Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 9: 6494 - 6513

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.521

REVIEW

Research Progress on Release Technology of Background Nutrients of Raw Materials in Diversified Diet Formulation System

  • LI Jinghe ,
  • SHI Jinhong ,
  • WANG Wenjing ,
  • YANG Lijie , *
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  • Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271017, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-22

  Online published: 2026-09-12

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Abstract

Against the backdrop of supply-side reform in the feed industry and the “all-encompassing approach to food”, the diversified diet formulation system with Chinese characteristics has gradually garnered widespread attention from academia and industry. Diversified diets reduce the reliance on imports such as corn and soybean by increasing the proportion of native feed raw materials in the formula. However, the native feed raw materials generally have a high fiber content, and their background nutrients are severely bound by the dense entanglement of lignocellulose, leading to extremely low nutritional utilization efficiency. Based on this, this paper proposes a theory of releasing background nutrients from feedstuffs via fiber degradation, which intends to facilitate the release of background nutrients through efficient fiber degradation and thereby improving the overall utilization efficiency of diversified diets. This review is intended to provide a reference for enhancing the utilization efficiency of high-fiber feed raw materials, reducing the redundant application of functionally equivalent feed additives, and further promoting the independent, healthy, and sustainable development of China’s animal husbandry industry.

Key words： diversified diets; background nutrients of raw materials; native feed; fiber degradation; nutrient requirement

Cite this article

LI Jinghe , SHI Jinhong , WANG Wenjing , YANG Lijie . Research Progress on Release Technology of Background Nutrients of Raw Materials in Diversified Diet Formulation System[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(9) : 6494 -6513 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.521

当前,我国畜牧业仍面临饲料资源短缺、养殖成本高和环境压力大等诸多问题[1-2]。据报道,我国饲料用粮已超过粮食总消费量的50%,并持续刚性增长[3-4]。其中,蛋白质饲料长期依赖进口,对我国粮食安全构成潜在威胁[5]。与此同时,在饲料资源高度依赖进口、供给紧张的背景下,行业内仍普遍存在饲料中营养物质超量添加、饲料利用率低的现象,这不仅造成饲料资源严重浪费,还会因未被吸收的营养物质随粪尿排出,造成环境污染[6-7]。因此,积极开发地源性饲料资源并提高其利用效率,降解原料中的纤维成分,解除木质纤维素对原料本底营养物质的严重束缚,是提高地源性饲料资源利用率的重要手段之一[8-11]。这不仅能有效降低我国对玉米、豆粕等的进口依赖,更能缓解人畜争粮的矛盾[12-13]。

1 饲粮营养与畜禽需求失衡及其成因

1.1 饲粮营养与畜禽需求不匹配

当前,为了追求更高的生产性能,畜牧生产中普遍存在营养物质超量添加的现象,这导致饲粮营养水平与畜禽营养需求不匹配。饲粮中营养物质超量添加不仅提高了养殖成本,还对动物营养物质消化率、肠道健康和机体免疫等方面造成负面影响。研究表明,仔猪饲粮中过高水平的蛋白质(26%)会导致仔猪腹泻[14],高铜(125~250 mg/kg)和高锌(2 000~3 000 mg/kg氧化锌)会导致仔猪肠道菌群失衡,严重影响肠道功能[15]。另有研究显示,蛋鸡饲粮中添加高水平的硒(5~10 mg/kg)会导致性成熟延缓、胚胎异常,从而降低孵化率[16]。韩俊英[17]研究发现,肉鸡饲粮中添加30 000~45 000 IU/kg维生素A导致其生长速度下降、料重比提高以及肉品质降低,并降低小肠消化酶活性,影响肠道绒毛发育。此外,饲粮中营养物质的超量添加,不仅影响动物生产效率,还会造成土壤中重金属超标、温室气体超量排放以及水体富营养化等环境污染问题[18-21]。因此,提高饲粮中原料本底营养物质的利用效率,减少同效营养物质和饲料添加剂的额外补充,合理匹配畜禽不同阶段生长和生产需求,是降低畜禽养殖成本、提高养殖效率以及促进我国养殖业绿色、健康、可持续发展的必由之路。部分饲粮营养水平推荐量和致病风险阈值见表1。
表1 部分饲粮营养水平推荐量和致病风险阈值

Table 1 Some recommended levels of dietary nutrients and pathogenic risk thresholds

