Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 8: 5214 - 5224

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.424

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Non-Phytate Phosphorus Levels on Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, Tibia Indices and Phosphorus Apparent Digestibility of Laying Hens Aged from 20 to 62 Weeks

  • XIE Qingzhu , 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Zengmin 1, 2 ,
  • DU Yuanjun 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Xiaohui 1, 2 ,
  • LIAO Yuxue 1, 2 ,
  • XIA Guangliang 1, 2 ,
  • SHEN Yingchao 1, 2 ,
  • YAO Juncheng 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Wei , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Anchee (Shandong) Animal Nutrition Research Academy Co., Ltd., Ji’nan 250104, China
  • 2 Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Laying Hens, Ji’nan 250104, China
*intermediate stockist, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-01-08

  Online published: 2025-08-14

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) levels on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, tibia indices and phosphorus apparent digestibility of laying hens aged from 20 to 62 weeks. A total of 420 healthy 20-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 14 hens per replicate. Dietary NPP levels in 5 groups were 0.10%, 0.12%, 0.14%, 0.16% and 0.18%, respectively, and 1 000 FTU/kg high-efficiency phytase was supplemented in all diets. The pre-experimental period lasted for 1 week, and the experimental period lasted for 42 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in performance among all groups (P>0.05). 2) At 44, 52 and 60 weeks of age, the eggshell thickness of 0.10% NPP group was significantly lower than that of 0.18% NPP group (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in albumen height, Haugh unit, eggshell strength and eggshell color among all groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in the contents of calcium, phosphorus, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of laying hens among all groups (P>0.05). 4) The tibia ash content of 0.10% NPP group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), the tibia calcium content was significantly lower than that of 0.12%, 0.14% and 0.18% NPP groups (P<0.05), and tibia phosphorus content was significantly lower than that of 0.12% and 0.14% NPP groups (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in tibia defatted dry weight and tibia strength among all groups (P>0.05). 5) The phosphorus intake and excretion of 0.14%, 0.16% and 0.18% NPP groups were significantly higher than that of 0.10% group (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, under the condition of adding 1 000 FTU/kg high-efficiency phytase, reducing dietary NPP level has no significant effect on performance and serum biochemical indices of laying hens aged from 20 to 62 weeks, however, it has significant effects on eggshell thickness, tibia quality and phosphorus excretion. Considering performance, egg quality, tibia quality and phosphorus excretion of laying hens, when diet adding 1 000 FTU/kg high-efficiency phytase, it is recommended that the NPP supplemental level is 0.02% in corn-soybean meal-based diet for laying hens aged from 20 to 62 weeks (dietary NPP level is 0.12%).

Key words： non-phytate phosphorus; laying hens; performance; egg quality; tibia indices; phosphorus excretion

Cite this article

XIE Qingzhu , LIU Zengmin , DU Yuanjun , LIU Xiaohui , LIAO Yuxue , XIA Guangliang , SHEN Yingchao , YAO Juncheng , LIU Wei . Effects of Dietary Non-Phytate Phosphorus Levels on Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, Tibia Indices and Phosphorus Apparent Digestibility of Laying Hens Aged from 20 to 62 Weeks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(8) : 5214 -5224 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.424

