Effects of Combined Plant Extract on Performance, Egg Quality, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period

LI Shuo; YAO Zihao; LIU Bo; WANG Haonan; DUAN Jingzhao; LIU Shudong

doi:10.12418/CJAN2026.534

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 9: 6674 - 6685

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.534

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Combined Plant Extract on Performance, Egg Quality, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period

LI Shuo ^,¹ ,
YAO Zihao ¹ ,
LIU Bo ¹ ,
WANG Haonan ² ,
DUAN Jingzhao ³ ,
LIU Shudong ^,¹^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
² Shijiazhuang Tieqilishi Feed Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
³ Shijiazhuang Jiuxiang Jiapin Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China

^* associate professor, E-mail: liushudong818@163.com

Received date: 2026-01-12

Online published: 2026-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined plant extract (composed of isochlorogenic acid, marigold flavonoids and curcumin) on performance, egg quality, immune function and antioxidant capacity of laying hens during the late laying period. A total of 900 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 75 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 3 groups, each with 20 replicates of 15 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the two trial groups received the basal diet supplemented with 1 000 (low-dose group) and 2 000 mg/kg (high-dose group) of combined plant extract, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the formal experimental period lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg of the combined plant extract significantly increased the laying rate and daily egg mass during days 29 to 56, as well as the laying rate during days 1 to 56 (P<0.05). 2) On day 56, the Haugh unit of eggs in both the low-dose and high-dose groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the yolk color in the high-dose group was significantly superior to that in the control group (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum contents of immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement 4 (C4) in the high-dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum IgG content in the low-dose group was also significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) The serum levels of estrogen (E₂) and progesterone (P₄) in the high-dose group were significantly elevated compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). 5) In the jejunum, compared with the control group, the interleukin-4 (IL-4) content in both the low-dose and high-dose groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the interleukin-2 (IL-2) content in the low-dose group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In the ileum, the contents of IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both the low-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the ovary, compared with the control group, the TNF-α content in both the low-dose and high-dose groups was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) content in the high-dose group was also significantly decreased (P<0.05). 6) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg of the combined plant extract significantly increased the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P<0.05), significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05), and significantly elevated the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the jejunum and the GSH-Px activity in the ovary (P<0.05). Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 2 000 mg/kg of the combined plant extract also significantly increased the GSH-Px activity in the jejunum, the T-AOC in the ileum, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the ovary (P<0.05), while significantly decreasing the MDA content in the jejunum and ovary (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with the combined plant extract in late laying period of laying hens can enhance immune function and antioxidant capacity, thereby maintain the laying rate and improving yolk color and Haugh unit. Under the conditions of this experiment, the recommended supplemental dose of the combined plant extract in the diet of laying hens in late laying period is 2 000 mg/kg.

Key words： combined plant extract; late laying period; laying hens; performance; egg quality; immune function; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

LI Shuo , YAO Zihao , LIU Bo , WANG Haonan , DUAN Jingzhao , LIU Shudong . Effects of Combined Plant Extract on Performance, Egg Quality, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(9) : 6674 -6685 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.534

随着蛋鸡进入产蛋后期(45周龄以上),其机体将面临多系统生理衰退,突出表现为生产性能下滑、蛋品质劣化、蛋重减轻及蛋壳强度下降,同时伴随免疫功能减退和氧化应激水平上升^[1-2]。研究表明,高龄蛋鸡因持续排卵导致体内自由基生成量显著增加,氧化损伤不断累积,进而缩短产蛋周期,并抑制卵黄前体物质的合成效率^[3]。在此背景下,探寻天然、安全且可持续的干预方案,已成为蛋鸡产业亟需解决的重要课题。