项目
Items		 推荐量
Recommended
levels		 致病风险阈值
Pathogenic risk
thresholds		 负面影响
Negative effects		 参考文献
References
铜Cu 猪3~6 mg/kg,
禽6~8 mg/kg,
牛10~12 mg/kg		 猪125~200 mg/kg 损伤肝细胞,降低免疫力,影响肠
道健康,污染环境,使肉质变软、风味
下降,影响锌、铁、锰等矿物质吸收		 [16,22-23]
锌Zn 猪40~80 mg/kg 猪2 000~
3 000 mg/kg		 污染环境,抑制铜、铁和钙的
吸收,诱发硒和维生素E缺乏,降低
食欲,影响肠道黏膜免疫功能		 [24-26]
维生素A
Vitamin A		 禽3 000~
6 000 IU/kg		 禽>15 000 IU/kg 畜禽自发性骨折,骨骼钙和
磷沉积异常,骨骼强度降低		 [27-28]
铁Fe 禽40 mg/kg,
猪80 mg/kg,
反刍动物40~50 mg/kg		 全价饲料200~
700 mg/kg		 铁中毒,消化道功能紊乱,
器官损伤,消化不良,氧化损伤以及
黏膜屏障受损,免疫力降低		 [29-32]
锰Mn 反刍动物
20~40 mg/kg,
禽55 mg/kg		 猪150 mg/kg 鸡脑组织炎症损伤,抗氧化
能力降低,抑制体内血红蛋白合成,
食欲减退,生长缓慢		 [33-34]
碘I 禽0.35 mg/kg,
猪0.14 mg/kg		 禽≥5 mg/kg 增重受阻或降低,采食量下降,
产蛋减少,食欲减退,血红蛋白
含量降低,甲状腺功能异常		 [35]

在饲粮营养水平推荐量中,猪数据来源于NRC(2012),禽数据来源于NRC(1994),反刍动物数据来源于NRC(2007)和NY/T 34—2004。

Among the recommended levels of dietary nutrients, the data for pigs were derived from NRC (2012), the data for poultry were derived from NRC (1994), and the data for ruminants were derived from NRC (2007) and NY/T 34—2004.

1.2 饲养标准更新滞后

在畜禽营养需要研究和养殖实践中,饲养标准是指导饲粮精准配制的核心依据[36]。不同国家/地区的标准因育种目标、养殖模式和资源条件的差异而存在养分需要量的差异,同时也面临更新滞后的现实问题[37]。国内外畜禽饲养标准的核心差异聚焦于对地源性饲料的适配性设计,国际标准更注重营养需要量的动态调整模型,例如NRC(2012)通过麦麸、玉米秸秆等高纤维原料的饲养试验,建立了纤维与能量的关联修正公式,按公式修正后,猪对高纤维饲粮的能量消化率预测值与实测值误差仅2.3%;而我国《猪饲养标准》(NY/T 65—2004)未考虑纤维对能量的抑制作用,导致高纤维原料添加后能量供给核算偏差明显[38]。同时,国际标准更重视动物与微生物的协同营养需求,如NRC(2001)中涉及“瘤胃微生物生长所需的可发酵碳水化合物”推荐量,专门适配粗饲料为主的饲粮结构,以充分发挥瘤胃菌群对纤维的降解辅助作用;而我国现行畜禽标准多聚焦于动物自身的营养需要量,忽视微生物对纤维降解的作用,导致地源性粗饲料的营养潜力未能充分释放[39]。以猪的营养标准为例(表2),不同饲养标准对各类元素的推荐量存在明显差异:生长育肥猪钙的需要量为0.59%[NRC(2012)]、0.49%(NY/T 65—2004)和0.68%[ARC(1981)];妊娠母猪锌的需要量为100[NRC(2012)]、45(NY/T 65—2004)和80 mg/kg[ARC(1981)]。在肉羊养殖中,不同饲养标准的差异同样明显。万凡[40]研究发现,通过对比4种不同肉羊饲养标准的饲喂效果,在CARS(依托国家肉羊产业技术体系建立的杜寒杂交肉用绵羊饲养标准)、NRC(2007)、AFRC(1993)及《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)对应的饲粮营养水平和饲喂条件下,肉羊的生长性能、代谢效率等指标呈现显著差异;按照CARS饲养标准饲喂的肉羊体增重、饲料转化率和屠宰性能最高,且不同饲养标准对肉羊内脏器官重量以及能量和氮代谢效率有显著影响。
表2 不同标准下不同饲养阶段猪常量元素和微量元素需要量

Table 2 Requirements of macroelements and microelements for pigs at different feeding stages under different standards

