1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 51.10 | 54.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 40.20 | 35.15 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 3.70 | 5.85 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.00 | 13.15 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 22.00 | 20.00 |
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | 0.70 |
| 总磷TP | 0.65 | 0.55 |
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.59 | 0.53 |
| 可消化赖氨酸DLys | 1.59 | 1.45 |
| 可消化蛋氨酸DMet | 0.60 | 0.57 |
| 可消化苏氨酸DThr | 1.00 | 0.92 |
1)5%预混料由1.5%的石粉、1.5%的磷酸氢钙、0.5%的食盐、0.8%氨基酸和0.7%的多维多矿组成 The 5% premix contained 1.5% limestone, 1.5% CaHPO4, 0.5% NaCl, 0.8% amino acids and 0.7% vitamins and minerals。多维多矿为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamins and minerals provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 9 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 20 μg,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 80 IU,VK3 3 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,Zn 100 mg,Mn 100 mg,Fe 40 mg,Cu 15 mg,I 1 mg,Se 0.35 mg。 2)代谢能、非植酸磷和可消化氨基酸为计算值,其余为测定值。ME, NPP and digestible amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 样品采集
1.4 检测指标及方法
1.4.1 生长性能测定
1.4.2 血清中肝脏损伤指标以及血清、肝脏和肠道中抗氧化指标测定
1.4.3 肝脏和空肠中抗氧化相关基因表达检测
表2 引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences |
| 基因名称 Gene names | 引物序列 Primer sequence (5'—3') | GenBank登录号 GenBank accession number |
|---|---|---|
| 核因子E2相关因子2 Nrf2 | F:AAGTCTTCTGGCTGCTATT R:TCTTGCTGCTGTCTAATCA | NM_001396902 |
| 血红素加氧酶-1 HO-1 | F:AGTGGTGTAGGTATAGATATGT R:CAATCTGGCTGTGTTCTC | NM_205344 |
| PTEN诱导假定激酶1 PINK1 | F:TTATCTGTAGCGAGTGTT R:CTGAAGGAGTAGTGATGA | NC_052552.1 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶2 SOD2 | F:ATACCAGTGATGTGCTTGA R:TCGCTTGCTTGATTGTTC | NM_204211.2 |
| 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 GAPDH | F:CACACAGAAGACGGTGGATG R:CAGCTCAGGGATGACTTTCC | NM_204305 |
1.4.4 肝脏和空肠组织形态观察
1.4.5 空肠微生物多样性分析
1.4.6 血清代谢组学分析
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of continuous intraperitoneal injection of DQ on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | |||
| 1日龄体重Body weight at 1 day of age/g | 53.55 | 53.55 | 53.54 | 0.018 | 0.702 |
| 21日龄体重Body weight at 21 days of age/g | 1 031.83a | 907.80b | 890.40b | 19.514 | <0.001 |
| 42日龄体重Body weight at 42 days of age/g | 2 803.17a | 2 612.57b | 2 559.50b | 42.855 | <0.001 |
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 71.66a | 67.79b | 68.60b | 1.130 | 0.012 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 46.59a | 40.68b | 39.85b | 0.929 | <0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.54b | 1.67a | 1.72a | 0.030 | <0.001 |
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 126.92a | 124.88ab | 123.52b | 1.170 | 0.040 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 84.35 | 81.18 | 79.49 | 2.504 | 0.185 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 0.035 | 0.463 |
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | |||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 99.29a | 96.34b | 96.06b | 0.738 | 0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 65.47a | 60.93b | 59.67b | 1.020 | <0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.52b | 1.58a | 1.61a | 0.020 | 0.002 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡血清中肝脏损伤指标的影响
表4 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡血清中肝脏损伤指标的影响Table 4 Effects of continuous intraperitoneal injection of DQ on liver injury indicators in serum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | DQ剂量 DQ dose | 采样时间 Sampling time | DQ剂量× 采样时间 DQ dose× sampling time | |||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 17 | 180.25±9.84b | 208.03±11.75a | 222.90±12.91a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 27 | 193.59±14.55c | 215.79±8.47b | 267.98±17.74a | |||||
| 37 | 279.65±8.81c | 316.62±5.96b | 384.54±13.55a | |||||
| 42 | 314.76±7.18c | 349.94±10.21b | 394.73±10.92a | |||||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 17 | 2.70±0.10b | 3.61±0.11a | 3.67±0.18a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 27 | 2.83±0.16b | 3.60±0.10a | 3.67±0.18a | |||||
| 37 | 2.72±0.20c | 3.18±0.14b | 3.56±0.09a | |||||
| 42 | 2.52±0.08b | 3.65±0.16a | 3.72±0.18a | |||||
2.3 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡机体抗氧化指标的影响
2.3.1 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡血清中抗氧化指标的影响
表5 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of continuous intraperitoneal injection of DQ on antioxidant indicators in serum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | DQ剂量 DQ dose | 采样时间 Sampling time | DQ剂量× 采样时间 DQ dose× sampling time | |||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 17 | 546.30±23.45a | 453.38±29.00b | 364.71±79.64c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 27 | 585.39±17.10a | 469.14±30.65b | 348.18±27.81c | |||||
| 37 | 538.80±20.40a | 369.08±17.22b | 372.53±10.10b | |||||
| 42 | 530.87±17.72a | 503.81±12.51b | 468.61±18.07c | |||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧 化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 17 | 520.02±7.66a | 466.20±5.19b | 449.97±6.64c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 27 | 525.12±11.90a | 450.63±6.08b | 441.74±6.81b | |||||