磷是动物所必需的矿物质之一,广泛参与体内的代谢活动[1]。对于蛋鸡而言,骨骼发育在12周龄可达到成年母鸡的90%左右,在20周龄完成整体发育[2],因此磷在产蛋期蛋鸡上主要用于维持骨骼功能和蛋壳的形成[3]。植物原料里的磷多以植酸和植酸盐的形式存在,难以被单胃动物利用[4]。无机磷属于非再生资源,在饲粮中过量添加不仅会加重磷矿资源的消耗,还会增加粪尿排泄物中的磷含量,造成环境污染[5-6]。因此,精准控制饲粮非植酸磷(non-phytate phosphorus,NPP)水平及添加方式尤为重要。张霞等[7]研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮(NPP水平0.21%)中添加750 FTU/kg植酸酶,能够提高46~62周龄京红1号蛋鸡蛋壳强度和光泽度,降低不合格蛋率。程曦[8]研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中添加2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶,可以满足25~40周龄海兰褐蛋鸡对磷的需求。任跃昌[9]研究发现,在添加1 470 FTU/kg植酸酶的条件下,饲粮NPP水平从0.30%降低到0不会对老龄蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重和料蛋比造成负面影响。Ahmadi等[10]对14项试验进行荟萃分析发现,当饲粮中分别添加150、300和400 FTU/kg植酸酶时,蛋鸡饲粮适宜NPP水平分别为0.18%、0.15%和0.14%。以上研究表明,饲粮中添加植酸酶已经成为提高植酸磷利用率的有效途径[11-12]。
目前,畜禽饲粮中NPP的主要来源为磷酸一二钙(mono-dicalcium phosphate,MDCP)和磷酸氢钙(dibasic calcium phosphate,DCP),但DCP中枸溶性磷的含量相对较高,磷的利用率偏低,而MDCP中含有10%以上的水溶性磷,在肉鸡和肉鸭上表现出更高的生物学利用率[13-14]。高效植酸酶与MDCP联合应用的潜力尚未在长周期蛋鸡试验中验证。因此,本试验在国内外对蛋鸡产蛋期饲粮适宜NPP水平研究的基础上,以MDCP作为无机磷源并添加新一代高效植酸酶,探究饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标、胫骨指标和磷表观消化率的影响,为产蛋前期至产蛋高峰期蛋鸡饲粮中NPP的配制水平提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲粮

本试验经安池(山东)动物营养研究院有限公司动物福利委员会的伦理批准(批准号20221210)。
选取420只20周龄体重相近的健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复14只鸡(每笼7只)。玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(不添加外源磷)含有0.10%的NPP,并添加1 000 FTU/kg高效植酸酶;以MDCP作为外源磷,分别在基础饲粮中添加0、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%的NPP,即各组饲粮NPP水平分别为0.10%、0.12%、0.14%、0.16%、0.18%。试验所用的高效植酸酶和MDCP购自云南某公司,植酸酶活性为10 000 FTU/g;MDCP中钙含量为15.01%,磷含量为21.37%。参考《产蛋鸡和肉鸡配合饲料》(GB/T 5916—2020)对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡配合饲料主要营养成分指标的推荐配制饲粮,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。预试期1周,正试期42周。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 非植酸磷水平NPP levels/%
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 62.50 62.50 62.50 62.50 62.50
豆粕Soybean meal 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
豆油Soybean oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
贝壳粉Shell powder 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50
石粉Limestone 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34
磷酸一二钙MDCP 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
沸石粉Zeolite 0.41 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.18
预混料Premix1) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.30 11.30 11.30 11.30 11.30
粗蛋白质CP 16.79 16.82 16.83 16.83 16.82
钙Ca 3.82 3.90 4.02 3.96 3.98
总磷TP 0.32 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.45
非植酸磷NPP 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
蛋氨酸Met 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74
赖氨酸Lys 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 900 IU,VD3 4 500 IU,VE 40 mg,VK 2.5 mg,VB1 3.0 mg,VB2 6.0 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.080 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,烟酸 niacin 35 mg,植酸酶 phytase 1 000 FTU,Mn 90 mg,Zn 80 mg,Fe 40 mg,Cu 8 mg,I 1.2 mg,Se 0.35 mg。
2)粗蛋白质、钙、总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.2 饲养管理

本试验在山东优亿鲜蛋业有限公司试验鸡舍进行。试验采用封闭式鸡舍层叠式笼养,每天光照16 h,室内相对湿度保持在50%~80%,结合自然通风和纵向负压通风方式确保舍内空气流通。试验期间保证蛋鸡自由饮水和采食,每日饲喂3次,饲喂时间分别为08:00、15:00和18:00,每日收蛋1次,鸡群按照常规程序接受免疫接种。

