REVIEW

Mechanisms of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Its Application Progress in Livestock and Poultry Breeding

  • GAO Gurui , 1, 2 ,
  • KONG Xiangfeng 2 ,
  • AZAD Abul Kalam 2 ,
  • HAN Liqiang , 1, *
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  • 1 Henan Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-12-19

  Online published: 2026-09-12

Abstract

Intestinal microbiota plays pivotal roles in immune defense, nutrient metabolism and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Its disruption is closely associated with the onset and progression of various intestinal disorders. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), by transferring the fecal microbial community from a healthy donor to the recipient’s intestine, can directly and rapidly reshape the recipient’s intestinal microbiota structure and restore microbial balance. In recent years, with the deepening understanding of intestinal microbiota functions and the increasingly urgent need to reduce or replace feed antibiotics in the livestock industry, FMT is increasingly being applied to improve the health and performance of livestock and poultry. Studies have shown that FMT can remodel intestinal microbiota and regulate metabolic levels, enhance the digestibility and utilization rate of dietary nutrients, and thus exert positive effects on boosting animal growth performance, maintaining intestinal health and improving the body’s immune function. This article summarized the donor screening, microbial preparation and transplantation methods of FMT, reviewed its underlying mechanisms of action, application efficacy, and potential in the healthy breeding livestock and poultry. It aimed to provide insights for the safe, effective and standardized application of FMT technology in animal production.

Cite this article

GAO Gurui , KONG Xiangfeng , AZAD Abul Kalam , HAN Liqiang . Mechanisms of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Its Application Progress in Livestock and Poultry Breeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(9) : 6434 -6442 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.515

现代集约化养殖在持续满足消费者对动物产品需求日益增长的同时,也使养殖动物普遍暴露于高密度饲养、环境约束与抗生素选择性压力的多重胁迫之下。这增加了养殖动物肠道微生态紊乱、病原体耐药性产生以及耐药基因传播的风险[1]。仔猪的断奶应激、家禽的坏死性肠炎、新生犊牛的腹泻等肠道健康问题,多源于肠道微生态的紊乱。这种紊乱会削弱肠道屏障功能,增加仔猪对病原体的易感性[2]。由此引发的肠道健康危机,会降低动物的生产性能,并通过影响动物福利、食品安全和公共卫生而最终威胁人的健康[3]
粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为一种能够直接、高效重塑肠道微生态平衡的技术,其最初的研究与应用逻辑核心是“以菌治菌”。这一措施最初主要作为一种替代性或补救性方案,用于治疗艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征等棘手疾病[4],并在临床实践中取得了显著成效。另外,FMT可将供体的优良性状传递给受体,而这其实是一些功能微生物群及其代谢物在发挥作用。近年来,多组学分析进一步揭示了FMT在调节肠道微生物组成、物质代谢和宿主基因表达方面的作用[5-10](表1),为其治疗疾病和传递性状作用提供了机制解释。虽然,FMT在治疗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和克罗恩病(CD)中发挥主要作用的益生微生物已被逐渐发现,但单一益生微生物的效果并不明显,而FMT和特定的多菌株益生微生物的治疗在改善临床应答、诱导缓解及减少复发方面表现出显著疗效[11]。上述研究为FMT在畜禽养殖中的应用构建了可靠的实证基础。
表1 畜禽FMT的应用效果