近年来,植物提取物作为天然饲料添加剂的研究日益深入,这类物质作为抗生素替代品,不仅具备安全、无残留的特点,还能通过抗氧化、抗炎及免疫调节等多重途径,有效提升蛋鸡生产性能并改善机体健康状态^[4]。姜黄素(CUR)是一种天然多酚类化合物,已被证实具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群、促消化和促生长等广泛生理功能^[5]。万寿菊作为常见的植物源添加剂,富含类胡萝卜素、黄酮、多糖及花青素等活性成分,展现出良好的抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌作用。槲皮万寿菊素(QG)主要来源于万寿菊属植物,是一种结构独特的多羟基类黄酮^[6]。异绿原酸(ICGA)则是奎宁酸与咖啡酸缩合生成的酚类衍生物,为绿原酸(CGA)的同分异构体,具有较强的抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、保肝及抗炎活性^[7-8]。与CGA相比,ICGA分子结构更具对称性,含有2个咖啡酰基和多个羟基,这些结构特征被认为是其发挥多种生物活性的重要基础^[9-11]。

已有研究表明,在1日龄科宝肉鸡饲粮中添加100或150 mg/kg的CUR,可显著提高盲肠黏膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、白细胞介素-10含量、乙酸及总挥发性脂肪酸水平,同时上调核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的mRNA表达量^[12];此外,该剂量范围的CUR还能有效缓解敌草快(diquat)诱导的氧化应激对肉鸡肝脏抗氧化功能的损害^[13]。胡文悦等^[14]研究表明,在氧化应激条件下,在1日龄科宝肉鸡饲粮中添加100 mg/kg的QG,可显著提高胸肌中SOD、CAT活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),同时降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明QG可有效缓解氧化损伤。江皓天^[15]则发现,饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg的ICGA可减轻脂多糖(LPS)诱导的1日龄科宝肉鸡肠道屏障损伤,下调白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及核因子-κB(NF-κB)等炎症相关基因的表达,并提高免疫球蛋白含量,从而缓解全身性炎症反应。综上所述,CUR与QG均以抗氧化为核心活性,通过Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)介导的Nrf2/抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路,上调抗氧化酶表达,增强机体抗氧化防御能力;而ICGA则以抗炎为主要作用靶点,可有效缓解肠道屏障损伤并抑制炎症反应的发生。三者优势互补,在抗氧化与抗炎层面形成多通路协同的功能性调控网络。肉鸡与蛋鸡同属家禽,在氧化应激与炎症调控的分子机制上具有高度同源性,因此在肉鸡上的试验结果可为三者及其组合在蛋鸡生产中的应用提供剂量参考与理论支撑。

植物提取物能够增强动物机体的免疫功能,提高机体抗氧化性能,改善肠道消化吸收功能,提升饲料适口性与营养利用率,是绿色安全的抗生素替代产品。但单一成分的作用靶点有限,难以同时解决产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能退化、蛋品质劣化、氧化应激加剧及卵巢炎症等多重生理问题。本试验基于CUR、QG的抗氧化核心活性与ICGA的抗炎核心活性,结合三者抗氧化与抗炎互补的理论依据及前人单体试验在肉鸡上的结果,探究三者复配对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的调控效果,并筛选其最适添加剂量,旨在为缓解产蛋后期蛋鸡生理机能退化、提升养殖效益提供实践依据,并为该复合植物提取物作为绿色饲料添加剂在蛋鸡养殖中的应用提供理论支持和实践参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

复合植物提取物由ICGA、万寿菊黄酮和CUR复配而成,每千克产品含500 g ICGA(纯度≥55%)、100 g 万寿菊黄酮(纯度≥80%)、150 g CUR(纯度≥95%),其余为稀释剂(石粉和磷酸氢钙)。