1.3 指标测定及方法

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分测定

饲粮中粗蛋白质、钙、总磷含量的测定分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018。饲粮中植酸磷含量的测定采用沉淀消解法[15],然后根据公式(NPP含量=总磷含量-植酸磷含量)计算饲粮NPP含量[16]。代谢能和氨基酸含量参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算得出。

1.3.2 生产性能

试验正试期以重复为单位,每日记录蛋重、产蛋个数、破软壳蛋数和蛋鸡死淘数等数据,计算蛋鸡的平均日采食量、平均蛋重、平均日产蛋量、产蛋率、破软蛋率、料蛋比和死淘率。

1.3.3 蛋品质

分别于28、36、44、52和60周龄末,每个重复随机选取6枚鸡蛋,采用多功能蛋品质分析仪(EMT-7300II,Robotmation,日本)测定蛋白高度和哈氏单位;采用蛋壳强度测试仪(EFG-0503,Robotmation,日本)测定蛋壳强度;采用蛋壳颜色测定仪(QCR2000,TSS,英国)测定蛋壳颜色;采用蛋壳厚度测定仪(ETG-1060,Robotmation,日本)测定蛋壳厚度。

1.3.4 血清生化指标

在62周龄末,各重复随机选择2只鸡,翅静脉采血5 mL于离心管中,913×g离心10 min,取上清液-20 ℃保存。采用全自动生化分析仪(BS-420,迈瑞医疗国际股份有限公司)测定血清钙、磷含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(武汉基因美科技有限公司)测定血清降钙素(CT)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)和1,25-二羟基维生素D3[1,25-(OH)2-VD3]含量。

1.3.5 胫骨指标

在62周龄末,每个重复随机选择2只体重相近的蛋鸡处死,解剖分离右侧胫骨并去除周围的肌肉和软组织,测量胫骨强度。采用质构仪(TA.XT Plus,SMS公司,英国)进行三点弯曲试验,跨距40 mm,传感器载荷为1 000 N,以2 mm/min的下降速度对胫骨施压,直至断裂。解剖分离左侧胫骨,沸水煮5 min,剥离肌肉和软组织后放在乙醚中脱脂8 h,然后无水乙醇浸泡12 h,在105 ℃烘箱内烘干至恒重,放入马弗炉550 ℃灰化20 h后称重,灰化后测定钙、磷和灰分含量。

1.3.6 钙、磷代谢指标

在62周龄末,从每个重复选取体重相近的2只鸡置于代谢笼中,采用全收粪法进行代谢试验,预试期7 d,正试期3 d。每天固定时间准确记录采食量,每天收集鸡的排泄物,捡出鸡毛和饲粮颗粒,在排泄物上喷洒10%盐酸溶液,放入烘箱105 ℃烘干,称绝干重量,在粉碎机里粉碎后过40目筛,将样品混匀后取样,测定样品中钙和磷含量,计算钙、磷表观消化率,公式如下:

钙表观消化率(%)=[(采食量×饲粮中钙含量-排泄物量×排泄物中钙含量)/(采食量×饲粮中钙含量)]×100;

磷表观消化率(%)=[(采食量×饲粮中磷含量-排泄物量×排泄物中磷含量)/(采食量×饲粮中磷含量)]×100。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 19.0软件中的one-way ANOVA程序进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan氏法对差异显著指标进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡平均日采食量、平均蛋重、平均日产蛋量、产蛋率、软破蛋率、料蛋比和死淘率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary NPP levels on performance of laying hens aged from 20 to 62 weeks