Table 1 Application effects of FMT in livestock and poultry

序号
No.
供体动物
Donor animals
供体性状
Donor traits
受体动物
Recipient
animals
FMT干预方式
FMT intervention
methods
干预后受体中关键微生物
Key microorganisms in
recipients after intervention
作用
Roles
参考文献
Reference
1 宁乡猪 耐粗饲、
适应性和
抗病力强
50日龄
“杜×长×
大”猪
每天10 mL微生物
液[生理盐水1∶24
(w/v)稀释],
持续35 d
普雷沃氏菌属、夏普氏菌属、
毛螺菌科NK4A136群和理研
菌科RC9肠道群
日增重增加,粗纤维、粗灰分、
总能和钙的表观消化率升高,
氧化应激缓解
Li等[5]
2 梅山猪 繁殖性能高 90日龄
“长×大”猪
每隔1 d 20 mL
微生物液(107 CFU/mL
或108 CFU/mL),
持续约110 d
肠道纤维杆菌、
黏膜乳杆菌、嗜热双
歧杆菌、黄化瘤胃球菌
窦状卵泡、次级卵泡和黄体数量增加,
闭锁卵泡减少,卵泡发育改善,
繁殖性能提高
Xu等[6]
3 健康犊牛 无腹泻症状 顽固性腹
泻犊牛
一次性移植200~250 mL
微生物液[生理盐水1∶2.0~
1∶2.5(w/v)稀释]
月形单胞菌属 治愈率70%,供体或受体中低含量的代谢物
(3-磷酸甘油、二羟丙酮磷酸和异戊胺)
有助于FMT的成功
Islam等[7]
4 3月龄吐鲁番×
白来航杂交鸡、
白羽产蛋鸡
体重大,
粪便中乳杆
菌属丰度高
1日龄黄羽肉鸡、
吐鲁番×白
来航杂交鸡
和桂山黄鸡
每天1 mL微生物
液[生理盐水1∶6(w/v)
稀释],持续28 d
乳杆菌属 维持空肠中乳杆菌属的高丰度,维持
空肠健康并激活生长激素/胰岛素样
生长因子-1(GH/IGF-1)通路,
提高生长性能
Liu等[8]
5 49日龄小白鸡 生长速度快 49日龄杏花鸡 每天1 mL微生物液
(107 CFU/mL),
持续56 d
乳杆菌属 降低肠道炎症水平,改善肠道形态,提高
肠道内容物和肌肉组织中谷氨酰胺含量,
促进胸肌和腿肌发育,
提高生长性能
Xu等[9]
6 产蛋高峰期的
海兰褐蛋鸡
产蛋率高 低产蛋率
海兰褐蛋鸡
(产蛋高峰期)
每天2次,每次2 mL
微生物液[生理盐水1∶5
(w/v)稀释],持续21 d
乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属 产蛋率显著增加 Wang等[10]
近年来,对肠道微生物群功能的认知不断加深。面对养殖业减抗、替抗的迫切需求[12],FMT作为新兴的调控肠道微生态平衡技术,在动物健康养殖领域的应用潜力正日益凸显。本文系统综述了FMT的供体选择、微生物液制备和移植方法等,并强调了FMT对动物机体的影响与作用机制及其在畜禽健康养殖中的应用效果和发展前景,旨在为FMT技术在动物生产中的安全、有效和规范应用提供参考。

1 FMT的应用技术要点

1.1 供体选择

在FMT中供体的筛选是确保其安全性和有效性的关键环节。FMT的成功依赖于供体粪便的微生物多样性和组成,因此选择合适的供体是FMT成功的关键因素[13]。有研究表明,不同供体的FMT效果存在显著差异[14]。为了确保FMT的安全有效,选择合适的供体应遵循严格的排除标准,包括年龄、遗传背景、传染病史、体温和行为特征(包括呼吸状态、进食行为、排泄行为、社交行为和生殖行为),并且应对其血液和粪便进行检测,以排除传染性病原体及其他风险因素[15-16]。尽管如此,目前尚无法准确预测FMT对受体的治疗效果。在临床试验中,因选择了无效供体而导致治疗失败的情况依然存在[17]。因此,建议通过将多个供体的粪便混合使用以提高FMT的疗效,从而减少受体接受无效粪便的可能性[18]。然而,从FMT的深入探索与微生物疗法的开发进程来说,单供体移植能够产生更明确、可重复的临床证据,而多供体方法可能因供体间的异质性而增加假阴性或假阳性结果,导致结论偏倚风险,从而延缓该领域的科学进展与疗法开发[19]

1.2 微生物液制备

根据不同研究需要可制作新鲜、冷冻和发酵微生物悬液[20]。研究表明,冷冻微生物悬液具有与新鲜微生物悬液相似的功效[21],并且制备冷冻微生物悬液是确保样品长期可用的最佳选择[22]。筛选最佳供体后,首先,收集其新鲜粪便并立即密封,5 h内在冷冻保存条件下将其转运至实验室[23];然后,将新鲜粪便样本用生理盐水或磷酸缓冲液稀释并进行均质、过滤和离心;最后,将得到的悬浮液加入甘油,使甘油的最终浓度为10%,在-80 ℃或液氮中保存,以保证微生物液中微生物的活性[16]。此外,为提高FMT的成功率,整个运输及制备过程需要在厌氧环境下规范操作[24];用于粪便采集、均质、过滤和离心等直接接触粪便样本的物品应为一次性使用,且全过程严格无菌操作[25]

