1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of WFF (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 小麦草Wheatgrass | 30.00 | ||
| 玉米粉Corn flour | 38.00 | ||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 12.00 | ||
| 统糠Rice hull meal | 12.99 | ||
| 玉米秸秆Corn stover | 5.00 | ||
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 1.50 | ||
| 硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4 | 0.50 | ||
| 复合菌剂Compound microbial agent | 0.01 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels | |||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.25 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.83 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 14.32 | ||
| 粗纤维CF | 22.11 |
营养水平均为实测值。 | |
Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 试验设计及饲粮
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 东北玉米Northeast corn | 69.13 | 67.37 | 59.46 |
| 豆粕(43%粗蛋白质) Soybean meal (43% CP) | 18.60 | 17.20 | 16.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 3.60 | 1.60 | |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 0.58 | ||
| 米糠(粗脂肪≥15%) Rice bran (EE≥15%) | 5.00 | ||
| 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料WFF | 10.00 | 20.00 | |
| 细石粉Fine limestone | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| L-赖氨酸L-Lys (70%) | 0.67 | 0.77 | 0.83 |
| 预混料Premix (0.10%)1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
| 蛋氨酸Met (99%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 苏氨酸Thr (98%) | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 耐高温植酸酶Thermostable phytase | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 防霉剂Mold inhibitor | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidant | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 18.27 | 18.16 | 18.03 |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.48 | 13.65 | 13.51 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.27 | 15.45 | 16.06 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.86 | 4.88 | 5.49 |
| 钙Ca | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.74 |
| 总磷TP | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.00 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.29 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.57 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 000 IU,VE 28 IU,VD3 2 800 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 2.2 mg,VB2 6.8 mg,VB6 4.2 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 13 mg,Cu (as basic copper chloride) 9 mg,Zn (as zinc oxide) 100 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.3 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。 2)消化能、氨基酸为计算值,根据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算,其余为实测值。DE and amino acids were calculated values according to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020), while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集及测定指标
1.4.1 WFF和饲粮营养成分
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 胴体性状及肉品质
1.4.4 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.5 粪便菌群
1.5 数据处理及分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 WFF对育肥猪生长性能的影响
表3 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of WFF on growth performance of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | ||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 60.20±1.86 | 57.60±5.07 | 58.20±3.05 | 0.505 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 115.54±6.83 | 118.06±7.64 | 115.38±6.55 | 0.799 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.72±0.09 | 0.81±0.12 | 0.81±0.13 | 0.455 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 2.66±0.05 | 2.53±0.25 | 2.51±0.10 | 0.278 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.31±0.52 | 2.89±0.26 | 3.37±0.29 | 0.170 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 WFF对育肥猪胴体性状的影响
表4 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料对育肥猪胴体性状的影响Table 4 Effects of WFF on carcass traits of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | ||
| 屠宰率Slaughter rate/% | 78.56±1.51 | 77.13±2.81 | 77.06±0.89 | 0.406 |
| 瘦肉率Lean meat rate/% | 56.74±2.83b | 60.46±1.41a | 60.24±1.60a | 0.041 |
| 肥肉率Fat rate/% | 21.42±3.96 | 18.50±4.78 | 18.29±1.47 | 0.354 |
| 皮率Skin rate/% | 7.77±0.50 | 8.03±0.84 | 8.34±0.53 | 0.397 |
| 胴体直长Carcass straight length/cm | 102.16±5.25 | 106.20±5.26 | 103.24±2.79 | 0.383 |
| 胴体斜长Carcass diagonal length/cm | 92.86±5.02 | 96.50±3.64 | 93.82±2.80 | 0.348 |
| 平均背膘厚Average back fat thickness/cm | 2.42±0.42 | 2.44±0.50 | 2.26±0.33 | 0.766 |
2.3 WFF对育肥猪肉品质的影响
表5 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料对育肥猪肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of WFF on meat quality of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | ||
| 蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% | 26.52±2.94 | 30.14±1.93 | 26.09±2.63 | 0.082 |
| 系水力Water-holding capacity/% | 5.22±0.70Bb | 7.03±0.75Aa | 6.31±0.18Aa | 0.005 |
| 滴水损失Drip loss/% | 4.91±1.96 | 3.95±0.76 | 3.99±1.51 | 0.536 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 86.58±22.40 | 88.00±20.67 | 68.17±10.24 | 0.211 |
| pH45 min | 6.86±0.24 | 6.64±0.26 | 6.73±0.21 | 0.371 |
| pH24 h | 5.56±0.03 | 5.55±0.04 | 5.51±0.06 | 0.153 |
| 肉色Meat color | ||||
| 45 min亮度 | 38.37±0.94 | 38.17±0.75 | 38.83±1.34 | 0.601 |
| 45 min红度 | 1.81±0.74b | 4.35±1.28a | 4.44±1.50a | 0.016 |
| 45 min黄度 | 3.58±1.26 | 3.86±1.55 | 2.90±1.16 | 0.520 |
| 24 h亮度 | 48.68±2.30 | 48.87±2.39 | 47.42±3.19 | 0.653 |
| 24 h红度 | -0.07±1.13 | 0.06±1.48 | -0.94±1.92 | 0.596 |
| 24 h黄度 | 9.14±0.72 | 10.23±0.68 | 9.58±1.74 | 0.476 |
2.4 WFF对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表6 小麦草-统糠-玉米秸秆发酵饲料对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of WFF on serum antioxidant indices of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | ||
| 第21天Day 21 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/mL) | 0.39±0.05 | 0.35±0.05 | 0.36±0.02 | 0.292 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) | 88.30±28.36 | 93.14±24.68 | 103.93±15.29 | 0.573 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(mmol/mL) | 2.63±0.65 | 3.75±1.64 | 3.00±0.78 | 0.301 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GPX/(U/mL) | 642.28±96.43 | 539.56±39.23 | 484.69±92.65 | 0.069 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 41.48±15.77b | 87.05±46.41a | 42.38±5.73b | 0.042 |
| 第42天Day 42 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/mL) | 0.37±0.05 | 0.37±0.05 | 0.34±0.02 | 0.538 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) | 113.88±15.33 | 137.75±20.63 | 126.03±16.65 | 0.145 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(mmol/mL) | 2.76±0.99 | 3.15±0.75 | 2.49±0.72 | 0.475 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GPX/(U/mL) | 550.69±45.28 | 481.71±74.62 | 520.24±36.91 | 0.193 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 62.50±30.81 | 50.54±25.28 | 59.71±29.99 | 0.793 |
2.5 WFF对育肥猪粪便菌群的影响
2.5.1 α和β多样性分析
表7 育肥猪粪便菌群α多样性分析Table 7 Alpha diversity analysis of fecal microbiota in finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 10% RG | 20% RG | ||
| ACE指数ACE index | 702.18±46.26b | 792.29±28.30a | 728.38±28.30b | 0.012 |
| Chao指数Chao index | 727.40±61.58 | 799.52±32.50 | 725.85±25.80 | 0.050 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 4.13±0.71 | 4.57±0.21 | 4.37±0.38 | 0.381 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.05±0.03 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.06±0.04 | 0.526 |
| Sobs指数Sobs index | 640.75±46.64b | 723.25±26.06a | 666.40±35.44b | 0.012 |