| 37 | 521.82±3.77a | 467.08±6.88b | 455.47±5.08c | |||||
| 42 | 520.00±5.23a | 483.28±7.16b | 464.03±10.57c | |||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 17 | 24.41±0.73 | 23.23±1.21 | 23.59±1.16 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.043 | |
| 27 | 25.41±0.73a | 23.99±0.83b | 23.05±0.86b | |||||
| 37 | 24.25±0.97 | 24.06±1.08 | 23.33±0.86 | |||||
| 42 | 26.09±0.81a | 25.03±0.43b | 23.28±0.75c | |||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 17 | 2.89±0.03c | 3.49±0.09b | 3.74±0.07a | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 27 | 2.82±0.12c | 4.88±0.19b | 5.11±0.17a | |||||
| 37 | 2.88±0.17b | 3.12±0.13a | 3.28±0.02a | |||||
| 42 | 2.81±0.15b | 3.25±0.13a | 3.41±0.09a | |||||
2.3.2 连续注射DQ对肉鸡肝脏和肠道中抗氧化指标的影响
表6 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡肝脏和肠道中抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of continuous intraperitoneal injection of DQ on antioxidant indicators in liver and intestine of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | |||||||||
| 肝脏Liver | |||||||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 23.70a | 22.37b | 19.01c | 0.460 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 24.42a | 17.44b | 17.37b | 0.596 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.50 | 1.52 | 1.42 | 0.047 | 0.113 | ||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 0.93c | 0.99b | 1.06a | 0.053 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||||||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 23.25a | 20.90b | 19.75b | 0.620 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 16.53 | 16.43 | 16.23 | 0.345 | 0.692 | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.29a | 1.20b | 1.01c | 0.029 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.033 | 0.059 | ||||||
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 27.23a | 22.06b | 18.68c | 0.576 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 24.84a | 16.34b | 16.57b | 0.498 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.43a | 1.32b | 1.25b | 0.041 | 0.002 | ||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 0.88b | 0.89b | 1.03a | 0.059 | <0.001 | ||||||
2.3.3 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡肝脏和空肠中抗氧化相关基因表达的影响
图1 肝脏和空肠中抗氧化相关基因的mRNA相对表达量HO-1:血红素加氧酶-1 heme oxygenase-1;Nrf2:核因子E2相关因子2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;PINK1:PTEN诱导假定激酶1 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1;SOD2:超氧化物歧化酶2 superoxide dismutase 2。 数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。Value columns with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). Fig.1 mRNA relative expression levels of antioxidant-related genes in liver and jejunum |
2.4 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡肝脏和空肠形态结构的影响
图2 肉鸡肝脏和空肠组织HE染色切片组织学观察(肝脏:200×;空肠:100×)绿色箭头指示的是肝窦扩张,紫色箭头指示的是炎性细胞灶性浸润,红色箭头指示的是血管淤血。 Fig.2 Histological observation of HE-stained sections of liver and jejunum tissues in broilers (liver: 200×; jejunum: 100×) Green arrow showed sinusoidal dilatation, purple arrow showed focal inflammatory cell infiltration, and red arrow showed vascular congestion. |
表7 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡空肠形态结构的影响Table 7 Effects of continuous intraperitoneal injection of DQ on jejunal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | |||
| 绒毛高度VH/μm | 1 780.28a | 1 521.84b | 1 508.16b | 10.312 | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度CD/μm | 205.20c | 229.90b | 256.82a | 6.495 | <0.001 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 7.36a | 6.63b | 6.95ab | 0.194 | 0.009 |
2.5 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡空肠微生物多样性的影响
2.5.1 空肠微生物扩增子序列变异(ASV)分布特征
2.5.2 空肠微生物Alpha多样性
2.5.3 空肠微生物Beta多样性
2.5.4 空肠微生物在门和属水平上的组成
2.5.5 空肠微生物LEfSe分析
2.5.6 空肠中抗氧化指标和抗氧化相关基因与菌属的相关性
图8 空肠中抗氧化指标和抗氧化相关基因与菌属的相关性分析SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力 total antioxidant capacity;MDA:丙二醛 malondialdehyde;HO-1:血红素加氧酶-1 heme oxygenase-1;Nrf2:核因子E2相关因子2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;PINK1:PTEN诱导假定激酶1 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1;SOD2:超氧化物歧化酶2 superoxide dismutase 2。*:显著相关 significant correlation (P<0.05);**:极显著相关 extremely significant correlation (P<0.01)。 Fig.8 Correlation analysis between antioxidant indicators or antioxidant-related genes and bacterial genera in jejunum |
2.6 连续腹腔注射DQ对肉鸡血清代谢物的影响
2.6.1 PLS-DA
图9 正、负离子模式下的PLS-DA得分图Fig 9 PLS-DA score plots in positive and negative ion modes A:CON组vs T1组正离子模式下得分图 score plot of CON group vs T1 group in positive ion mode;B:CON组vs T2组正离子模式下得分图 score plot of CON group vs T2 group in positive ion mode;C:T1组vs T2组正离子模式下得分图 score plot of T1 group vs T2 group in positive ion mode;D:CON组vs T1组负离子模式下得分图 score plot of CON group vs T1 group in negative ion mode;E:CON组vs T2组负离子模式下得分图 score plot of CON group vs T2 group in negative ion mode;F:T1组vs T2组负离子模式下得分图score plot of T1 group vs T2 group in negative ion mode。 |
2.6.2 差异代谢物的筛选
2.6.3 代谢物聚类分析
图11 CON组vs T1组血清代谢物聚类热图Fig.11 Cluster heatmaps of serum metabolites of CON group vs T1 group |
图12 CON组vs T2组血清代谢物聚类热图Fig.12 Cluster heatmaps of serum metabolites of CON group vs T2 group |