1.2 试验设计及饲粮组成

挑选健康状况良好、产蛋率相近的75周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡900只,随机分成3组,每组20个重复,每个重复15只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,2个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1 000(低剂量组)和2 000 mg/kg(高剂量组)复合植物提取物的试验饲粮。基础饲粮参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验开始时间为2025年3月5日,共持续63 d,包括预试期7 d,正试期56 d。本研究的动物试验方案已经河北农业大学试验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2024062),所有动物试验操作均遵循其伦理规程。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	60.70
豆粕Soybean meal	12.80
贝壳粉Oyster shell powder	5.00
葵花籽饼Sunflower seed cake	4.00
石粉Limestone	3.89
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS	3.00
玉米胚芽饼Corn germ cake	3.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal	1.97
玉米油Corn oil	1.50
猪骨粒Pork bone granules	1.04
羽毛粉Feather meal	0.80
食盐NaCl	0.35
L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-lysine sulfate	0.28
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (99%)	0.16
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (60%)	0.10
预混料Premix¹⁾	1.41
合计Total	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	11.05
粗蛋白质CP	15.50
钙Ca	3.99
赖氨酸Lys	0.76
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.72
总磷TP	0.44

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet: Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,VA 8 000 IU,VD 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.5 mg,VB₁ 2.0 mg,VB₂ 8.0 mg,VB₅ 10.0 mg,VB₆ 3.5 mg,VB₁₂ 0.01 mg,VB₃ 35 mg,VB₉ 0.55 mg,VB₇ 0.18 mg。

2)代谢能和氨基酸含量依据NY/T 33—2004计算,粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量则分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018测定。ME and amino acid contents were calculated according to NY/T 33—2004, while CP, Ca and TP contents were determined following GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively.

1.3 饲养管理

正式试验期间,各组蛋鸡的饲养管理措施与环境条件保持一致,试验全期鸡只健康状况良好。采用阶梯式笼养,每笼3只,每组的各重复在鸡舍内均匀分布,以确保试验条件的一致性。每日早、晚各喂食1次,蛋鸡自由采食和饮水,每日下午捡蛋1次。鸡舍自然通风,相对湿度控制在50%~80%。采用自然光照与人工补光相结合的方式,保证每日光照时长达16 h。试验期间,鸡群严格遵循常规免疫程序进行接种,以保障鸡群基础健康。

1.4 样品采集

于饲养试验结束次日从各组的每个重复中随机选取2只蛋鸡,经翅下静脉取血,血液样本以630×g的离心力离心15 min,离心后取上清液转移至无菌试管,于-20 ℃下冷冻保存待测。蛋鸡采血后处死,采集空肠、回肠和卵巢组织各2 cm,将采集的组织放入无菌冻存管,在-80 ℃下冻存备用。称取适量空肠、回肠或卵巢组织于2 mL EP管中,以生理盐水为匀浆介质,组织与介质按照1∶9(g∶mL)的质量体积比进行混合,制备组织匀浆,所有操作均在低温条件下进行,以确保样品稳定性,最后离心并取上清液。

1.5 检测指标

1.5.1 生产性能

正式试验期间以重复为单位进行数据记录与统计,记录各重复蛋鸡的产蛋数量并称量蛋重,每周统计1次各重复的采食量。根据记录的数据计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、日产蛋量、平均蛋重、产蛋率和料蛋比(F/E)。

1.5.2 蛋品质

分别在正试期第28天和第56天,从各组的每个重复内随机采集3枚鸡蛋,逐枚做好标记,并于采集后48 h内完成蛋品质测定。其中,蛋壳强度使用蛋壳强度测定仪检测;蛋壳厚度通过螺旋测微仪测定钝端、中端和锐端3个位置,取其平均值;蛋形指数使用蛋形指数测定仪测定;蛋壳重量和蛋黄重量使用分析天平称量;蛋黄颜色及哈氏单位使用蛋品质自动分析测定。

1.5.3 血清免疫指标和生殖激素水平

检测的血清免疫指标包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和补体4(C4)含量,检测的生殖激素包括雌激素(E₂)、孕激素(P₄)和促黄体素(LH)水平。以上指标均采用上海优选生物科技有限公司提供的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒进行测定,所有操作严格按照试剂盒说明书规程执行。