项目
Items		 生长育肥猪
Growing-finishing pigs		 妊娠母猪
Pregnant sows		 泌乳母猪
Lactation sows		 配种公猪
Breeding boars
NRC
(2012)		 NY/T
65—
2004		 ARC
(1981)		 NRC
(2012)		 NY/T
65—
2004		 ARC
(1981)		 NRC
(2012)		 NY/T
65—
2004		 ARC
(1981)		 NRC
(2012)		 NY/T
65—
2004		 ARC
(1981)
常量元素
Macroelements/
(g/kg)		 钙Ca 5.9 4.9 6.8 4.9 6.8 7.2 6.3 7.7 8.0 7.5 7.0 8.0
磷P 2.3 1.7 2.4 1.9 3.2 2.3 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2
氯Cl 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.8
钠Na 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.0
镁Mg 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4
钾K 1.9 1.8 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5
微量元素
Microelements/
(mg/kg)		 锌Zn 50 50 80 100 45 80 100 51 80 100 75 80
锰Mn 2.00 2.00 25 25 18 20 25 20.5 20 25 20 20
铁Fe 50 60 80 80 75 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
碘I 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.15 0.20
硒Se 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.25
铜Cu 3.50 4.00 6.00 10.0 5.00 6.00 20.0 5.00 6.00 10.0 5.00 6.00
当前,我国部分现行饲养标准仍沿用多年前制定的版本,其中猪、鸡、奶牛等品类饲养标准已实施超10年(表3),未能随畜禽品种的遗传改良及时调整,如中华人民共和国农业农村部公告第934号公布的楚乡黑猪新品种[肌内脂肪含量达(3.5±0.4)%]、豫农黑猪新品种[肌内脂肪含量达(3.8±0.3)%]与传统“杜长大”猪(高瘦肉率62%~68%)在生理特性和营养需求上存在很大差异,但与之适配的饲养标准仍未更新,仍沿用多年前的标准,反映出饲养标准时效性严重不足的问题。同时,部分标准在制定阶段忽视饲养环境、饲养水平和生产目标等关键因素的差异,导致其难以适配不同地域及不同品种的实际养殖条件[41]。此外,现行饲养标准的更新滞后,也引发了养殖实践中的一系列现实问题,如中外畜禽饲养标准缺乏有效衔接,奶牛、蛋鸡等畜禽的磷需要量推荐值显著高于美国饲养标准;同时,饲养标准参数更新滞后,无法适配当前磷酸盐的应用现状,导致饲粮磷配比不合理,不仅造成磷资源浪费,还使得粪尿中磷排放量偏高,进而加剧磷污染相关的环境问题[42]。当前,畜禽饲养标准的区域、品种适配性不足,更新滞后的问题已较为突出,其不仅会造成不同标准下畜禽生产性能的显著差异,也给实际养殖中的饲粮精准配制、成本控制和动物健康管理带来了诸多不确定性[36,43]。因此,对饲养标准进行更新和完善,提高其科学性和适用性,是指导我国养殖业科学高效发展的重要保障。
表3 我国部分畜禽饲养标准

Table 3 Some feeding standards for livestock and poultry in China

编号
No.		 标准名称
Standard names		 标准编号
Standard number		 实施年份
Year of implementation
1 《猪饲养标准》 NY/T 65—2004 2004
2 《鸡饲养标准》 NY/T 33—2004 2004
3 《奶牛饲养标准》 NY/T 34—2004 2004
4 《肉鸭饲养标准》 NY/T 2122—2012 2012
5 《藏猪》 GB/T 32763—2016 2017
6 《小尾寒羊》 GB/T 22909—2008 2009
7 《金华猪》 GB/T 2417—2008 2008
8 《狼山鸡》 GB/T 24705—2009 2010
9 《德州驴》 GB/T 24877—2010 2011

1.3 动物自身对营养物质利用的潜能被忽视

动物自身的消化系统潜力巨大,不仅可在自身多种消化酶的作用下高效利用饲料中的多种营养物质,还可在肠道微生物的协助下,对木质纤维素等成分进行降解,从而为机体供能[39]。反刍动物瘤胃是一个复杂的微生态系统,瘤胃微生物相互作用,分泌纤维素酶、木聚糖酶等多种酶类,可把结构复杂的木质纤维素生物质分解成可溶性的有机物和挥发性脂肪酸,具备高效的木质纤维素降解和发酵转化能力[39,44]。穆兰等[44]研究表明,厌氧反应器中添加牦牛瘤胃液,发酵结束后总挥发性脂肪酸含量可达1 100 mg/L。此外,部分单胃动物也展现出优异的高效利用营养物质的能力,如迪庆藏猪肠道中聚集了大量可分泌纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的微生物,可确保其在牧放的高纤维饲养条件下,保持良好的生产效率[45]。瘤胃液厌氧发酵对挥发性脂肪酸产量的影响见表4。
表4 瘤胃液厌氧发酵对挥发性脂肪酸产量的影响

Table 4 Effects of anaerobic fermentation of rumen fluid on volatile fatty acid yield