项目
Items		 饲粮非植酸磷水平Dietary NPP levels/% P值
P-value
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
平均日采食量
Average daily feed intake/(g/d)		 112.73±2.17 111.35±1.25 113.84±1.85 112.31±1.41 114.44±2.04 0.752
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 59.82±0.18 60.75±0.35 59.84±0.48 60.26±0.19 60.61±0.19 0.116
平均日产蛋量
Average daily egg mass/(g/d)		 54.80±0.72 54.61±1.24 54.65±1.06 54.79±0.62 55.55±0.66 0.945
产蛋率Laying rate/% 91.62±1.15 89.88±1.80 91.33±1.69 90.93±1.15 91.65±1.03 0.891
破软蛋率
Broken and soft egg rate/%		 0.88±0.29 0.95±0.15 0.62±0.19 0.50±0.16 0.37±0.09 0.148
料蛋比Feed to egg 2.06±0.05 2.05±0.06 2.08±0.03 2.05±0.03 2.06±0.04 0.977
死淘率Mortality rate/% 8.33±1.19 3.57±1.60 2.38±1.51 5.95±3.88 4.76±2.38 0.439

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,饲粮NPP水平对鸡蛋蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳颜色均无显著影响(P>0.05)。第44和52周龄,0.10% NPP组蛋壳厚度显著低于0.12%和0.18% NPP组(P<0.05);第60周龄,0.10% NPP组蛋壳厚度显著低于0.18% NPP组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary NPP levels on egg quality of laying hens aged from 20 to 62 weeks

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 饲粮非植酸磷水平Dietary NPP levels/% P值
P-value
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

蛋白高度
Albumen height/
mm		 第28周Week 28 8.98±0.33 8.81±0.20 9.30±0.19 9.37±0.20 9.24±0.17 0.356
第36周Week 36 7.94±0.45 8.63±0.16 7.93±0.18 8.36±0.24 8.03±0.11 0.266
第44周Week 44 7.56±0.17 7.38±0.26 7.35±0.18 7.75±0.12 7.57±0.22 0.617
第52周Week 52 7.32±0.21 7.01±0.15 7.52±0.21 7.25±0.19 7.32±0.17 0.431
第60周Week 60 7.83±0.16 8.17±0.12 8.39±0.29 8.11±0.17 8.07±0.20 0.394

哈氏单位
Haugh unit		 第28周Week 28 93.92±2.43 93.38±1.04 96.06±0.85 96.33±1.06 95.88±0.74 0.433
第36周Week 36 87.40±2.93 92.95±0.43 88.38±1.04 87.86±2.24 89.57±1.05 0.216
第44周Week 44 86.50±0.98 85.09±1.50 84.50±0.89 87.04±0.69 86.40±1.45 0.499
第52周Week 52 84.91±1.44 83.11±0.73 86.52±1.34 84.87±1.18 84.79±0.94 0.378
第60周Week 60 87.50±0.98 89.59±0.78 90.71±1.51 89.34±0.91 88.97±1.21 0.378

蛋壳强度
Eggshell
strength/N		 第28周Week 28 46.07±1.05 46.13±1.05 46.36±1.74 48.40±0.71 48.10±1.39 0.510
第36周Week 36 42.25±1.69 41.17±1.43 41.40±1.08 38.85±1.09 41.02±1.38 0.500
第44周Week 44 40.23±2.28 38.03±0.10 39.54±1.15 38.49±1.42 37.67±1.97 0.789
第52周Week 52 34.16±0.80 35.63±1.53 32.05±0.64 34.12±1.45 34.00±1.21 0.349
第60周Week 60 37.78±1.63 36.51±1.62 37.55±1.99 37.30±0.93 38.21±1.82 0.961

蛋壳颜色
Eggshell color		 第28周Week 28 25.56±0.76 25.12±0.29 25.11±0.64 23.92±0.60 25.62±0.53 0.275
第36周Week 36 24.42±0.55 25.30±0.39 25.90±0.44 24.94±0.59 25.25±0.39 0.306
第44周Week 44 26.69±0.90 27.39±0.65 27.78±0.37 25.92±0.43 27.93±0.74 0.193
第52周Week 52 25.94±0.65 25.09±0.61 26.22±0.44 25.92±1.07 26.30±0.78 0.793
第60周Week 60 25.86±0.37 26.51±0.73 25.18±0.53 25.29±0.41 25.42±0.57 0.408

