Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 7: 4608 - 4619

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.377

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid and Betaine on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Antioxidant Properties and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Beef Cattle in Late Fattening Period

  • CAI Xinyu , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Lin 1 ,
  • CHEN Qun , 1, * ,
  • QIU Yulang 1 ,
  • ZHAO Kexin 1, 2
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  • 1 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry Branch, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-12-02

  Online published: 2025-07-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid and betaine on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, carcass traits, antioxidant properties and rumen fermentation parameters of Simmental beef cattle in the late fattening period. Twenty-four healthy Simmental crossbred steers in good condition and with an average body weight of (503.32±4.43) kg were selected and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates of one steer in each group. The control group was fed the basal diet only and the treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5 g/kg guanidinoacetic acid+0.4 g/kg betaine (groupⅠ), 1.0 g/kg guanidinoacetic acid+0.8 g/kg betaine (group Ⅱ), and 1.5 g/kg guanidinoacetic acid+1.2 g/kg betaine (group Ⅲ), respectively. The total experiment period was 74 d, pre-test period was 14 d and main test period was 60 d. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the differences in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, the apparent digestibility of crude protein, and the apparent digestibility of crude fat in group Ⅱ were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acidic detergent fiber in group Ⅲ was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the differences in average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake in group Ⅱ were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the initial body weight and final body weight among each group (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the backfat thickness in group Ⅱ was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the loin muscle area in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05) and the intramuscular fat content in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum total antioxidant capacity and the activities of glutathione catalase and catalase in group Ⅱ were significantly increased (P<0.05), the activity of superoxide dismutase showed no significant difference (P>0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the pH in group Ⅱ was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the differences in ammonia nitrogen and propionic acid contents were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the differences in total volatile fatty acid, acetate,sobutyrate,butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and hexanoate contents and acetate/propionate were not significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, adding 1.0 g/kg guanidine acetic acid+0.8 g /kg betaine to the diet of fattening cattle can improve growth performance, carcass traits, enhance antioxidant capacity, increase the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the rumen’s ability to degrade nutrients.

Key words： guanidinoacetic acid; betaine; beef cattle; growth performance; carcass traits; antioxidant properties; rumen fermentation parameters

Cite this article

CAI Xinyu , LI Lin , CHEN Qun , QIU Yulang , ZHAO Kexin . Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid and Betaine on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Antioxidant Properties and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Beef Cattle in Late Fattening Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(7) : 4608 -4619 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.377

肉牛育肥产业是我国畜牧业发展中重要支柱产业,使用饲料添加剂进行营养调控,提高饲料转化效率和生长性能,对肉牛育肥产业至关重要。胍基乙酸(guanidine acetic acid,GAA)又名胍乙酸、N-脒基甘氨酸,是农业农村部第2167、2572号公告批准在我国生产使用的新型饲料添加剂[1-2]。GAA是肌酸(creatine,Cr)及其磷酸化衍生物磷酸肌酸(P-creatine,PCr)的直接前体物质[3]。GAA参与能量代谢、Cr合成[4-6],从而改善动物生长性能、促进胰岛素分泌、提高家畜抗氧化能力[7-9]。Li等[10]在安格斯公牛饲粮中添加不同水平GAA,对瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量、微生物生长和酶活性均有显著影响,结果表明GAA可用于改善公牛生长性能,提高饲料效率。Liu等[11]试验发现,与对照组相比,在安格斯公牛饲粮中添加0.6 g/kg GAA,显著增加平均日增重(ADG)。邱明科[12]研究表明,在西门塔尔杂交牛饲粮中添加400 g/t GAA对ADG、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)均有显著影响,进而改善西门塔尔杂交牛抗氧化能力、生长性能。反刍家畜自身合成的Cr无法满足生长需求[13],植物性饲粮不含有Cr[14],会造成反刍家畜Cr匮乏,故需外源性补充Cr。甜菜碱(betaine,BT)又称三甲基甘氨酸,是一种生物碱类物质。BT广泛存在于天然植物的根、茎、叶及果实中,甜菜的糖蜜是BT的主要来源[15]。BT可用作家畜体内重要的渗透剂和甲基供体,BT主要通过转移甲基方式来调节营养物质的代谢及利用[16]。Wang等[17]试验研究,在饲粮中添加0.6 g/kg BT增强安格斯公牛瘤胃液微生物功能、提高生长性能及营养物质转化能力。Lakhani等[18]研究发现,饲粮中添加BT可以显著提高KF杂交母牛的干物质(DM)采食量、饲料转化率,显著增加血浆生长激素和总胰岛素样生长因子的含量。GAA作为合成Cr的前体物质,能够促进Cr合成,且伴随同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的生成,同时也会消耗大量的甲基供体,Hcy过度累积可引发“同型半胱氨酸血症”,对动物机体的健康造成危害[19]。BT作为良好的三甲基供体,还可在甜菜碱-同型半胱氨酸S-甲基转移酶(betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase,BHMT)催化下,BT的甲基与Hcy转化为蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)和二甲基甘氨酸,降低血液中Hcy含量。Liu等[20]研究发现,在小鼠饲粮中添加BT能减少同型半胱氨酸血症的发生。鉴于GAA和BT在合成Cr途径上的协同作用,本试验探究GAA和BT的最适添加量,为GAA和BT在肉牛育肥中的高效利用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验将GAA和BT混合制成复合营养调控剂,其中GAA成分保证值≥98.5%;BT成分保证值≥98%。GAA和BT单独添加量参照相关研究[12]所得。