1.3 移植方法

FMT在医学实践操作中主要通过上消化道、中消化道和下消化道3种途径,相对应的常见输送方法有口服胶囊、经鼻肠管或经结肠镜等[16]。考虑到其可行性和经济性,不同物种的移植方法也略有不同。在猪的FMT中,一般采取上消化道移植。其中,采用直接口服、制成胶囊后口服、与饲料混合后饲喂以及经鼻胃管等进行FMT是目前最常用的方法[16,26]。而在家禽中,口服管饲法因其能确保准确送达嗉囊或前胃而成为常用的FMT方法[27]。夏戴阳等[28]综述了水禽FMT技术方案,明确描述了通过灌胃塑胶软管将微生物液经口注入受体胃中的标准化步骤。此外,饮水投喂因其适用于群体水平操作且应激较小而被广泛采用。在小鼠的试验操作中,口服灌胃是FMT研究中精准移植的常用方法,该方法为动物模型提供了可重复、可定制的标准化流程[29]。2025年Wouters等[30]报道的小鼠FMT方案,详细描述了通过口服灌喂进行移植的步骤。另外,非侵入性的喂食粪微生物颗粒方法也被证实有效,该方法通过让小鼠自愿采食冻干微生物粉制成的颗粒来实现FMT。
尽管FMT的操作方法在不断丰富和完善,但想要在畜禽生产中实现FMT的规模化、标准化应用,仍存在诸多困难。因此,未来还需继续对FMT的操作方法进行改良,包括优化供体筛选标准、开发经济高效的微生物液制备与储存技术、简化移植方法,并有效评估其长期稳定性与安全性。

2 FMT对动物机体的影响及作用机制

2.1 调节肠道微生物群平衡

调节肠道微生物群平衡是FMT最直接的治疗机制之一。FMT通过植入健康的、多样性的微生物群落,改善受体肠道微生物的多样性和丰富度。粪便中的有益微生物能够竞争性地消耗病原体所需的营养物质,并通过分泌抗菌物质抑制其生长[31]。有研究表明,粪微生物芽孢SER-109(Vowst®)是由厚壁菌门芽孢组成的微生物组,可有效治疗复发性的艰难梭菌感染,这是因为它能竞争营养物质并调节胆汁酸代谢,抑制艰难梭菌的生长,包括降低可促进艰难梭菌孢子萌发的初级胆汁酸的含量、抑制可促进艰难梭菌生长的次级胆汁酸的产生[32-33]。通过FMT治疗仔猪创伤性脑损伤(TBI),其盲肠中食淀粉乳杆菌、黏膜乳杆菌和桥黏液乳杆菌等有益微生物的相对丰度显著增加,而吲哚放线杆菌、豪氏放线菌、动物双歧杆菌和猪肠链球菌等致病微生物的相对丰度显著降低,从而改善了TBI后的肠道微生物群失衡[34]。另外,免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和噬菌体作为FMT中的有效物质,能够抑制肠道内病原体,杀死细菌或改变其毒力,并且增强有益微生物的定植[35]。综上所述,FMT通过植入健康微生物群、竞争性抑制病原体和调节物质代谢,从而重塑肠道微生物结构,恢复微生态平衡,为微生物群失调相关疾病提供可行的治疗方案。

2.2 修复肠道屏障

肠黏膜为营养物质吸收和保护肠道免受外部因素影响提供了选择性的渗透屏障。它由上皮细胞、杯状细胞、免疫细胞及其分泌物组成。病原微生物、有害化学物质等外源性因素会破坏肠道屏障,促进全身炎症和组织损伤[36]。FMT可影响肠道屏障功能相关基因的表达,从而修复肠道损伤[37-38]。在败血症小鼠模型中,FMT治疗增加了肠道黏液层厚度,上调了黏蛋白2(MUC2)、闭合蛋白(Occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)基因的表达,从而改善了肠道上皮屏障功能[39]。FMT也可通过重建肠道微生物群,调节微生物代谢,降低肠道的通透性,从而影响肠黏膜和肠道微生态的平衡。例如,在治疗仔猪的丁型冠状病毒感染试验中,FMT上调了仔猪肠道中ZO-1、Occludin和MUC2蛋白的表达及黏液层厚度,降低了血清中二胺氧化酶活性和D-乳酸含量,从而降低肠道通透性、修复肠绒毛损伤、改善肠道屏障[40]。有研究表明,来自“杜×长×大”(DLY)三元杂交猪供体的FMT到宁乡猪肠道中,提高了受体肠道中布劳特氏菌属、阿克托杆菌属(Agathobacter)等产丁酸菌的相对丰度[41]。而丁酸可通过上调肠上皮中紧密连接蛋白的表达,促进肠黏膜屏障的完整性,从而防止脂多糖等有害产物进入血液[42]。总之,FMT可通过修复肠道屏障功能,恢复其完整性,阻断有害产物的易位,从而治疗或缓解因肠道屏障损伤导致有害物质易位而引发的疾病。