蛋壳厚度
Eggshell
thickness/
mm		 第28周Week 28 0.31±0.00 0.32±0.00 0.32±0.00 0.32±0.00 0.32±0.00 0.122
第36周Week 36 0.34±0.01 0.34±0.01 0.34±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.758
第44周Week 44 0.34±0.00b 0.36±0.01a 0.35±0.00ab 0.35±0.01ab 0.36±0.01a 0.037
第52周Week 52 0.35±0.01b 0.37±0.01a 0.36±0.00ab 0.36±0.01ab 0.36±0.00a 0.030
第60周Week 60 0.36±0.00b 0.37±0.00ab 0.37±0.00ab 0.37±0.00ab 0.38±0.00a 0.014

2.3 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,饲粮NPP水平对蛋鸡血清钙、磷、CT、PTH和1,25-(OH)2-VD3含量以及ALP活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary NPP levels on serum biochemical indices of 62-week-old laying hens

项目
Items		 饲粮非植酸磷水平Dietary NPP levels/% P值
P-value
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.62±0.07 2.51±0.07 2.65±0.04 2.41±0.06 2.55±0.06 0.085
磷P/(mmol/L) 1.22±0.09 1.37±0.09 1.33±0.06 1.29±0.10 1.37±0.10 0.715
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 123.39±4.98 123.93±10.58 106.48±15.04 115.43±8.44 110.09±7.71 0.655
降钙素CT/(pg/mL) 127.52±10.39 127.98±11.24 111.92±11.00 137.69±8.92 133.46±11.49 0.512
甲状旁腺素PTH/(pg/mL) 134.62±7.43 118.78±9.00 122.71±11.40 139.38±24.67 121.54±12.71 0.555
1,25-二羟基维生素D3
1,25-(OH)2-VD3/
(pg/mL)		 1 254.77±47.14 1 202.04±138.21 1 085.31±101.05 1 206.55±86.96 1 349.82±86.78 0.434

2.4 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡胫骨指标的影响

由表5可知,饲粮NPP水平对蛋鸡胫骨脱脂干重和胫骨强度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。0.10% NPP组胫骨灰分含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),0.10% NPP组胫骨钙含量显著低于0.12%、0.14%和0.18% NPP组(P<0.05),0.10% NPP组胫骨磷含量显著低于0.12%和0.14% NPP组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡胫骨指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary NPP levels on tibia indices of 62-week-old laying hens

项目
Items		 饲粮非植酸磷水平Dietary NPP levels/% P值
P-value
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
胫骨脱脂干重
Tibia defatted dry weight/g		 6.53±0.11 6.37±0.17 6.27±0.22 6.46±0.20 6.31±0.18 0.844
胫骨强度Tibia strength/N 151.54±9.20 145.88±7.80 141.08±8.20 144.87±8.23 136.13±7.09 0.738
胫骨灰分含量Tibia ash content/% 55.45±0.61b 58.74±0.67a 58.41±0.90a 58.31±0.76a 58.04±0.86a 0.024
胫骨钙含量Tibia Ca content/% 20.31±0.28b 21.70±0.23a 21.54±0.31a 21.00±0.22ab 21.45±0.29a 0.004
胫骨磷含量Tibia P content/% 9.31±0.11b 10.01±0.12a 9.90±0.16a 9.70±0.11ab 9.65±0.12ab 0.004

2.5 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡钙、磷代谢指标的影响

由表6可知,饲粮NPP水平对蛋鸡钙摄入量、钙排泄量及钙表观消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。0.16%和0.18% NPP组磷摄入量显著高于0.10%和0.12% NPP组(P<0.05),0.14% NPP组磷摄入量显著高于0.10% NPP组(P<0.05);0.14%、0.16%和0.18% NPP组磷排泄量显著高于0.10% NPP组(P<0.05)。饲粮NPP水平对蛋鸡磷表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡钙、磷代谢指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary NPP levels on calcium and phosphorus metabolic indices of 62-week-old laying hens

