1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn stalk | 16.63 |
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 63.69 |
| 玉米Corn | 9.91 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 2.83 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 2.83 |
| 棉籽Cottonseed | 1.77 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.42 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.21 |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.71 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 18.15 |
| 干物质DM | 92.92 |
| 有机物OM | 90.22 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 9.07 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 1.36 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 32.01 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 16.44 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 2 520.00 IU,VD3840.00 IU,DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯 DL-α-tocopherol acetate 22.40 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 4.48 mg,Ca 2 520.00 mg,P 560.00 mg,NaCl 2 240.00 mg,Mn 39.20 mg,Fe 19.60 mg,Zn 30.80 mg,Cu 3.92 mg,Se 0.11 mg,I 1.12 mg,Co 0.53 mg。 2)营养水平均为测定值。All nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能的测定
1.4.2 饲粮营养水平和营养物质表观消化率的测定
1.4.3 血清生化指标的测定
1.4.4 血清代谢组学分析
1.4.4.1 样品预处理
1.4.4.2 色谱条件
表2 液相色谱中流动相的梯度洗脱程序Table 2 Gradient elution procedure for mobile phases in liquid chromatography |
| 时间 Time/min | 流动相A Mobile phase A | 流动相B Mobile phase B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 98 | 2 |
| 1.5 | 98 | 2 |
| 3.0 | 15 | 85 |
| 10.0 | 0 | 100 |
| 10.1 | 98 | 2 |
| 11.0 | 98 | 2 |
| 12.0 | 98 | 2 |
1.4.4.3 质谱条件
1.4.4.4 数据处理与代谢物鉴定
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛生长性能的影响
表3 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of rumen-protected protease on growth performance of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | L | H | |||
| 初重IBW/kg | 254.07 | 247.64 | 250.36 | 4.571 | 0.853 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 273.93 | 268.71 | 274.86 | 4.663 | 0.852 |
| 平均干物质采食量ADMI/kg | 6.17 | 6.29 | 6.72 | 0.109 | 0.100 |
| 平均日增重ADG/kg | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.025 | 0.126 |
| 料重比F/G | 13.38 | 12.12 | 10.89 | 0.649 | 0.300 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响
表4 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of rumen-protected protease on nutrient apparent digestibility of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | L | H | |||
| 干物质DM | 57.79 | 57.75 | 55.90 | 1.084 | 0.740 |
| 有机物OM | 59.79 | 60.38 | 55.70 | 1.277 | 0.278 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 55.02 | 56.89 | 55.51 | 0.986 | 0.744 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 60.22 | 63.93 | 61.50 | 2.218 | 0.803 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 47.84 | 48.69 | 41.85 | 2.067 | 0.356 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 45.75 | 47.15 | 39.43 | 2.180 | 0.321 |
| 总能GE | 65.90 | 65.40 | 64.46 | 1.113 | 0.876 |
2.3 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛血清生化指标的影响
表5 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of rumen-protected protease on serum biochemical indices of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | L | H | |||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 67.88 | 68.41 | 67.51 | 0.507 | 0.775 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 31.84 | 30.49 | 31.46 | 0.280 | 0.126 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 35.33 | 37.93 | 36.05 | 0.646 | 0.242 |
| 白球比A/G | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 0.019 | 0.154 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 1.49a | 1.19b | 1.21b | 0.054 | 0.039 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 37.14a | 29.36b | 37.71a | 1.184 | 0.003 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 79.64ab | 71.14b | 88.93a | 2.380 | 0.007 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 3.58b | 4.12a | 4.00a | 0.081 | 0.014 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.010 | 0.586 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.72a | 2.13b | 2.48ab | 0.089 | 0.023 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 2.10 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 0.216 | 0.250 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.45a | 0.32b | 0.41a | 0.020 | 0.013 |
