是因为益生元能够提高益生菌对外界环境的耐受程度[49],且常作为益生菌的特定发酵底物以促进其生长[53]。然而,目前由于益生菌和益生元在鸡弯曲杆菌病中的应用研究较少,合生元的研发也相应受到了一定程度的限制。
后生元是活的微生物经灭活后所残留的无生命微生物成分及其代谢产物,包括细胞壁碎片、短链脂肪酸、酶、肽、胞外多糖等[54]。Chiba等[55]的研究显示,唾液乳杆菌UO.C249无细胞上清液能够抑制空肠弯曲杆菌的活性,并分析这可能与其分泌的细菌素和抑菌性细胞外囊泡有关。此外,丁酸盐对弯曲杆菌有显著的抑制效果,能够抑制其运动和生物膜形成[56]。然而,弯曲杆菌能够利用双组分信号转导系统(BumSR)识别丁酸盐信号,从而调控其定植相关基因表达,以实现肠道定植[57],这表明弯曲杆菌本身存在调控机制以适应外界环境变化,且部分短链脂肪酸及其盐类常作为弯曲杆菌的底物被消耗[58],一定程度上限制了其应用。细菌素在抗弯曲杆菌感染方面具有重要意义。Stern等[59]选用1日龄雏鸡口服0.2 mL含108 CFU空肠弯曲杆菌的悬液,并于试验第7~9天饲喂添加250 mg/kg芽孢杆菌源细菌素的饲粮,发现能够显著降低盲肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平。值得注意的是,由于细菌素属于多肽,易被蛋白酶降解,因此在实际生产中应注意对细菌素做包被处理。同时,有研究发现,部分弯曲杆菌能够通过CmeABC外排泵对细菌素产生耐药性[60]。综上可知,后生元解决了部分益生菌存在的热稳定性、耐酸和耐胆盐能力差等问题[61],但其本身也存在着许多局限性。

2.4 疫苗

疫苗接种是增强机体免疫水平,进而控制鸡弯曲杆菌感染的有效干预措施。Calland等[62]利用39%甲醛灭活空肠弯曲杆菌制备全细胞疫苗,发现在早期种鸡群中肌肉接种0.5 mL的疫苗能够减少后代鸡群中携带肠外存活基因的弯曲杆菌的数量。Hermans等[63]给19周龄褐来航鸡肌肉接种250 μL空肠弯曲杆菌全细胞裂解物(50 μg,与佐剂1∶1混合)或疏水蛋白(25 μg,与佐剂1∶1混合)疫苗后,疫苗接种鸡所产的鸡蛋蛋黄经肉雏鸡采食后显著降低了盲肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平。另外,减毒活疫苗在机体防控肠道病原体感染方面具有一定优势,包括抗原的呈递、有效刺激宿主免疫系统等[64]。Jeon等[65]给孵化当天的Cobb 500肉雏鸡口服接种0.5 mL高剂量(1×109 CFU/mL)或低剂量(1×107 CFU/mL)空肠弯曲杆菌ahpC基因敲除突变体疫苗,之后用0.5 mL 1×108 CFU/mL的野生型弯曲杆菌攻毒,发现能够减少肉雏鸡肠道中弯曲杆菌数量。无毒沙门氏菌和乳酸杆菌菌株是制造基于细菌载体的空肠弯曲杆菌疫苗的首选细菌载体[17]。Chandran等[66]以低毒性鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为细菌载体构建黏附基因和鞭毛蛋白基因双表达载体疫苗,并给4周龄白羽肉鸡肌肉(1×107 CFU/鸡)或口服(1×108 CFU/鸡)接种200 μL疫苗,能够减少空肠和盲肠中弯曲杆菌数量,同时增强机体免疫水平。由于弯曲杆菌在遗传和表型上存在高度多元化,通过诱导一种免疫反应难以有效遏制多种弯曲杆菌分离株感染,且弯曲杆菌的不断进化也可能会大大降低疫苗功效[67]。因此,目前尚未研究出能够用于家禽规模生产的有效商业疫苗。