项目
Items		 添加量
Additive
amounts/g		 瘤胃液接种量
Inoculation volume of
rumen fluid		 反应时间
Reaction time		 挥发性脂肪酸产量
Volatile fatty acid yield		 参考文献
References
小麦秸秆、苜蓿干草、
燕麦干草、玉米青贮
Wheat straw, alfalfa hay, oat hay and corn silage		 1.5 将50 mL瘤胃液和厌氧污泥
分别进行接种(3%,w/v)		 7 d 瘤胃液反应器中挥发性
脂肪酸产量是污泥
反应器的4倍		 [46]
水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 5 100 mL瘤胃液,加入100 mL
人工唾液(2.5%,w/v)		 3 d 8 040 mg/L [47]
玉米秸秆
Corn straw		 7.5 100 mL瘤胃液和200 mL
营养液混合(2.5%,w/v)		 72 h 8 990 mg/L [48]
水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 12 60 mL瘤胃液,加入60 mL
人工唾液(10.0%,w/v)		 72 h 10 821.4 mg/L [49]
草渣
Grass clipping		 3.5 70 mL瘤胃液
(5.0%,w/v)		 72 h 7 316 mg/L [50]
小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 3.6 3.0%,w/v 93 d 484 mg COD/g VS [51]

COD:化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand;VS:挥发性固体 volatile solids。

动物肠道菌群具有适应性和可塑性,其预消化能力可随宿主饮食结构的动态变化而调整,进而实现对不同营养底物的高效利用[52-54]。以大熊猫为例,为适应高纤维饲粮模式,其肠道菌群会随食物类型的转变而发生相应的变化[55-56]。Williams等[57]研究指出,当大熊猫饮食从高纤维竹茎转向相对低纤维的竹叶时,肠道微生物群落结构呈现显著差异,表现为厚壁菌门相对丰度下降、变形菌门相对丰度上升,这种菌群结构的动态变化是动物应对饲粮纤维水平差异的适应性调节,可使其肠道功能更好地匹配饲粮结构变化。
当前,现代养殖企业中日益精细化的饲喂模式,正逐步削减动物自身的肠道消化功能,导致肠道微生物群落结构趋于单一化,饲料利用效率持续下降,形成恶性循环。肠道功能退化致使动物对饲粮的消化依赖性显著提升,为维持生产性能,不得不持续采用更高精粗比的饲粮,这一举措加剧了肠道及菌群的适应性丧失[58]。王吉峰等[59]研究发现,在奶牛瘤胃内高精料饲粮(精粗比为65∶35)组羊草24 h干物质动态降解率极显著低于低精料饲粮组(精粗比为30∶70),表明过高的精料比会显著抑制瘤胃内微生物的活性,降低粗饲料的发酵利用效率。研究表明,饲喂以米糠为主要能量来源的高纤维饲粮,苏淮猪十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度均显著提高,有效改善了肠道上皮微绒毛结构,提升了肠道消化吸收能力[60]。另有研究显示,高纤维饲粮的摄入能显著提高肉鸡盲肠变形菌门中肠杆菌目和弯曲杆菌目以及厚壁菌门中硒单胞菌目的相对丰度,改善盲肠中可提供能源底物的功能菌群构成;而精细化饲喂则会导致肠道微生物群落多样性降低、结构单一化[61]。李岩等[62]研究发现,当饲粮中精料水平(精粗比为75∶25)提升时,牦牛料重比同步提高,且会打破瘤胃微生物区系平衡,引发营养物质吸收不良及表观消化率下降。这种恶性循环不仅限制了动物生产性能的可持续提升,还加剧了饲料资源的浪费,不利于养殖业的绿色高效发展。
由此可知,动物肠道菌群的适应性和可塑性,是提高饲料原料本底营养物质高效释放的重要生理支撑。肠道微生物可随宿主饮食结构变化,动态调整自身群落结构和功能,为提升饲料利用效率、优化饲粮配方提供重要基础。因此,深入探究肠道微生物与饲粮的适配规律,利用其可塑性调控营养代谢过程,是提高动物自身营养物质利用潜能、降低养殖成本并促进养殖业节本增效和绿色发展的新型技术手段之一。