项目
Items		 饲粮非植酸磷水平Dietary NPP levels/% P值
P-value
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
钙摄入量Ca intake/(g/d) 4.23±0.13 4.23±0.20 4.53±0.16 4.44±0.34 4.58±0.23 0.696
钙排放量Ca excretion/(g/d) 1.31±0.08 1.48±0.12 1.45±0.12 1.80±0.19 1.61±0.09 0.073
钙表观消化率
Ca apparent digestibility/%		 69.08±1.44 65.10±2.09 67.79±1.94 59.00±3.59 64.48±2.46 0.060
磷摄入量P intake/(g/d) 0.36±0.01c 0.40±0.02bc 0.45±0.02ab 0.47±0.04a 0.51±0.03a <0.001
磷排泄量P excretion/(g/d) 0.22±0.02b 0.26±0.02ab 0.29±0.02a 0.32±0.03a 0.29±0.02a 0.026
磷表观消化率
P apparent digestibility/%		 38.90±4.05 34.85±3.02 36.26±3.19 33.45±0.69 44.49±2.58 0.097

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

磷是蛋鸡所必需的常量矿物元素,饲粮NPP水平对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质以及磷资源的合理利用具有重要的影响[7,17]。孙文强[18]以DCP为外源磷源,在基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中添加0~0.30%的NPP并添加2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶,结果表明,饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%)对26~40周龄蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响。程曦[8]以MDCP为外源磷源,采用与孙文强[18]相同的基础饲粮及NPP水平,结果同样表明,饲粮NPP水平对25~40周龄蛋鸡的生产性能没有显著影响。任跃昌[9]以MDCP作为外源磷源,在基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中添加0~0.22%的NPP并添加1 470 FTU/kg植酸酶,结果表明,饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.34%)对69~78周龄蛋鸡的平均蛋重、平均产蛋率、破软蛋率以及料蛋比均无显著影响。Zhai等[19]研究表明,在不添加外源磷的玉米-豆粕型饲粮(NPP水平0.10%)中添加187.5 FTU/kg新型植酸酶时,25~37周龄蛋鸡维持正常生产性能所需要的磷可由基础饲粮提供的0.10% NPP以及植酸酶分解植酸产生的有效磷满足,无需额外添加无机磷酸盐。Boling等[20]在蛋鸡上进行了更长周期的研究,结果表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮(NPP水平0.10%)中,添加无机磷酸盐至饲粮NPP水平达0.15%;或不添加无机磷酸盐但添加300 FTU/kg植酸酶,均能满足20~70周龄蛋鸡维持正常生产的磷需要量。Keshavarz[21]将30~66周龄蛋鸡分为3个试验阶段(30~41周龄、42~53周龄和54~66周龄),对照组各阶段饲粮NPP水平分别为0.40%、0.35%和0.30%,试验组在此基础上以0.05%梯度逐渐递减至为0.15%、0.10%和0.10%,结果表明,在添加300 FTU/kg植酸酶的条件下,低磷组(NPP水平0.15%、0.10%和0.10%)蛋鸡30~66周龄蛋鸡的产蛋率与对照组差异不显著;在不添加植酸酶的条件下,低磷组(NPP水平0.15%、0.10%和0.10%)蛋鸡30~66周龄产蛋率显著低于其他各组。本试验结果表明,玉米-豆粕型饲粮(NPP水平0.10%)中添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶,饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)对20~62周龄蛋鸡的生产性能均无显著影响,与前人研究结果一致。然而也有文献报道,蛋鸡饲喂不添加无机磷酸盐的基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)会对25~48周龄蛋鸡的平均日采食量、平均蛋重、平均日产蛋量和平均日产蛋率产生负面影响,显著提高破蛋率、畸形蛋率和料蛋比[22],这可能与饲粮中没有添加植酸酶有关。