2.3 降低炎症反应

FMT主要通过调节肠道微生物群落及其代谢物而影响肠道免疫系统。研究表明,通过FMT和补充短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)可显著下调结肠组织中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、NOD样受体家族pyrin结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)和磷酸化信号转导及转录激活因子3的表达,从而减少致病性辅助性T(Th)17细胞的分化水平,改善调节性T细胞(Tregs)与Th17细胞的平衡,消除大鼠慢性脑缺血诱导的结肠炎症[43]。FMT还可通过刺激肠道免疫细胞分泌IgA,从而调节免疫反应。Song等[44]研究表明,菊粉联合FMT处理的雏鸡盲肠中扁桃体的免疫功能会增强,其生发中心面积与IgA表达量均显著增加。这说明FMT可能通过调节肠道局部免疫环境,促进了B淋巴细胞向分泌型IgA的浆细胞分化。此外,FMT能够通过改变肠道微生物群的组成,直接或间接地影响CD4+ T淋巴细胞的极化[45]。CD4+ T淋巴细胞是免疫系统的重要成员,对促进细胞因子的产生尤为重要,在保护机体免受病原体侵害方面发挥着关键作用[46]。不仅如此,FMT能改变定植在肠道中的微生物的SCFAs产量从而影响肠道免疫功能。在先天免疫系统中,SCFAs通过对NLRP3炎症小体和Toll样受体(TLRs)的调节发挥作用。研究发现,FMT可增加仔猪肠道中SCFAs的含量,从而下调TLR4的表达,抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活,从而有效缓解仔猪的肠炎性腹泻[37]。SCFAs还可通过调控中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和先天性淋巴细胞亚群等先天免疫细胞发挥作用[47],调节T细胞和B细胞及其介导的抗原特异性免疫发挥防御作用[48-49]

3 FMT在畜禽健康养殖中的应用

3.1 提高生长性能

近年来,随着对FMT研究的不断深入,其在畜禽健康养殖中的优势也逐渐表现出来。在家畜上的研究表明,FMT能使仔猪的平均日增重增加,腹泻率下降[50];宁乡猪供体FMT能使DLY仔猪的平均日增重提高21.76%,同时改善粗灰分、粗纤维、总能和钙的消化率[5]。一项为期24个月的研究证实,FMT小牛在育肥阶段的体重明显增加,这可能是由于FMT通过调控其整体代谢水平,增加了机体支链氨基酸的含量,从而改善了牛的生长性能[51]
在家禽上的研究表明,FMT不仅能有效治疗鸡的沙门氏菌感染,降低死亡率和肝脏炎症,还可改善肠道的消化和吸收能力,增加日增重,改善生长性能[52]。将具有高生长性能的健康供体鸡的FMT给雏鸡,可通过上调肝脏和肌肉中生长轴关键基因,即生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及其受体的表达来促进雏鸡的生长发育;停止FMT后,受体鸡30~90日龄的平均日增重、胸肌与腿肌重量以及肌肉指数仍有显著提高[8]。此外,将快生长鸡的FMT给慢生长鸡,可通过调控机体谷氨酰胺代谢而促进慢生长鸡的肌肉生长和发育[9]。另外,FMT可通过改变鸡肠道微生物群中Blautia的丰度而激活B细胞产生IgA来提高饲料利用率[53]。由此可见,FMT通过改变其肠道微生物组成、影响代谢活性,从而显著促进动物的生长发育,具体表现为提高日增重、改善饲料转化效率、增加肌肉生长发育和减少疾病发生率。