1.4 过量添加微量元素的危害

有机络合微量元素(如氨基酸螯合铁和蛋氨酸螯合锌)因其化学稳定性强,不仅可显著提升微量元素利用率,改善畜禽生长性能、免疫力及畜产品品质,还能减少粪便中矿物质排泄量,降低环境污染风险[63-64];且更有利于铜、锰、锌等在动物组织中的沉积和抗氧化能力的提升[65]。但是,因生产工艺复杂、原料成本偏高[66-67],其规模化应用受养殖经济效益限制,难以成为行业普遍选择。因此,养殖场往往选择依赖成本更低的硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁等无机微量元素作为添加源,而这些无机微量元素市场价格波动剧烈[68]。同时,游离的锂离子(Li+)、锌离子(Zn2+)、亚铁离子(Fe2+)等无机金属离子易与消化酶结合,会抑制蛋白酶活性[69],且自身吸收率较低,促使养殖企业形成超量添加的使用惯性;部分饲粮中锌添加量高达3 000 mg/kg,铜用量达250 mg/kg甚至更高,远超NRC(2012)推荐标准几十倍甚至上百倍[70]。尽管高剂量锌、铜在生产中可提升动物生长性能和饲料效率,但其过量添加仍会加剧不可再生矿物质资源的浪费,同时大幅提高粪污中锌、铜排泄量,加重土壤和水体重金属累积等环境风险[71],对养殖业的可持续发展构成潜在威胁。同时,铜、铁、锌等矿物质属于不可再生战略资源,其生产受上游原料供应、品质及国际形势等因素影响,成本和价格呈逐年上升趋势[72]。过度依赖无机微量元素超量添加的模式存在潜在“卡脖子”风险,畜禽产品作为重要的战略储备物资[73],其生产能力应自主可控。因此,亟需优化微量元素使用措施,推广高效利用有机微量元素,以实现养殖业的可持续发展。

2 多元化饲粮配制体系中原料本底营养物质

2.1 地源性饲料资源概况

我国农作物秸秆资源丰富,数据显示,2022年我国秸秆产量约8.64亿t,其中玉米秸秆约2.88亿t,稻谷秸秆约2.08亿t,小麦秸秆约1.61亿t[74];2023年我国秸秆产量约8.77亿t[75]。此外,果蔬加工副产物产量同样可观,每年产量高达数亿吨,其中富含膳食纤维、油脂、色素及功能性物质等多种营养成分,具备极高的潜在利用价值[76]。
我国地源性饲料资源丰富且兼具独特的营养价值(表5[38,77-99]),其核心营养组分[如粗蛋白质(CP)、粗纤维(CF)等]具备适配不同畜禽饲粮营养需求的基础条件[9],是多元化饲粮体系中可灵活调配的重要非粮饲料资源。然而,地源性饲料资源因纤维含量高、水分含量波动大等问题,其高值化利用进程仍面临挑战。目前,针对地源性高纤维饲料的专属饲养标准仍较为匮乏,现有标准多基于玉米-豆粕型常规饲粮制定,对秸秆、糟渣等原料的营养物质释放规律考虑不足[100-101]。
表5 我国常见地源性饲料资源营养成分、功能特性及饲用价值

Table 5 Nutrients, functional characteristics and feeding value of common native feed resources in China