1.5.4 肠道和卵巢中炎症因子含量

使用上海优选科技生物有限公司提供的ELISA试剂盒测定空肠、回肠中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、IL-6、TNF-α以及卵巢中IL-6、TNF-α含量,严格遵循试剂盒配套说明书操作。

1.5.5 血清、肠道和卵巢抗氧化指标

使用上海优选科技生物有限公司提供的ELISA试剂盒测定血清以及空肠、回肠和卵巢中T-AOC、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和SOD活性以及MDA含量,严格遵循试剂盒配套说明书操作。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据经Excel 2021初步整理后,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。各组间差异采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)并结合Duncan氏法多重比较检验进行判定。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)的方式表示。

2 结果

2.1 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,试验第1~28天,各组间日产蛋量、平均日采食量、料蛋比、产蛋率和平均蛋重均无显著差异(P>0.05);试验第29~56天,低剂量组和高剂量组的产蛋率、日产蛋量均较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);试验第1~56天,低剂量组和高剂量组的产蛋率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表2 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of combined plant extract on performance of laying hens in late laying period

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
第1~28天Days 1 to 28
产蛋率Laying rate/%	72.34	73.72	74.76	1.170	0.173
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g	72.65	72.60	72.53	4.619	1.000
日产蛋量Daily egg mass/(g/d)	52.54	53.46	54.13	2.836	0.855
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	137.89	124.21	122.97	6.124	0.069
料蛋比F/E	2.23	2.31	2.14	0.103	0.323
第29~56天Days 29 to 56
产蛋率Laying rate/%	69.75^b	72.53^a	74.04^a	0.763	0.001
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g	66.83	67.01	66.83	0.319	0.812
日产蛋量Daily egg mass/(g/d)	46.62^b	48.60^a	49.48^a	0.542	0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	121.75	110.16	118.54	12.521	0.647
料蛋比F/E	2.20	2.10	2.19	0.126	0.709
第1~56天Days 1 to 56
产蛋率Laying rate/%	71.04^b	73.13^a	74.40^a	0.789	0.001
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g	69.74	69.80	69.68	2.630	0.999
日产蛋量Daily egg mass/(g/d)	49.58	51.03	51.81	1.923	0.511
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	129.82	117.19	120.76	7.280	0.225
料蛋比F/E	2.22	2.21	2.17	0.082	0.815

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts were significantly different (P<0.05), whereas those with the same letter or no letter superscripts were not significantly different (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,试验第28天时,各组间所有蛋品质指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);试验第56天时,高剂量组和低剂量组鸡蛋的哈氏单位均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组的蛋黄颜色亦显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。

表3 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of combined plant extract on egg quality of laying hens in late laying period

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
第28天Day 28
蛋形指数Egg shape index	1.33	1.33	1.34	0.005	0.151
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm²)	39.57	39.95	40.81	1.880	0.799
蛋壳厚度Egg shell thickness/mm	0.36	0.36	0.35	0.005	0.135
蛋壳重量Egg shell weight/g	8.86	8.79	8.93	0.171	0.695
哈氏单位Haugh unit	68.08	70.41	72.33	2.379	0.220
蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color	9.62	9.81	9.93	0.190	0.279
蛋黄重量Egg yolk weight/g	17.92	17.45	17.72	0.364	0.441
第56天Day 56
蛋形指数Egg shape index	1.32	1.33	1.34	0.014	0.409
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm²)	38.77	40.10	41.35	1.325	0.178
蛋壳厚度Egg shell thickness/mm	0.38	0.37	0.37	0.005	0.231
蛋壳重量Egg shell weight/g	8.94	8.96	8.95	0.135	0.988
哈氏单位Haugh unit	69.75^b	74.81^a	75.50^a	1.979	0.013
蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color	9.75^b	9.91^ab	10.16^a	0.142	0.033
蛋黄重量Egg yolk weight/g	18.33	18.14	18.07	0.370	0.762

2.3 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,高剂量组血清中IgM、C4含量显著提高(P<0.05),高剂量组和低剂量组血清中IgG含量均显著提高(P<0.05);血清中IgA含量各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表4 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of combined plant extract on serum immune indexes of laying hens in late laying period μg/mL