3.2 维持肠道健康

研究表明,FMT可通过重塑肠道微生物群的组成来改善肠道健康。在新生仔猪中,FMT可提高其肠道微生物的多样性,提高副拟杆菌属、多尔氏菌属和副萨特氏菌属等有益微生物的相对丰度,上调ZO-1、封闭蛋白-1(Claudin-1)和Occludin等紧密连接蛋白表达以及β-连环蛋白和E-钙黏蛋白的含量,缓解肠道微生物群失调和黏膜损伤[38];FMT还可有效缓解仔猪肠道中的炎症反应和氧化应激,改善肠道健康[37]。FMT受体犊牛的粪便微生物群在治疗后与健康供体相似,表明移植的微生物群落能够在肠道中定植,从而修复肠道损伤,促进肠道健康[51]。在家禽上的研究表明,FMT可改善鸡的肠道形态、上调肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达,从而减轻细菌感染引起的肠道损伤[54]。例如,FMT可改变蛋鸡的肠道微生物群结构,增加肠道拟杆菌属丰度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值和杯状细胞数量,从而改善肠道健康[55]
另外,FMT微生物群的代谢物也可影响肠道健康。例如,FMT能改变受体肠道中的代谢物,尤其是增加SCFAs的含量[37]。SCFAs可通过上调肠道上皮紧连接蛋白和黏蛋白表达,在改善家禽肠道完整性、维护肠道健康方面发挥重要作用[56]

3.3 增强免疫功能

增强免疫功能对于保障动物机体健康、减少疾病发生及提高养殖效益至关重要。近年来,FMT在调节畜禽免疫功能方面的作用受到广泛关注。研究发现,FMT可使早期断奶仔猪结肠的IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量以及TLR4基因表达量降低,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量增高,从而增强仔猪体液免疫和抗炎能力,抑制炎症反应的过度激活,减少肠道炎症性腹泻[37]。此外,FMT可上调仔猪空肠中溶菌酶(LZM)、肽聚糖识别蛋白2以及参与免疫监测的杀伤细胞凝集素样受体亚家族B成员1和肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员11B等抗菌免疫反应相关基因的表达,这进一步证实了FMT可有效增强仔猪的肠道免疫[57]。在家禽中,母源FMT添加菊粉后,受体雏鸡的肠道IgA、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、IgM和LZM含量增加,并且IL-1βIL-6的表达下调,这一效应归因于促进肠道有益微生物的早期定植并增强免疫功能[58]。抗菌肽是先天性免疫的关键效应分子,FMT可促进肠道中抗菌肽的表达,这有助于增强受体动物对疾病的抵抗力[50]

4 小结与展望

综上所述,FMT作为一种新兴的治疗手段,可通过重塑肠道微生物群,调节肠道微生态平衡和代谢水平,修复肠道屏障,降低炎症反应和氧化水平,从而改善动物健康状况。另外,FMT在提高畜禽生产性能、改善肠道健康和增强免疫功能方面也表现出了良好的应用潜力。然而,现有研究仍存在以下局限性:1)大多数研究主要集中于单胃动物,针对反刍动物的研究鲜见报道,并且多数机制验证在啮齿类模型中开展,其在畜牧生产中的转化应用仍存在差距;2)目前多数研究集中于单次或短期FMT后的效果评估,缺乏对长期效应(如对整个生长周期)和跨代效应的研究;3)虽然已经提出了一些FMT标准化方案,但是目前的供体选择、微生物液制备与保存、移植方法等技术仍不能满足规模化的养殖生产,FMT技术在畜禽养殖中的成本控制与操作难度仍需进一步优化;4)尽管FMT在畜牧生产中的应用前景良好,但由于其作用机制较为复杂且作用效果在个体间存在差异,真实发挥作用的微生物群或其他成分无法确认,微生物液制备还存在不可重复性,无法完全排除病原传播和抗性基因转移的风险,因此其安全性和有效性暂时无法得到保障。
因此,FMT技术还需要进一步改进,应提升微生物液制剂在制备、储存和移植过程中的稳定性和实用性;继续优化冻干微生物粉、微胶囊等制剂的稳定性,并利用饮水或饲料作为载体进行群体投喂,实现更好地与现有饲养管理流程相结合,是未来降低成本、提高可操作性、实现规模化应用的关键方向。FMT的作用机制、关键微生物群及其有效成分还需要进一步研究,更加全面地探究不同微生物群和有效成分的作用,根据具体需求来选择或剔除特定微生物群从而提高FMT的有效性和安全性。重点探索面向精准营养调控的个性化FMT方案,即利用多组学与人工智能技术,解析功能微生物群与畜禽生长发育、消化吸收、物质代谢等表型特征的关联,继而开发合成微生物群落,推动FMT技术向标准化微生态制剂方向发展,克服传统FMT的安全性与有效性瓶颈。宏基因组编辑平台的开发以及人工智能技术的深入应用将助力上述目标的实现,确保FMT在实际生产条件下能够发挥稳定且良好的作用,从而推动畜禽养殖业的健康、可持续发展。
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Outlines

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