项目
Items		 营养成分
Nutrients		 功能特性
Functional characteristics		 饲用价值
Feeding value		 参考文献
References
秸秆类
Straws		 玉米秸秆
Corn straw		 11.38%~13.57%总糖,31.11%~33.55% CF,
5.31%~7.65% CP,5.77%~7.25% Ash,3.83%~
4.78% EE,0.25% P,1.44% K,15.00% OM		 提高育肥猪肠道脂肪酶、
淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性,
改善肉品质		 育肥猪DE为5.85 MJ/kg,
ME为5.61 MJ/kg		 [77-81]
小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 97.56% DM,89.77% OM,3.98%
CP,1.45% EE,70.77% NDF,44.68%
ADF,13.57% NFC		 提高瘤胃和结肠
微生物群落多样性		 绵羊ME为
11.40 MJ/kg DM		 [82-84]
水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 91.03% DM,6.21% CP,3.94% EE,
38.74% CF,32.63% NFE,19.52% Ash,
62.65% NDF,41.33% ADF,
0.40% Ca,0.20% P		 提高奶牛产奶量和饲料转化率,
并提高乳蛋白率以及CP和
半纤维素消化率		 添加85%水稻秸秆可使肉牛饲料
成本和增重成本分别降低
3.79%和20.71%		 [85-87]
果蔬加工副产物
By-products of fruit and vegetable processing		 苹果渣
Apple pomace		 90.0% DM,8.0% CP,0.27% Thr,
0.38% Gly, 0.40% Val,0.12%
Met,0.35% Ile,0.55% Leu		 调节糖和脂代谢,改善肠道形态,
降低体脂沉积,提高免
疫力和抗氧化能力		 肉鸭体重整齐度提高2.5%,
活重提高5.0%,饲料转化
率提高8.9%		 [88-89]
柑橘渣
Citrus pulp		 91.4% DM,6.0% CP,0.11%
Cys,0.08% Met,0.35% Ile,
0.55% Leu,0.20% Lys,0.28%
Arg,0.06% Trp		 促进肠道绒毛发育,提高
CP利用率,降低成本		 GE为14.32 MJ/kg [90-91]
农作物加工副产物
By-products of crop
processing		 米糠
Rice bran		 90.0% DM,14.5% CP,15.5% EE,
6.8% CF,20.3% NDF,11.6% ADF,
0.05% Ca,2.37% P		 改善生理代谢,提高皮下不饱和
脂肪酸含量,降低成本		 28~31日龄肉鸡AME
为9.90 MJ/kg DM		 [92-93]
麦麸
Wheat bran		 87.0% DM,15.7% CP,
3.9% EE,6.5% CF,37.0% NDF,
13.0% ADF,0.11% Ca,0.92% P		 增强免疫功能,改善肠道健康,
降低腹泻率,提高生长性能		 公猪DE为
11.72 MJ/kg DM		 [38,94]
棉籽粕
Cottonseed meal		 90.0% DM,47.0% CP,0.5% EE,
10.2% CF,22.5% NDF,15.3%
ADF,0.25% Ca,1.10% P		 改善肠道健康,提高消化
吸收能力,减少饲料便产生		 黄羽肉鸡AME为
11.69 MJ/kg		 [95-96]
饲草类
Forages		 苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay		 88.0% DM,13.0% CP,1.3% EE,
38.0% CF,59.0% NDF,45.0% ADF,
1.18% Ca,0.19% P		 降低饲粮成本,提高养殖
效益和饲草料利用率		 绵羊ME为
13.37 MJ/kg DM		 [84,97]
羊草
Chinese wildrye		 91.13% DM,87.62 OM,7.64% CP,
1.94% EE,64.87% NDF,40.24%
ADF,0.46% Ca,0.19% P		 提高免疫球蛋白含量,
提升生产性能,
增加菌群多样性		 GE为16.29 MJ/kg [98-99]

CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;P:磷 phosphorus;K:钾 potassium;OM:有机物 organic matter;DE:消化能 digestible energy;ME:代谢能 metabolizable energy;DM:干物质 dry matter;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;NFC:非纤维性碳水化合物 non-fibrous carbohydrate;NFE:无氮浸出物 nitrogen free extract;Ca:钙 calcium;Thr:苏氨酸 threonine;Gly:甘氨酸 glycine;Val:缬氨酸 valine;Met:蛋氨酸 methionine;Ile:异亮氨酸 isoleucine;Leu:亮氨酸 leucine;Cys:胱氨酸 cystine;Lys:赖氨酸 lysine;Arg:精氨酸 arginine;Trp:色氨酸 tryptophan;GE:总能 gross energy;AME:表观代谢能 apparent metabolizable energy。

NRC(2012)中新增当饲粮CF或中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量超出常规水平(3%)时,矿物质(尤其是钙、磷)的表观全消化道消化率会显著下降,需通过提高推荐量补偿损失。我国藏猪饲养标准GB/T 32763—2016是少数适配高纤维饲粮的特色标准,其基于藏猪高原放牧的品种特性,明确了高纤维原料的适配潜力,藏猪饲粮中秸秆类原料占比可达30%~40%;铜、锌推荐量分别为2.5~5.0 mg/kg、35~68 mg/kg,较《猪饲养标准》(NY/T 65—2004)降低10%~15%。这是由于藏猪肠道微生物具备更强的纤维降解能力,其结肠纤维降解酶活性及相关菌群丰度显著高于普通猪,可通过发酵纤维提升矿物质吸收效率,无需额外高剂量补充[45]。然而,这类针对性标准覆盖范围有限,多数畜禽品种仍缺乏地源性饲料的营养需要量调整依据,导致养殖者过度依赖常规饲料原料,或忽视原料本底营养物质释放潜力,进而造成饲料资源浪费和生态环境污染。以秸秆类为例,其木质纤维素含量约为70%,致密的纤维结构降低了动物本身对其他营养物质的消化利用效率[102]。若能通过物理、化学或生物预处理技术突破这一屏障,实现地源性饲料资源的精准化开发和高效化利用,不仅可提升农业副产物的资源化利用率、减少环境污染、推动农业循环经济可持续发展,还能降低畜禽养殖成本、改善畜产品品质及安全水平,最终实现经济、社会和生态效益的最大化,为畜禽养殖业绿色高效发展提供关键支撑[9,103]。