2.5 噬菌体

裂解型噬菌体入侵细菌后能利用细菌的复制机制进行繁殖进而裂解细菌菌体,因此能够用于治疗禽类的细菌感染[68-69],也包括用于防治家禽弯曲杆菌感染。由于噬菌体在低pH环境下易失活,因此,在实际应用中常选用抗酸剂与噬菌体配合使用[70]。Carvalho等[71]选用1日龄Ross肉雏鸡,比较了经口灌胃和饲粮添加2种噬菌体给药途径的效果差异,试验先通过给肉雏鸡经口灌胃0.1 mL含1.0×106 CFU结肠弯曲杆菌A11的悬液以建立感染模型,1周后经口灌胃1 mL含1×106 PFU噬菌体的30%碳酸钙(CaCO3)溶液或在开口料中加入1.5 mL含1.5×107 PFU噬菌体的SM缓冲液,结果表明,无论是经口灌胃还是饲粮添加,噬菌体混合物都能减少粪便中弯曲杆菌的数量,而饲粮添加方式能够更早、更持久地降低弯曲杆菌的定植水平。然而,噬菌体的使用可能造成弯曲杆菌耐药性增加[71]。另外,噬菌体接种的最佳时间、浓度、类型、给药途径以及单独给药还是混合给药也会影响噬菌体对弯曲杆菌的有效性[68]

2.6 抗菌肽

抗菌肽是一类广泛存在于动物、植物、昆虫和微生物中的小分子活性肽,是宿主先天性免疫系统的重要组成部分,大多具有广谱抗菌活性,主要由10~60个氨基酸残基组成,且多为阳离子态[72]。抗菌肽可以通过破坏膜结构、与CmeABC外排泵结合以影响其外排功能、抑制细菌生长及LOS生成和生物膜形成等方式直接抑菌,或通过增强先天免疫细胞活性来间接抑菌[73-75]。Dijk等[76]通过体外试验发现,0.6~2.0 μmol/L的抗菌肽CATH-2对LOS缺陷型空肠弯曲杆菌具有显著的抑制效果,表明LOS可能有助于保护弯曲杆菌膜结构,降低其对CATH-2的敏感性;进一步体内试验发现,当给4日龄肉雏鸡口服0.25 mL含0.25×105 CFU空肠弯曲杆菌的悬液后,雏鸡小肠组织CATH-2 mRNA的表达水平显著降低。上述结果表明,机体感染后,空肠弯曲杆菌可能通过抑制宿主内源性CATH-2的表达,并利用其复杂的LOS结构以增强其在肠道内的定植和存活能力。然而,该研究未通过体内试验进一步探究CATH-2的作用效果。抗菌肽半衰期较短,易被蛋白酶降解,导致其稳定性差,进而可能造成抗菌活性降低;同时,也可能存在一定的毒性作用,且高昂生产成本也限制了其广泛应用[77]。然而,相比于抗生素,抗菌肽的多种作用机制使其抗耐药性细菌成为可能。未来通过克服抗菌肽存在的局限性,有望实现抗菌肽在抗鸡弯曲杆菌感染方面的广泛应用。