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
免疫球蛋白A IgA	1 307.06	1 346.24	1 372.58	47.885	0.398
免疫球蛋白M IgM	416.59^b	428.11^ab	448.78^a	12.637	0.048
免疫球蛋白G IgG	450.61^b	485.27^a	492.95^a	14.502	0.014
补体4 C4	131.57^b	142.19^ab	149.68^a	6.391	0.027

2.4 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生殖激素水平的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,高剂量组血清中P₄与E₂水平显著提升(P<0.05),低剂量组则无显著变化(P>0.05);血清中LH水平各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表5 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生殖激素水平的影响

Table 5 Effects of combined plant extract on serum reproductive hormone levels of laying hens in late laying period

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
孕激素P₄/(ng/mL)	5.19^b	5.50^ab	5.69^a	0.154	0.023
雌激素E₂/(pg/mL)	305.30^b	317.27^ab	348.62^a	14.475	0.030
促黄体素LH/(ng/mL)	4.24	4.26	4.28	0.045	0.722

2.5 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道和卵巢中炎症因子含量的影响

由表6可知,在空肠中,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组IL-4含量均显著升高(P<0.05),同时低剂量组IL-2含量显著降低(P<0.05);在回肠中,低剂量组和高剂量组IL-2和TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在卵巢中,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组TNF-α含量均显著降低(P<0.05),同时高剂量组IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05)。

表6 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道和卵巢中炎症因子含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of combined plant extract on inflammatory factor contents in intestine and ovary of laying hens in late laying period pg/μg

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
空肠Jejunum
白细胞介素-2 IL-2	215.04^a	191.97^b	194.77^ab	9.379	0.038
白细胞介素-4 IL-4	100.91^b	113.39^a	115.03^a	4.714	0.010
白细胞介素-6 IL-6	18.17	16.89	17.25	0.536	0.063
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α	82.09	77.82	78.66	2.673	0.253
回肠Ileum
白细胞介素-2 IL-2	210.85^a	193.69^b	190.03^b	7.118	0.014
白细胞介素-4 IL-4	96.36	104.17	110.12	6.994	0.159
白细胞介素-6 IL-6	16.73	15.89	15.93	0.553	0.243
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α	90.49^a	81.61^b	80.44^b	3.568	0.015
卵巢Ovary
白细胞介素-6 IL-6	20.63^a	19.56^ab	19.08^b	0.542	0.022
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α	125.96^a	112.22^b	113.11^b	5.152	0.019

2.6 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清、肠道和卵巢抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,在血清中,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组GSH-Px活性显著提升(P<0.05),MDA含量显著下降(P<0.05),SOD活性和T-AOC无显著变化(P>0.05);在空肠中,低剂量组和高剂量组T-AOC均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且其MDA含量显著低于对照组和低剂量组(P<0.05);在回肠中,高剂量组T-AOC显著高于对照组和低剂量组(P<0.05);在卵巢中,低剂量和高剂量组GSH-Px活性均较对照组显著提升(P<0.05),高剂量组SOD活性较对照组显著提升(P<0.05),且其MDA含量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。

表7 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清、肠道和卵巢抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of combined plant extract on antioxidant indices in serum, intestine and ovary of laying hens in late laying period