2.4 过瘤胃蛋白酶对肉牛血清代谢物的影响
2.4.1 PCA
2.4.2 PLS-DA
2.4.3 差异代谢物的筛选
2.4.4 差异代谢物聚类分析
图5 血清差异代谢物聚类热图Oleylcarnitine:油酰肉碱;3,8-Dimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavone:3,8-二甲氧基-5,7-二羟基-3',4'-亚甲二氧基黄酮;Neoporrigenin B:新波拉皂苷元B;Carnosine:肌肽;β-D-3-Ribofuranosyluric acid:β-D-3-呋喃核糖尿酸;cis-Aconitic acid:顺乌头酸;2,8-Quinolinediol 2-sulfate:2,8-喹啉二醇-2-硫酸酯;Pregomisin:前戈米辛;4-Ethylphenol glucuronide:4-乙基苯酚葡萄糖醛酸苷;Antibiotic WF3405:抗生素WF3405;Clonixin:氯尼辛;5-Methoxysalicylic acid sulfate:5-甲氧基水杨酸硫酸酯;Methylpyrogallol sulfate 1:甲基连苯三酚硫酸酯1;2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol sulfate:2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚硫酸酯;Phenol sulfate:苯酚硫酸酯:2,3-Dimethoxyphenol sulfate:2,3-二甲氧基苯酚硫酸酯;N-Methyl-N,4-dinitrosoaniline:N-甲基-N,4-二亚硝基苯胺;Phorbazole D:佛尔唑D;sn-Glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine:sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺;Kermesic acid:胭脂虫红酸;Macrosphelide J:大孢内酯J;Kifunensine:基夫宁;Cyclo(Tyr-Leu):环二肽(酪氨酸-亮氨酸);Leupeptin analogue LVR:亮抑酶肽类似物LVR;Ethyl glucuronide:乙基-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷;Frusemide:呋塞米;Cys-His:半胱氨酰-组氨酸;4(3H)-Quinazolinone,3-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-:3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)-2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮;Hirsutenol F:毛蕊花酚F;Medazepam:美达西泮;(+/-)-3-(Methylthio)heptanal:(±)-3-(甲硫基)庚醛;(1,1-Diamino-4-sulfamoyloxybutyl) sulfamate:1,1-二氨基-4-氨磺酰氧基丁基氨磺酸盐;Dehydroevodiamine:去氢吴茱萸碱;Anisatin:莽草毒素;Ovalitenone:卵孢酮;4'-Hydroxyclobazam:4'-羟基氯巴占;Citric acid:柠檬酸;2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl hydrogen sulfate:2-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙基硫酸氢酯; 5-(Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-O-sulphate:5-(羟基苯基)-γ-戊内酯-O-硫酸酯;Hexadecanedioic acid:十六烷二酸;3β-Hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-5-enic acid:3β-羟基-23,24-双降胆-5-烯酸;α-Linolenic acid:α-亚麻酸;Phosphoethanolamine (P-16∶0):磷酸乙醇胺(P-16∶0);LysoPE(P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0);Pregnanetriolone:孕三醇酮;α-CEHC:α-羧乙基羟基苯并二氢吡喃;Paullinic acid:二十烯酸;Oglufanide:奥谷芬肽;Muricatacin:番荔枝素;H-PHE-ASP-OH:苯丙氨酰天冬氨酸;Tricarballylic acid:丙三羧酸;cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid:顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸;Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA):共轭亚油酸。 Fig.5 Clustering heatmaps of serum differential metabolites 每列代表1个样本,每行代表1个差异代谢物。红色方块表示相对丰度较高,蓝色方块表示相对丰度较低。L1~L10为L组样本,C1~C10为C组样本,H1~H10为H组样本。Each column represented one sample, and each row represented one differential metabolite. Red squares indicated a high relative abundance, while blue squares indicated a low relative abundance. L1 to L10 were samples in L group, and C1 to C10 were samples in C group, while H1 to H10 were samples in H group. |
2.4.5 KEGG富集分析
2.5 肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标与血清差异代谢物相关性分析
图7 肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标与血清差异代谢物相关性分析*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01。图形的颜色反映相关性大小,红色正相关,蓝色负相关;图形越细代表相关性绝对值越大,颜色越深也是代表相关性绝对值越大。The color of the shapes indicated the strength of correlation: red for positive correlation, blue for negative correlation. Thinner shapes indicated larger absolute correlation values, and darker colors also indicated larger absolute correlation values. ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;ADMI:平均干物质采食量 average dry matter intake;F/G:料重比 feed to gain ratio;UN:尿素氮 urea nitrogen;GLU:葡萄糖 glucose;TP:总蛋白 total protein;ALB:白蛋白 albumin;GLB:球蛋白 globulin;A/G:白球比 albumin to globulin ratio;TG:甘油三酯 triglyceride;TC:总胆固醇 total cholesterol;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;Cyclo(Tyr-Leu):环二肽(酪氨酸-亮氨酸);Oleylcarnitine:油酰肉碱;sn-Glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine:sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺;Citric acid:柠檬酸;Oxoadipic acid:氧己二酸;Palmitoylcarnitine:棕榈酰肉碱;cis-Aconitic acid:顺乌头酸;Arachidonic acid:花生四烯酸;Tauroursodeoxycholic acid:牛磺熊去氧胆酸;Ethyl leucinate:亮氨酸乙酯;(6Z)-Hexadecenoylcarnitine:(6Z)-十六碳烯酰肉碱;Serotonin:5-羟色胺。 Fig.7 Correlation analysis among growth performance, serum biochemical indices and differential serum metabolites in beef cattle |