2.7 植物提取物

植物提取物多为植物次级代谢产物,包括皂苷、生物碱、类黄酮、多酚等[78]。植物提取物在抗鸡弯曲杆菌感染方面应用广泛,其可能的作用机制包括调控弯曲杆菌的生长、黏附、毒力表达、生物膜形成及肠道菌群结构等,从而抑制其活性[79-80]。Kurekci等[81]研究发现,64 μg/mL的线叶金合欢(Acacia decurrens)和金钟喜沙木(Eremophila glabra)乙醇提取物能够在体外抑制空肠弯曲杆菌的活性;柠檬香桃木油(Lemon myrtle oil)和植物次级代谢物对松油烯-4-醇以及由桉油精、α-松油醇和对松油烯-4-醇组成的混合物也具有较强的体外抗空肠弯曲杆菌活性[82]。然而,Kurekci等[83]进一步进行的体内试验发现,给4日龄肉雏鸡在试验第4~21天及第21~49天饲喂不同阶段的饲粮并补充上述植物提取物,仅100或200 mg/kg由桉油精、α-松油醇和对松油烯-4-醇组成的混合物对41日龄雄性肉雏鸡粪便中空肠弯曲杆菌的定植具有抑制作用,表明相比于单一植物提取物,不同植物提取物可能通过协同作用更好地发挥抗弯曲杆菌效果。事实上,植物提取物的作用效果受多种因素的影响。有研究表明,植物提取物的提取工艺可能会对其抗弯曲杆菌活性产生显著影响[84]。另外,Nooreh等[85]通过给1日龄Ross雄性肉雏鸡于15日龄时接种1 mL 105 CFU/mL的空肠弯曲杆菌悬液,发现200和400 mg/kg的阿魏拉果(Ferulago angulata,一种芳香草本植物)乙醇提取物均能降低24和42日龄肉雏鸡回肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平,且400 mg/kg剂量效果更优,表明植物提取物的添加剂量也能够显著影响其作用效果。植物提取物组成成分复杂,不同成分间可能存在互作效应,因此,应进一步明确其组成成分以便更好地研究应用。另外,应优化植物提取物生产工艺、添加剂量等,以便在家禽生产中实现精准防控弯曲杆菌感染。

2.8 有机酸及其盐类

有机酸主要包括短链、中链和长链脂肪酸[86],具有抑制鸡弯曲杆菌定植的潜力[87],其可能的作用机制包括:解离为阴离子并在细菌细胞内积累[88],或降低自体诱导物-2(AI-2)信号分子活性并抑制生物膜形成[89],从而影响弯曲杆菌的存活。Skånseng等[90]选用1日龄Ross肉雏鸡饲喂不同浓度的甲酸或山梨酸钾,并于13~15日龄时皮下接种1.5 mL 104 CFU/mL的空肠弯曲杆菌,结果发现,与单独饲喂1.0%或2.0%甲酸、0.1%山梨酸钾及1.0%甲酸和0.1%山梨酸钾混合物相比,1.5%或2.0%的甲酸搭配0.1%山梨酸钾混合物能够显著抑制肉雏鸡盲肠弯曲杆菌的定植,这与Peh等[91]在有机酸体外抗弯曲杆菌试验中所得结果类似,表明有机酸或有机酸盐的添加水平及彼此之间存在的互作效应可能影响其抗菌效果。此外,Greene等[92]进行的有机酸体外抗弯曲杆菌试验发现,有机酸的抗菌能力还受培养体系和作用时间的影响。综上得出,有机酸及其盐的浓度、组合方式、配比以及作用体系和作用时间是影响有机酸抗弯曲杆菌效果的重要因素。然而,有研究发现,经有机酸处理的鸡生产性能受到抑制[92]。另外,有机酸对弯曲杆菌的抑制效果多发生于使用初期[93],具有一定的局限性,甚至一定浓度范围内的有机酸能够作为弯曲杆菌的生长促进剂[58]。上述结果表明有机酸及其盐在鸡生产中的应用受到阻碍,未来仍需通过深入研究以进一步优化有机酸的使用。