项目 Items	组别Groups			均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	低剂量Low-dose	高剂量High-dose	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
血清Serum
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/L)	8.40	8.51	8.97	0.19	0.061
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/L)	76.05	79.89	79.04	1.78	0.110
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/L)	147.36^b	153.37^a	157.57^a	3.32	0.039
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL)	3.56^a	3.25^b	3.12^b	0.12	0.014
空肠Jejunum
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg)	16.98^b	19.86^a	19.70^a	1.006	0.014
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg)	362.11	356.47	352.58	11.664	0.717
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg)	466.26^b	579.38^ab	633.94^a	54.276	0.022
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg)	4.79^a	4.59^a	4.05^b	0.218	0.011
回肠Ileum
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg)	15.91^b	17.13^ab	18.34^a	0.918	0.048
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg)	336.71	335.54	347.16	11.644	0.554
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg)	511.85	557.11	555.51	30.196	0.261
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg)	4.08	3.76	3.36	0.416	0.263
卵巢Ovary
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg)	59.76	62.61	64.45	2.066	0.088
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg)	412.12^b	448.95^ab	471.18^a	23.221	0.049
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg)	331.11^b	371.36^a	373.71^a	15.790	0.017
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg)	10.60^a	9.47^ab	8.29^b	0.718	0.011

3 讨论

3.1 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响

活性氧(ROS)是动物机体生命活动与新陈代谢的副产物^[16],过量蓄积可诱发氧化损伤,威胁细胞功能与机体健康。T-AOC反映机体所有抗氧化物质的协同效应,其升高有助于中和自由基、维持氧化还原平衡、抵御氧化应激^[17];GSH-Px活性增强可有效清除细胞内过氧化物,减轻氧化损伤^[18];SOD作为核心抗氧化酶,其活性升高标志着机体清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力增强,有助于减缓细胞损伤^[19];MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物,其含量通常与氧化应激程度呈正相关,MDA含量降低常被视为氧化损伤减轻的重要标志^[20]。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加CUR可有效提升蛋鸡血清中SOD和GSH-Px活性,并降低MDA含量^[21]。Yang等^[22]证实,金盏花提取物可通过激活蛋鸡体内Keap1-Nrf2信号通路,显著提高血清中CAT、SOD和GSH-Px活性。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加复合植物提取物可增强血清及组织中抗氧化酶活性,降低脂质过氧化水平,有效缓解机体氧化应激,保护细胞与组织免受氧化损伤,从而为维持产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能奠定生理基础。

3.2 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫功能的影响

IgA可清除黏膜表面抗原,阻断病原体入侵;IgG在体液免疫中发挥抗感染与抗菌作用;IgM能够包被抗原并固定补体,有效介导免疫应答;C4是先天性免疫的重要组成部分。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg CUR可显著提高罗曼蛋鸡血清中IgG、IgM含量,增强机体免疫力^[23]。胡文悦等^[14]研究发现,在科宝肉鸡饲粮中添加100 mg/kg QG可显著降低血清中IgM含量,同时显著提高血清中IgA、IgG及补体3(C3)含量。曾晨峰等^[24]的研究显示,饲粮中添加万寿菊叶黄素可显著提高蛋鸡血清中IgA、IgM、IgG含量。此外,在43周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加600或800 mg/kg CGA,亦可显著提高血清中IgG含量^[25]。本试验结果显示,在改善抗氧化能力的基础上,复合植物提取物还可提高蛋鸡血清中IgG、IgM及C4含量,增强机体免疫功能。

3.3 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡炎症反应的影响

在肠道炎症反应中,IL-6与TNF-α是关键的促炎因子。IL-6参与T细胞活化、B细胞分化及抗体生成,其表达上调通常提示炎症发生^[26];TNF-α含量升高则与肠道炎症加剧密切相关^[27]。IL-2和IL-4作为免疫系统中的重要细胞因子,既各自参与调节T细胞、B细胞及自然杀伤(NK)细胞的功能,又通过复杂的交互作用协同维持免疫应答的动态平衡^[28]。研究表明,饲粮中添加CUR可显著降低蛋鸡血清和肠道中IL-6和TNF-α含量^[29-31]。Hu等^[32]在55周龄海兰白壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加400 mg/kg CGA,发现其可有效减轻蛋鸡的全身炎症反应以及氧化应激所致的肠道与肝脏损伤。本试验结果表明,复合植物提取物可通过缓解肠道和卵巢氧化应激,进而降低促炎细胞因子(IL-2、TNF-α)含量、提升抗炎细胞因子(IL-4)含量,改善肠道健康及卵巢内环境。