1.2 试验设计

动物试验经吉林农业大学动物福利伦理委员会批准(批准文号:KT2019012)。
选取健康、体况良好、体重在(503.32±4.43) kg的西门塔尔杂交牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验期74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d。具体处理方法及试验分组见表1。
表1 处理方法及试验分组

Table 1 Treatment methods and test groups

组别 Groups 处理方式 Treatment methods
对照 Control 基础饲粮
Ⅰ 基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg GAA+0.4 g/kg BT
Ⅱ 基础饲粮+1.0 g/kg GAA+0.8 g/kg BT
Ⅲ 基础饲粮+1.5 g/kg GAA+1.2 g/kg BT

1.3 试验饲粮

依据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表2。饲粮由精料和玉米秸秆组合而成,玉米秸秆使用膨化处理,以风干物质计,精粗比为6:4。GAA和BT预先混合,然后与精料进行二次搅拌。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米秸秆 Corn stalks 40.00
玉米 Corn 36.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS 10.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 5.50
菜籽粕 Canola meal 3.60
尿素 Urea 0.40
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.20
氯化钠 NaCl 0.44
磷酸二氢钠 NaH2PO4 0.16
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 1.00
石粉 Limestone 1.00
预混料 Premix1) 1.70
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
综合净能 NEmf/(MJ/kg) 6.66
粗蛋白质 CP 11.23
粗脂肪 EE 2.38
粗纤维 CF 19.39
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 40.78
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 24.83
钙 Ca 0.63
磷 P 0.32

1)每千克预混料含有 One kg of premix contained the following:VA 200 000 IU,VD3 25 000 IU, VE 4 000 IU,Fe 3 500 mg,Mn 2 000 mg,Zn 1 500 mg,Cu 550 mg,I 30 mg,Se 15 mg,Co 15 mg, Ca 150 g,P 60 g。
2) 综合净能为计算值,依据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)计算,其他为测定值。NEmf was a calculated value, which was calculated according to Beef Cattle Breeding Standard (NY/T 815—2004), while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验开始前对试验牛舍进行清扫、消毒工作,将所有试验牛进行统一检疫、注射疫苗、称重并编号。试验期间按照牛场标准进行常规免疫、消毒,每日定时清扫圈舍,试验牛全部采用单槽拴系式饲养,每天定时饲喂2次,饲喂时间分别为07:00和16:00,自由饮水。

1.5 样品收集与指标测定

1.5.1 生长性能

在正试开始试验的当天、晨饲前,将全部试验牛称重、记录初始体重(IBW);在试验结束当天、晨饲前,将全部试验牛称重、记录终末体重(FBW);依据IBW和FBW来计算全部试验牛的ADG。试验期间准确记录每日每头牛耗料量与剩料量,以此计算ADFI、F/G。生长性能计算公式如下:
ADG=(FBW-IBW)/正试期天数;
ADFI=耗料量-剩料量/正试期天数;
F/G= ADFI/ADG。