3.2 饲粮NPP水平对20~62周龄蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

蛋品质衡量指标包括蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度、蛋壳颜色和蛋壳厚度等,其中蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度是衡量蛋壳质量的重要指标,蛋壳的破损率与蛋壳厚度微小的变化有直接关系[23]。磷在蛋壳中主要以磷酸钙的形式存在,含量不到1%,与蛋壳弹性和韧性有关,对于防止蛋壳的破损起着重要作用[22]。谭占坤[22]以MDCP为外源磷源,在基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中分别添加0~0.30%的NPP,结果表明,基础饲粮组蛋壳强度在试验第16和20周显著低于其他各组,在试验第4、8、12和24周与其他各组没有显著差异,饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%)对蛋壳厚度没有显著影响。任跃昌[9]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.34%,以MDCP为磷源)并添加1 470 FTU/kg植酸酶对69~78周龄蛋鸡的蛋品质无显著影响。孙文强[18]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%,以DCP为磷源)并添加2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶对26~40周龄蛋鸡的蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度没有显著影响。程曦[8]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%,以MDCP为磷源)并添加2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶对25~40周龄蛋鸡35和40周龄的蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度没有显著影响,但0.17%和0.22% NPP水平有提高40周龄蛋壳厚度的趋势。本试验结果表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)并添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶对20~62周龄蛋鸡的蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳颜色没有显著影响,但0.10% NPP组蛋壳厚度在44周和52周龄显著低于0.12%和0.18% NPP组,0.10% NPP组蛋壳厚度在60周龄显著低于0.18% NPP组,这可能和磷摄入量过低阻碍机体钙沉积,蛋壳磷酸钙较少有关。

3.3 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清钙、磷以及ALP、CT、PTH和1,25-(OH)2-VD3等钙磷调节激素是衡量动物机体磷稳态与健康状态的关键指标[24-25],它们通过肾脏、骨骼、小肠等靶器官协同作用,彼此制约,共同维持血液中钙、磷含量的动态平衡[25]。ALP是一种广泛存在于动物体内的磷酸单酯酶,血清ALP活性在某种程度上能反映骨骼代谢状况[26],血清磷含量降低时,破骨细胞活性增强,骨盐降解进入血液,肾脏重吸收增强,提升血清钙和磷含量,血清钙含量升高促使CT分泌增加,CT抑制破骨细胞生长,导致成骨细胞活动增强,ALP释放量增加[27]。PTH是甲状旁腺分泌的一种关键激素,对血液以及骨骼中的钙、磷含量起着调节作用[28]。1,25-(OH)2-VD3能够推动成骨细胞对钙的转运过程,加速骨骼的新陈代谢与更新换代[9]。本试验中,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)并添加植酸酶对蛋鸡血清中钙、磷、CT、PTH和1,25-(OH)2-VD3含量以及ALP活性均无显著影响。孙文强[18]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%,以DCP为磷源)并添加植酸酶对血清钙、磷含量及ALP活性没有显著影响。程曦[8]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%,以MDCP为磷源)并添加植酸酶对血清钙、磷、CT、PTH和1,25-(OH)2-VD3含量以及ALP活性均无显著影响,与本试验的结果相一致。这可能是因为蛋鸡对磷的需求量存在一个范围,低磷饲粮中添加的植酸酶通过水解植酸磷释放出有效磷来缓解磷缺乏,而机体从高磷饲粮中摄入多余的磷会随粪尿排出体外,使激素水平能够保持在相对稳定的状态[18];也可能是因为蛋鸡摄入的磷有80%~90%储存在骨骼和鸡蛋中,其余部分主要存在于细胞内,血清中的磷只占全身总磷的一小部分,其含量受多重代偿机制影响,包括骨骼缓冲、肾脏排泄、激素调节等因素,因此血清磷含量变化并不一定能完全反映整个机体磷含量变化情况[29]。