3.4 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生殖激素分泌的影响

在蛋鸡生殖生理中,E₂、P₄和LH共同构成下丘脑-垂体-卵巢(HPO)轴的核心激素网络,三者协同调控卵泡发育、排卵、输卵管功能及整个产蛋周期的维持。E₂是启动和维持蛋鸡高产性能的关键激素,主要由发育中卵泡的颗粒细胞合成,遵循“双细胞-双促性腺激素”模型^[33]。P₄参与调节输卵管平滑肌的收缩节律,协调成熟鸡蛋从输卵管向泄殖腔的运输过程^[34]。LH作用于即将排卵的F1卵泡,激活卵泡壁内多种蛋白质水解酶的表达,促使卵泡壁局部组织降解、变薄并最终破裂,释放成熟卵母细胞^[35]。在氧化应激诱导的细胞衰老与损伤模型中,槲皮素可显著提高颗粒细胞活力、促进E₂分泌、抑制颗粒细胞凋亡,并减轻氧化损伤^[36-37]。Azami等^[38]研究表明,CUR可通过抗氧化与抗炎作用延缓卵巢生殖衰老,减少ROS蓄积、抑制细胞凋亡,提高卵巢储备及卵泡数量,改善卵母细胞质量、成熟率与受精能力;同时,可上调生长分化因子-9(GDF-9)、骨形态发生蛋白-15(BMP-15)及沉默信息调节因子-1(SIRT-1)等卵泡发育与抗衰老相关基因的表达,提高E₂水平,降低促卵泡素(FSH)水平。本试验结果表明,复合植物提取物通过改善卵巢抗氧化与抗炎状态,提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清中E₂和P₄水平,优化生殖内分泌环境,维持卵泡正常发育与排卵功能,为产蛋性能的稳定提供内分泌保障。

3.5 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

对蛋品质进行综合评定时,蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色及哈氏单位等是常用的评定指标^[39]。Zhao等^[25]研究表明,在43周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加600 mg/kg CGA,可显著改善哈氏单位、蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色。高文^[40]研究发现,饲粮中添加200、250或300 mg/kg CUR均可显著提高罗曼蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色及哈氏单位。李磊^[41]报道,在68周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加80或160 mg/kg万寿菊黄酮,可显著提升蛋壳强度和蛋黄颜色。本试验结果表明,复合植物提取物可通过增强机体抗氧化能力,维持输卵管正常分泌功能,从而提升哈氏单位;同时,复合植物提取物中的天然色素成分可有效沉积于蛋黄,改善蛋黄颜色。

3.6 复合植物提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

产蛋后期蛋鸡经历高峰期高强度代谢后,机体常出现抗氧化能力下降、脂肪肝、生殖系统功能衰退等代谢紊乱,进而综合影响产蛋量、采食量等生产性能。杨泰^[42]研究表明,在50周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加100或200 mg/kg CUR,可显著降低料蛋比,同时提高产蛋率和平均蛋重。袁文菊等^[43]研究发现,基础饲粮中添加CUR可显著提升60周龄罗曼蛋鸡的产蛋率和平均蛋重。周帅帅等^[44]报道,在55周龄海赛克斯蛋鸡饲粮中添加QG可显著提高产蛋率并降低料蛋比。本试验结果表明,复合植物提取物可显著提升产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋率和日产蛋量。其作用机制可能在于:一方面,复合植物提取物增强机体整体抗氧化能力,缓解氧化应激;另一方面,其降低组织促炎因子水平,减轻全身炎症反应,改善肠道健康与卵巢功能,从而多途径协同维持产蛋后期生产性能的稳定。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加复合植物提取物可通过增强机体抗氧化能力与免疫功能,有效缓解产蛋后期蛋鸡的氧化应激与炎症损伤,从而提高产蛋率、改善蛋品质。在本试验条件下,复合植物提取物的推荐添加量为2 000 mg/kg。

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