1.5.2 养分表观消化率

正试期第58、59、60天,连续3 d使用全收粪法采集粪便样品,每一试验牛粪等比例混匀,留取鲜重的10%加入酒石酸固氮装盒并标记放入-20 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。试验期结束后,将冷冻粪便样品置于烘箱(60~75 ℃)烘干恒重后室内回潮24 h,将样品称重、粉碎至粉末状且通过40目筛子后留存备用,用于后续养分表观消化率的测定。
饲粮及粪便样品中DM含量参照GB/T 6435—2014中方法测定;粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018中方法测定;粗脂肪(EE)含量参照GB/T 6433—2006中方法测定;粗纤维(CF)含量参照GB/T 6434—2022中方法测定;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量参照GB/T 20806—2022中方法测定;酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参照NY/T 1459—2022中方法测定;钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018中方法测定;磷(P)含量参照GB/T 6437—2018中方法测定。某养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率=[(饲粮中某养分含量-粪便中某养分含量)/饲粮中某养分含量]×100。

1.5.3 胴体性状

胴体性状指标包括背膘厚度、眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量。测量方法参照GB/T 43838—2024肉牛生产性能测定技术规范。在正试期第58天,利用超声波活体测膘仪器(郑州博祥来电子科技有限公司)测定背膘厚度、眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量。

1.5.4 血清抗氧化指标

在正试期第59天,于晨饲前对每头试验牛进行颈静脉采血,使用真空采集管收集血液样品10 mL,室温下静置30 min分层,置于离心机1 509.3×g离心15 min,分装上层清液,放于-80 ℃冰箱存用。采取酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),试剂盒购自碧云天生物技术公司,操作严格按照说明书进行。

1.5.5 瘤胃发酵参数

在正试期第60天,于晨饲3 h后保定试验牛,使用胃管式瘤胃液采集器通过试验牛口腔采集瘤胃液200 mL。舍弃前50 mL瘤胃液避免口腔内唾液污染,再使用采集器连续抽取200 mL瘤胃液,立即使用雷磁pH计测定试验牛瘤胃液pH,瘤胃液经4层纱布过滤后置于5和10 mL无菌冻存管内,存于-20 ℃冰箱用于测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量。使用气相色谱仪(HF-906,惠分仪器有限公司)进行VFA含量测定,使用赛默飞全波长酶标仪进行NH3-N含量测定。

1.6 数据分析

使用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析,使用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,“平均值±标准差”表示结果,P<0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期生长性能的影响

由表3可知,各组间IBW、FBW差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ组的ADG、ADFI显著高于对照组、Ⅰ组(P<0.05),与对照组相比,Ⅱ组ADG、ADFI分别提高了15.69%、8.32%;与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组料重比显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ组料重比降低了7.72%。
表3 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of addition of GAA and BT on growth performance of beef cattle in late fattening period

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
对照 Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
初始体重 IBW/kg 502.74±4.77 504.64±5.23 502.21±5.15 504.69±4.08 0.936
终末体重 FBW/kg 564.54±4.71 569.84±5.26 574.41±5.14 568.51±3.73 0.880
平均日增重 ADG/(kg/d) 1.02±0.04c 1.05±0.02bc 1.18±0.05a 1.08±0.02b 0.012
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 9.73±0.31b 9.89±0.39b 10.54±0.30a 10.72±0.28a 0.035
料重比 F/G 9.59±0.44a 9.49±0.38b 8.85±0.33c 9.24±0.12b 0.022

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组DM表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅱ组CP表观消化率显著提高了7.38%(P<0.05);Ⅱ组的EE表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组NDF表观消化率显著高于Ⅰ组、对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ组ADF表观消化率显著提高了7.25%(P<0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ组ADF表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表4 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of addition of GAA and BT on apparent digestibility of nutrients of beef cattle in late fattening period %

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
对照 Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
干物质 DM 73.42±1.69b 75.49±1.03ab 76.81±1.87a 77.64±1.82a 0.002
粗蛋白质 CP 68.04±1.45d 70.22±1.26c 73.06±1.63a 71.86±1.22b 0.006
粗脂肪 EE 55.15±2.29b 59.53±3.43ab 70.93±2.87a 60.29±3.09ab 0.020
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 68.57±1.73c 71.33±1.68b 72.86±1.86ab 73.54±1.76a 0.016
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 58.57±1.02b 60.33±1.68ab 61.12±1.49ab 62.24±1.94a 0.018

2.3 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期胴体性状的影响

由表5可知,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组背膘厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组眼肌面积显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ组肌内脂肪含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期胴体性状的影响

Table 5 Effects of addition of GAA and BT on carcass traits of beef cattle in late fattening period