2.2 地源性饲料原料中营养物质利用率低的原因分析

我国地源性饲料原料中纤维类物质含量偏高,这一特性严重制约了饲料中营养物质的实际利用[104]。在物质结构层面,作为植物细胞壁主要成分的非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharide,NSP),结构组成复杂且难以被动物直接降解利用[105]。此外,NSP将原料中的淀粉、蛋白质、维生素及矿物质等营养物质紧密包裹,大幅增加了动物利用的难度[106]。木质纤维素在秸秆类饲料原料中占比约为70%[102],其可通过氢键与共价键的交织作用形成网状屏障,进一步阻断营养物质释放[107]。单胃动物消化道内缺乏纤维降解内源酶[108],无法对这类纤维素类物质进行有效分解,导致被包裹的营养物质难以与消化酶充分接触[101]。因此,即便饲粮配制时按原料本底总量进行精准核算,实际营养物质利用率仍明显偏低[109]。谈婷等[110]报道,CF含量越高,营养物质被包裹程度越强,饲料消化率越低。为弥补营养物质供给不足,配制饲粮时需额外添加大量多维、多矿和饲料添加剂。原料中营养物质被纤维包裹,需通过预处理破碎细胞壁结构,以释放被包裹的营养物质,但实际生产中因未充分利用该技术,导致同效营养物质和饲料添加剂重复添加,造成养殖成本高和环境污染问题[111]。因此,针对不同类型饲料原料的结构特性,合理选择不同预处理手段,突破营养物质利用屏障,提高地源性高纤维饲料原料中本底营养物质的释放效率,是解决我国养殖领域节粮技术不精准、地源性饲料资源高值化利用技术不充分等问题,推动豆粕减量替代战略的重要技术手段之一。

3 原料本底营养物质释放技术的发展与应用

在多元化饲粮配制体系中,为充分利用地源性饲料资源价值,原料本底营养物质释放技术的研究尤为重要。该技术可通过物理、化学、生物等处理手段,打破原料纤维包裹,降解抗营养因子,提升营养物质消化吸收效率,进而提高地源性饲料资源的应用比例和效果。

3.1 物理预处理技术

在物理预处理技术中,超细粉碎技术的应用极具代表性。以豆粕为例,其虽为优质蛋白质饲料原料,但其蛋白质被纤维结构包裹,普通粉碎后颗粒较大,难以被猪、鸡等单胃动物的消化酶充分接触;经超细粉碎处理后,豆粕颗粒直径显著减小,可有效打破纤维包裹,使蛋白质更易与胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶等消化酶接触。任守国等[112]研究显示,将30 μm以内的超微粉碎豆粕应用于仔猪饲粮,可显著提高营养物质表观消化率,减少腹泻并促进生长,实现豆粕蛋白质的增效作用。此外,该技术对玉米秸秆等优质纤维原料处理同样成效显著,李亚平[113]研究表明,超微粉碎可破坏玉米秸秆的维管束和纤维素晶体结构,产生新表面并暴露更多酶结合位点,提升动物对其营养物质的利用率。
物理处理方法还包括热处理、膨化处理、微波处理和辐射处理等,其中热处理技术在饲料原料预处理中展现出显著优势,尤其对蛋白酶抑制因子、凝集素、脲酶等热敏性抗营养因子,能达成良好的钝化效果,降低其抗营养作用[114]。热处理主要分为湿热法和干热法2种方法,前者通过蒸汽加热、蒸煮等水热作用实现原料处理,后者则涵盖烘烤、热风喷射等无额外增湿的热加工方式[115];其原理主要是通过高温使大豆中对热敏感的抗营养因子失活。除此之外,经过适当加热处理的豆粕中所有氨基酸的消化率会有所提高,其中以赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、胱氨酸这4种氨基酸的消化率提高最为明显,更有利于动物的吸收消化[116]。
物理预处理技术虽具备操作简便、无化学残留、适配规模化生产等优势,但单一物理处理技术难以彻底破坏木质纤维素的致密网状结构,对纤维降解的作用有限,后续需搭配酶解或微生物发酵才能进一步提升营养释放效率[117]。此外,物理处理往往能耗较高,设备投资和运行成本也偏高,且对不同原料的适配性存在差异,难以兼顾不同地源性饲料原料的结构特性和营养保留需求,单独应用时易出现营养物质利用率提升有限、成本效益失衡等问题。