3.4 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡胫骨指标的影响

磷是畜禽骨骼的重要组成部分,蛋鸡胫骨灰分以及钙、磷含量会受到饲粮中磷含量的影响[30-31]。胫骨灰分含量作为衡量骨骼质量的一个重要指标,能够直观地反映出骨骼的质地,即胫骨灰分含量高意味着无机矿含量高,骨骼的密度高,抗压能力强[32]。程曦[8]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.42%,以MDCP为磷源)并添加植酸酶对25~40周龄蛋鸡胫骨强度以及胫骨灰分、钙、磷含量没有显著影响。谭占坤[22]研究表明,不同饲粮NPP水平(0.12%~0.37%,以MDCP为磷源)对25~49周龄蛋鸡胫骨强度以及胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量无显著影响,但基础饲粮组(NPP水平0.12%)显著低于0.30% NPP添加水平组(NPP水平0.42%)。Keshavarz[30]在42~66周龄蛋鸡上的研究表明,基础饲粮组(NPP水平0.11%,添加300 FTU/kg植酸酶)蛋鸡胫骨灰分含量显著低于0.21%和0.41% NPP组,但0.21% NPP组和0.41% NPP组之间没有显著差异。Liebert等[33]在22~61周龄蛋鸡基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中分别添加300 FTU/kg植酸酶或0.15% NPP(以磷酸二氢钠为磷源),结果表明,基础饲粮组蛋鸡胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量显著低于0.15% NPP组,但300 FTU/kg植酸酶组与0.15% NPP组差异不显著。本试验中,饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)对蛋鸡胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量有显著影响。这些结果表明,玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中不添加外源无机磷和植酸酶能够降低胫骨质量,表明随着产蛋周期的延长,不额外添加NPP的基础饲粮无法满足产蛋后期蛋鸡生产的磷需要量,胫骨中沉积的磷动员加剧,促使胫骨灰分、钙、磷含量降低。仅添加植酸酶对胫骨质量的改善作用结果不相一致,这可能与植酸酶对植酸磷的分解效率有关[34-35]。

3.5 饲粮NPP水平对62周龄蛋鸡钙、磷代谢指标的影响

畜禽粪磷过度排放已成为一个严重的环境问题[36],准确评估畜禽对磷的需要量以及提高饲粮植酸磷和无机磷的利用率对于降低粪磷排放具有重要意义。本试验中,饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)对蛋鸡钙摄入量、钙排泄量及钙和磷表观消化率无显著影响,但对磷摄入量和排泄量有显著影响,0.10% NPP组磷摄入量和排泄量显著低于0.14%、0.16%和0.18% NPP组。孙文强[18]研究表明,随着饲粮磷添加水平的提高,蛋鸡每日的总磷摄入量和排泄量呈线性上升,饲粮总磷表观代谢率呈下降趋势。Liebert等[33]在基础饲粮(NPP水平0.12%)中分别添加300 FTU/kg植酸酶或0.15% NPP,结果表明,基础饲粮组和300 FTU/kg植酸酶添加组蛋鸡的总磷摄入量、磷排泄量和磷存留量显著低于0.15% NPP添加组,但各组磷的表观消化率没有显著差异。Jing等[37]研究表明,无论是否添加植酸酶,降低饲粮NPP水平能够显著降低蛋鸡的总磷排泄量,添加植酸酶可以将饲粮NPP水平降低到0.10%。以上结果与本试验结果相一致,表明在不影响蛋鸡产蛋性能和机体健康的条件下,降低饲粮NPP水平并添加植酸酶是减少蛋鸡粪磷排泄量最有效最直接的方法。

4 结论

① 在饲粮中添加1 000 FTU/kg高效植酸酶的前提下,饲粮NPP水平(0.10%~0.18%)对20~62周龄蛋鸡生产性能和血清生化指标无显著影响。
② 在饲粮中添加1 000 FTU/kg高效植酸酶的前提下,相较于额外添加0.02%无机磷,不额外添加无机磷降低了胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量,额外添加0.04%~0.08%无机磷虽可以维持胫骨质量,但增加了磷排泄量。
③ 本试验条件下,综合考虑蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、胫骨质量以及磷排泄量等指标,以MDCP作为无机磷源并添加1 000 FTU/kg高效植酸酶时,推荐20~62周龄蛋鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮中NPP的添加水平为0.02%(饲粮NPP水平为0.12%)。

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