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
对照 Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
背膘厚度 Back-fat thickness/cm 1.09±0.02a 0.99±0.02b 0.81±0.03c 0.94±0.02b 0.002
眼肌面积 Loin muscle area/cm2 56.22±1.72b 63.81±3.52a 63.90±1.21a 61.30±2.48a 0.001
肌内脂肪 Intramuscular fat/% 3.30±0.07b 3.41±0.17b 3.52±0.15ab 3.81±0.03a 0.004

2.4 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组、Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4个组间血清SOD活性无显著差异(P>0.05);Ⅱ组血清CAT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间差异不显著(P>0.05)
表6 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of addition GAA and BT on serum antioxidant indexes of beef cattle in late fattening period

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
对照 Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) 0.92±0.02b 0.93±0.02b 1.08±0.04a 1.13±0.06a 0.003
谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 111.98±12.21b 142.66±10.87a 167.43±15.78a 170.27±12.61a 0.001
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) 102.59±3.54 103.50±2.37 103.89±2.34 103.17±2.35 0.294
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) 1.61±0.27b 1.79±0.15ab 2.45±0.41a 2.01±0.13ab 0.023
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) 5.06±0.77a 3.95±0.72ab 2.77±0.44b 3.59±0.21ab 0.009

2.5 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,Ⅱ组瘤胃液pH显著降低(P<0.05),NH3-N含量显著增加(P<0.05);各组间瘤胃液中TVFA、乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸含量和乙丙比无显著差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅱ组的瘤胃液丙酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)。
表7 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 7 Effects of addition of GAA and BT on rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle in late fattening period

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
对照 Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
pH 6.88±0.55a 6.70±0.45b 6.56±0.75c 6.53±0.55c 0.004
氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/L) 3.77±0.41b 3.66±0.52b 5.72±0.14a 5.59±0.45a 0.012
总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) 22.63±1.36 21.29±1.08 23.48±1.64 21.99±1.45 0.910
乙酸 Acetate/% 40.68±1.45 41.74±1.84 42.03±2.44 41.82±0.98 0.211
丙酸 Propionate/% 24.48±1.65c 25.28±0.73b 27.87±1.33a 26.42±1.26ab 0.005
异丁酸 Isobutyrate/% 3.19±0.16 3.05±0.38 2.98±0.13 2.67±0.19 0.094
丁酸 Butyrate/% 24.25±1.81 22.30±1.07 21.61±1.14 22.17±2.37 0.313
异戊酸 Isovalerate/% 3.28±0.24 3.38±0.33 3.36±0.37 3.59±0.35 0.602
戊酸 Valerate/% 2.31±0.21 2.34±0.15 2.11±0.21 2.13±0.14 0.340
己酸 Hexanoate/% 0.34±0.08 0.41±0.02 0.40±0.08 0.45±0.07 0.188
乙丙比 A/P 1.61±0.09 1.64±0.18 1.66±0.15 1.58±0.06 0.856

3 讨论

3.1 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期生长性能的影响

GAA和BT皆通过一碳单位代谢途径来调控动物生长发育[21]。研究发现在舍饲滩羊饲粮中添加GAA,显著提高ADG及F/G[22]。另有研究发现,在安格斯公牛和育肥猪饲粮中添加GAA,显著提高ADF[23]。Wang等[17]研究发现,在安格斯公牛饲粮中添加BT,显著提高ADG、NDF、ADF及饲料转化效率,但对DM采食量和公牛总增重无显著影响。Dong等[24]试验发现,在湖羊饲粮中添加6 g/d过瘤胃BT,ADFI有提高趋势。马晨[25]在试验期1~30 d,同时补喂1 500 mg/kg GAA和600 mg/kg BT,绵羊ADG显著增加。任国栋[26]研究发现,在公羔羊饲粮中同时添加600 mg/kg GAA和5 g/d BT,与基础饲粮组相比,羔羊ADG显著提高。邱明科[12]发现,在放牧条件下,与对照组相比,西门塔尔杂交牛饲粮中添加400 g/t GAA对ADG、ADFI有显著影响,且联合添加500 g/t GAA和400 g/t BT与单独添加1 000 g/t GAA相比,ADG、ADFI、F/G无显著差异。本研究联合添加与上述试验单独添加相比较,育肥牛生长性能得到进一步提高,且本研究与上述联合添加试验结果基本一致。在饲粮中外源性补充GAA可提高动物机体Cr水平,参与细胞能量代谢[5],从而提高家畜生长性能。且外源性添加GAA还能发挥替代或节约精氨酸(arginine,Arg)的作用,促使Arg更有效用于蛋白质合成[27],进而改善生长性能[28]。研究还发现,GAA还能调节释放激素,促进动物机体内胰岛素样生长因子和胰岛素水平上升[29],从而达到促进生长目的。BT的添加不仅为GAA合成Cr时提供充足的甲基供体,还直接参与脂质代谢与蛋氨酸循环机制、促进家畜采食行为、提高饲粮转化效率、改善肉品质及减少应激导致的副作用[30-32]。