2.9 抗体

雏鸡在出壳后最初的1~2周内不易被弯曲杆菌感染,这主要得益于体内存有的母源性抗体;随着抗体浓度逐渐降低,其对弯曲杆菌的易感性逐渐增强[94]。因此,抗弯曲杆菌特异性抗体是防治鸡弯曲杆菌感染的重要手段之一。目前,在家禽抗弯曲杆菌感染中应用较多的抗体类型包括卵黄抗体、提纯抗体和结构性抗体。Hermans等[63]选用Ross肉雏鸡于6日龄时饲喂添加5%经弯曲杆菌细胞裂解液或疏水性蛋白免疫的蛋鸡蛋黄的饲粮,并于10日龄时分别口服接种8×103或3×104 CFU的弯曲杆菌,发现均能显著降低肉鸡盲肠中弯曲杆菌的定植水平,这可能与弯曲杆菌特异性抗体IgY的生成密切相关。Soltani等[95]从加强免疫的蛋鸡鸡蛋中提取全抗体IgY,并在雏鸡7和8日龄时经口灌胃1 mL 108 CFU/mL的空肠弯曲杆菌悬液,同时饲粮中添加0.25%、0.5%或1%的全抗体IgY粉,发现能够显著降低鸡盲肠和肝脏中弯曲杆菌的定植水平,且较高剂量的效果更优。另外,基于细菌毒力作用、存活、运动和黏附等结构特点设计的抗体片段作用效果可能优于全抗体。Riazi等[96]利用弯曲杆菌的结构特点针对性地设计出一种鞭毛特异性单结构域抗体,选用1日龄SPF来航鸡于试验第2天时经口灌胃300 μL 108 CFU/mL的空肠弯曲杆菌,在攻毒后1、24和48 h各接受300 μL含1 mg抗体的溶液,发现与感染组相比,抗体溶液能够显著降低弯曲杆菌在鸡盲肠中的定植水平。同样地,Vanmarsenille等[97]针对弯曲杆菌外膜蛋白设计出的6种纳米抗体均能够促进弯曲杆菌凝集。然而,Paul等[98]在饲粮中分别添加10%浓度的弯曲杆菌纤连蛋白结合蛋白(CadF)、外排泵外膜蛋白CmeC、鞭毛蛋白A(FlaA)、纤连蛋白结合蛋白A(FlpA)、主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)或上述抗体混合物,结果发现均不会影响弯曲杆菌在雏鸡盲肠中的定植。不同研究所得结果的不同可能与弯曲杆菌菌株种类、抗体剂量、类型及稳定性等因素有关。

2.10 其他

酶制剂能够显著影响鸡肠道营养物质的消化和吸收,并调节肠道微生物群组成[99]。Wealleans等[100]选用Ross肉雏鸡,通过在饲粮中添加不同的组合酶,发现与添加单一植酸酶相比,植酸酶-木糖酶-淀粉酶组合、植酸酶-木糖酶-淀粉酶-蛋白酶组合及植酸酶-木糖酶-淀粉酶-蛋白酶-益生菌组合饲粮均能够显著降低肉鸡盲肠中弯曲杆菌水平,从而改善肉鸡腹泻;推测可能是由于酶制剂促进了营养物质的消化,增加了益生菌及肠道有益菌代谢底物,进而发挥了益生元作用。矿物质在病原体维持毒力作用和宿主发挥抗菌能力方面起着重要作用。值得注意的是,家禽饲粮中矿物质的使用需要考虑其添加量、配比以及与其他矿物质存在的拮抗关系。目前,常采用纳米技术以减少矿物元素间的拮抗,提高利用效率[101]。Duffy等[102]研究发现,银、氧化铜和氧化锌纳米颗粒在体外具有抗弯曲杆菌的活性。除此,Prasai等[103]在17周龄蛋鸡饲粮中添加4%的生物炭、沸石或膨润土,其中4%的膨润土能够显著降低蛋鸡泄殖腔中弯曲杆菌的定植水平,可以作为防控鸡弯曲杆菌感染的有效手段。

3 小结

弯曲杆菌是重要的人畜共患食源性致病菌之一,对家禽生产、食品安全和人类健康构成持续威胁。因此,鸡弯曲杆菌的防控应从产业链全过程出发,构建覆盖养殖、运输、屠宰加工和终端消费的综合防控体系。其中,生物安全措施是基础性防控手段,但其效果受执行强度、饲养环境及生产模式等因素影响。抗生素虽仍常用于急性治疗,但随着“禁抗”政策的全面实施,其应用已受到严格限制,亟需开发安全有效的抗生素替代产品。当前,益生菌、益生元、合生元、后生元、疫苗、噬菌体、抗菌肽、植物提取物、有机酸及其盐、抗体等替抗产品在养殖环节中均显示出一定的防控潜力,但其推广仍面临产品稳定性不足和产业化成本较高等现实挑战。综上所述,鸡弯曲杆菌的防控应坚持“生物安全+非抗生素物质防控+屠宰加工控制”相结合的全产业链精准防控模式,以切实保障家禽生产安全、食品安全与公共卫生安全。
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