3.2 化学预处理技术

化学预处理技术是利用化学物质与抗营养因子分子中的化学键结合,导致抗营养因子的化学结构发生变化而失活。常见的化学处理方法包括酸碱处理、氧化处理、酶解处理及抗营养因子化学脱除[118]。
酸处理能够有效促进半纤维素转化为糖类等物质,且具备溶剂成本低、能耗少的特点,但酸的腐蚀性要求处理设备具备高强度抗腐蚀性能,并且易产生乙酸、糠醛等抑制物;碱处理能使木质素的醚键断裂,削弱半纤维素与纤维素之间的氢键,皂化半纤维素与木质素之间的酯键,降低木质纤维素的结晶度,常用的碱性处理剂有氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙、氨、尿素和石灰水等[90,119]。酸碱处理对棉籽饼粕的脱毒增效作用突出。棉籽饼粕含棉酚等抗营养因子,会影响动物蛋白质吸收甚至引发中毒,且其蛋白质结构紧密、不易消化。采用硫酸亚铁溶液浸泡或尿素溶液处理后,棉酚可与亚铁离子结合形成无毒复合物,同时碱处理能破坏蛋白质空间结构,使其更易被消化酶分解。将尿素法脱毒处理后的棉籽饼应用于育肥牛饲粮,可使其日增重提高32.62%[119]。酶解技术在小麦麸的应用上成效显著。小麦麸富含膳食纤维、蛋白质、矿物质及维生素等营养成分[120],但其中的NSP(如阿拉伯木聚糖)属于抗营养因子,会干扰肠道内营养物质的酶解过程,降低消化率[121]。通过添加木聚糖酶进行酶解处理,可降解NSP,降低食糜肠道黏度,同时破坏麸皮纤维结构,释放包裹的蛋白质和淀粉,提高猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量[121-122]。张芹[123]研究证实,当木聚糖酶添加量为1 mg/g时,酶解液还原糖含量提高10.85%,黏度降低7.95%;当纤维素酶添加量为2 mg/g时,还原糖含量提高9.43%,黏度降低6.86%。
化学处理方法的优点在于只要找到对应的化学位置,就能对不同的抗营养因子有一定的效果,而且不像物理方法需要大量的设备,大大节约了成本。然而,应用此类方法的关键在于如何除去化学残留,以及消除处理后对饲料适口性和品质的影响。

3.3 生物预处理技术

生物预处理技术是利用微生物或者酶制剂选择性地分解木质素、纤维素和半纤维素,从而促进酶消化过程[124]。
青贮处理是反刍动物利用玉米秸秆的经典生物处理方式。传统玉米秸秆处理方式(如直接饲喂、晒干后饲喂)易导致营养物质流失,且存在饲用效率低、适口性差等问题。而青贮技术是利用秸秆自身存在的一些乳酸菌及外源添加其他有益菌,在厌氧条件下经过一系列的发酵后产生乳酸等酸性物质,当其达到一定含量后,能够改善农作物秸秆的风味、适口性,达到长期保存秸秆饲料的目的[125-126]。研究显示,经微生物厌氧发酵处理后,水稻秸秆的纤维素和半纤维素含量分别降低34.9%和36.2%,还会产生乳酸等酸性物质,既能抑制腐败菌繁殖,又能进一步提升秸秆的适口性和消化率[127]。
在生物处理中,微生物发酵对植物粕类的改良效果突出。植物粕作为油料榨油副产物,富含蛋白质、多糖、维生素及功能活性物质,但存在抗营养因子,且经高温、压榨等处理后,蛋白质等营养物质易变性,导致生物利用率偏低。以菜籽粕为例,微生物发酵可借助复杂的微生物群落及酶系统降解抗营养因子,实现抗营养物质含量降低、适口性提升及营养物质消化率提高的目标[128]。此外,微生态发酵技术应用于肉牛配合饲料,可显著提升饲料营养价值和利用率,改善瘤胃环境,提高免疫力并调节肠道菌群平衡[129-131]。王洪[132]研究发现,用发酵玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛,其适口性较好,肉牛毛色、体态正常,粪便状况也有一定改善。
综上所述,这些预处理技术可有效突破饲料原料的结构限制,消除抗营养因子,释放原本难以被动物利用的营养物质;在保障动物健康的前提下,显著提高了地源性饲料资源的应用价值和利用效率,为多元化饲粮中的高效利用提供了可行路径。

4 小结与展望

当前,积极构建具有我国特色的畜禽多元化饲粮配方体系,已成为畜牧工作者亟待突破和攻关的重要科学问题和行业任务。联合采用多种技术手段,提高地源性饲料资源在饲粮中的比例,是构建多元化饲粮配方体系的必由之路。本文提出了基于纤维降解促进原料本底营养物质释放的理论基础,拟通过利用微生物群落促进原料本底营养物质释放,开发高纤维饲料资源高值化预处理技术,实现抗营养因子钝化和脱除,最终提高多元化饲粮配方的利用效率。未来,包括合成生物学和多组学技术等的联合应用,将是解决我国高纤维饲料资源高值化应用的基础技术,也是构建具有我国特色的多元化饲粮配方体系、乃至维护我国粮食安全的重要依据。

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