3.2 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期养分表观消化率的影响

育肥牛生长性能的关键在于养分表观消化率的高低[33]。Cr在养分吸收代谢中起着重要的作用[34]。BT在改善动物肠道消化酶活性、肠道形态及促进消化吸收中起着重要作用[35]。本研究在肉牛育肥后期饲粮中联合添加GAA和BT,显著增加DM、CP、EE、NDF及ADF表观消化率,与Li等[10]研究结果一致,添加GAA能够改善瘤胃内环境、提高消化道酶活性,从而增加饲粮转化效率。Cheng等[36]研究表明,在奶牛饲粮中补充BT,提高饲粮转化效率及有机物质、DM、CP、NDF、ADF的表观消化率;降低瘤胃pH及提高瘤胃TVFA含量。BT调节细胞渗透压从而调节肠道微生物活性,提高营养物质在家畜体内消化吸收水平。Li等[37]发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加GAA,显著提高养分表观消化率、采食量、ADG及瘤胃TVFA含量。Liu等[11]研究表明,在安格斯公牛饲粮中额外添加GAA,DM、NDF和ADF的表观消化率随着饲粮中GAA添加水平增加而增加。刘笑梅等[38]试验发现,在公羔羊饲粮中补充900 mg/kg GAA,显著提高养分表观消化率。额外添加GAA使得瘤胃菌群多样性及饲料转化效率提高。刘森[39]试验指出,在育肥绵羊饲粮中联合补充GAA和BT,显著提高DM、NDF、ADF表观消化率。单独添加GAA受Hcy含量限制,联合添加GAA和BT能够提高养分表观消化率,增加饲料代谢速率和消化能力,进而改善生长性能。

3.3 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期胴体性状的影响

眼肌面积、背膘厚度和肌内脂肪是评价胴体产肉性能及脂肪含量的重要经济指标。眼肌面积与产肉性能呈正相关[40];肌内脂肪含量与饲粮有关,饲粮能量和蛋白质水平调控动物机体脂肪沉积量。李秀丽等[40]试验发现,添加0.06% GAA组肉羊胴体重和眼肌面积显著高于其他组。段浩楠等[41]在育肥猪试验中发现,试验组屠宰率和眼肌面积与对照组相比皆显著提高,且GAA和BT联合添加与对照组相比均升高。Jayaraman等[42]研究表明,在育肥猪饲粮中添加0.12% GAA,提高增重和饲料效率,与未添加GAA组相比瘦肉含量更高、脂肪含量更低、背膘厚度更低。辛均平[43]试验表明,添加0.2%GAA组锦江黄牛背膘厚度增加,且眼肌面积极显著提高。晁雅琳等[22]试验发现,在舍饲滩羊饲粮中添加GAA,可以显著提高屠宰率,降低皮下脂肪含量,显著提高肌内脂肪含量。GAA能够降低肝脏脂肪酶活性,减少动物机体内脂肪沉积[44]。GAA在反刍家畜和单胃家畜的作用相似,GAA生成Cr与PCr组成的磷酸原系统为肌肉生长提供更充足的ATP[45]。另有研究表明,GAA可以促使生长激素分泌[19]且生长激素能够直接提高脂肪转化速率[46]。联合添加GAA和BT对反刍家畜胴体性状鲜有报道,本研究联合添加GAA和BT显著降低西门塔尔杂交牛的背膘厚度,显著提高眼肌面积和肌内脂肪含量。

3.4 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期血清抗氧化指标的影响

在动物生长代谢过程中,源源不断产生自由基。在健康的生理状态下,动物机体自身氧化还原系统处于一个动态平衡的状态,该系统通过代谢不断产生的抗氧化物质、清除不断产生的自由基,维持动物机体动态平衡[46]。若氧化还原系统失去动态平衡,则可能产生过量活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),因ROS具有氧化活性故会破坏生物膜、蛋白质以及DNA、RNA等大分子物质[47]。动物机体的T-AOC是由体内抗氧化酶(GSH-Px、SOD、CAT)组成[48]。MDA是细胞膜脂质经氧化产生的终产物,可以反映动物机体氧化损伤和细胞损伤[49]。王子苑等[50]研究表明,在西门塔尔公牛饲粮中添加GAA,显著增加血清GSH-Px、CAT活性及T-AOC,降低MDA含量。Cr能够通过清除细胞内的ROS和自由基来表现其抗氧化能力[51]。Shah等[52]研究指出,在处于热应激状态下的奶牛饲粮中添加BT,血清GSH-Px、SOD活性及T-AOC显著增加,MDA含量显著降低,进而缓解奶牛应激情况。李贞明等[53]研究发现,在饲粮中添加GAA和BT,育肥猪血清中T-AOC显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。任国栋[26]研究表明,在羔羊饲粮中添加GAA和BT能够显著提高血清GSH-Px、SOD活性及T-AOC,有提高CAT活性趋势,显著降低MDA含量。本试验联合添加GAA和BT,显著提高育肥牛血清T-AOC及GSH-Px、CAT活性,显著降低MDA含量。GAA不能直接作用于ROS和自由基,GAA转化成的Cr具备抗氧化能力,外源性添加GAA可以节约Arg[27],Arg具备清除自由基的能力[54]。BT通过调节细胞渗透压来平衡细胞内环境,改善动物机体抵抗应激的能力[55]。BT通过参与蛋氨酸循环利用和Hcy水解途径,增强非酶抗氧化系统、增加谷胱甘肽合成所需要物质、合成相关抗氧化酶,最终提高家畜抗氧化能力[56]。

3.5 添加GAA和BT对肉牛育肥后期瘤胃发酵参数的影响

反刍家畜具有一个由大量微生物组成的器官——瘤胃,是一个天然厌氧空间,为瘤胃菌群提供繁殖发育的必需环境。瘤胃菌群在发酵过程中合成VFA、NH3-N等物质,是反刍家畜瘤胃生理健康状况及对营养物质转化能力的重要指标。反刍家畜70%~80%的能量来源是由短链脂肪酸提供,且VFA与养分表观消化率成正比,与pH成反比[57]。NH3-N是瘤胃菌群合成微生物蛋白的重要氮源,NH3-N含量可以衡量出反刍家畜瘤胃菌群对含氮营养物质的转化能力及瘤胃菌群利用NH3-N合成微生物蛋白的水平,适宜含量的NH3-N可促进瘤胃内各种微生物生长繁殖,过低的NH3-N含量会导致合成微生物蛋白的速率降低,反刍家畜对饲粮中营养物质利用效率亦降低。Li等[10]研究表明,在精粗比5:5的饲粮中添加GAA,丙酸含量显著增加,瘤胃液pH、NH-N3含量显著降低。Liu等[58]研究表明,添加GAA和BT显著增加TVFA和NH3-N含量,显著降低pH。任国栋[26]研究发现,在羔羊饲粮中添加GAA和BT能显著提高瘤胃丙酸、TVFA含量。本研究联合添加GAA和BT显著降低瘤胃pH,显著增加NH3-N含量,升高瘤胃TVFA含量。瘤胃降解后蛋白质会产生NH3-N,一方面合成微生物蛋白,另一方面可以通过瘤胃壁吸收[58]。纤维素在瘤胃pH 6.46~6.80时消化率较高,瘤胃pH降低为6.56时不会对瘤胃微生物生长和营养物质的降解产生影响[10-11]。瘤胃TVFA含量的增加与DM、CP、NDF及ADF表观消化率的变化相符合,侧面反映出添加GAA和BT能促进营养物质在瘤胃降解。

4 结论

在育肥牛饲粮中联合添加1.0 g/kg GAA和0.8 g/kg BT,改善饲粮中营养物质转化效率,提高育肥牛ADG和ADFI,降低F/G,增加眼肌面积及减少脂肪沉积量,增强抗氧化能力,减少应激,促进瘤胃微生物合成VFA、蛋白质的降解及提高瘤胃菌群利用NH3-N合成微生物蛋白的能力。

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