Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 9: 6715 - 6722

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.537

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Carnosic Acid on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Cage-Rearing Laying Ducks

  • HUANG Xuan ,
  • LIU Yang ,
  • DENG Ping ,
  • LI Chuang ,
  • ZHANG Xu ,
  • HU Yan ,
  • DAI Qiuzhong , *
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  • Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha 410131, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-14

  Online published: 2026-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of carnosic acid (CA) on laying performance, egg quality and antioxidant capacity of cage-rearing laying ducks. A total of 240 Youxian partridge ducks of 39-week-old were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 6 replicates in each group and 10 ducks in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet without CA supplementation, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg CA, respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the daily egg yield in all experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed-to-egg ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Dietary supplementation with different levels of CA had no significant effects on egg quality indices (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the contents of lecithin and ovalbumin in eggs in 50 and 100 mg/kg CA supplemental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ovotransferrin content in eggs in all experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum in 100 mg/kg CA supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum GSH-Px activity in 200 mg/kg CA supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05); the CAT activity in liver in 100 and 200 mg/kg CA supplemental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the GSH-Px activity and T-AOC in liver in 100 mg/kg CA supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 50 mg/kg CA can improve laying performance of cage-rearing laying ducks, but to enhance the antioxidant capacity under caged conditions, the appropriate supplemental level of CA in the diet of Youxian partridge ducks during peak laying is recommended to be 100 mg/kg.

Key words： carnosic acid; cage-rearing laying ducks; laying performance; egg quality; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

HUANG Xuan , LIU Yang , DENG Ping , LI Chuang , ZHANG Xu , HU Yan , DAI Qiuzhong . Effects of Carnosic Acid on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Cage-Rearing Laying Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026 , 38(9) : 6715 -6722 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.537

蛋鸭产业是我国传统优势产业。近年来,蛋鸭笼养模式因其环境友好、经济效益高而得到广泛推广,该模式不仅解决了环境污染问题,提升了生物安全性和产品质量,同时为产业标准化生产提供了有力支撑,成为推动蛋鸭产业转型升级的关键路径。然而,在高密度层叠式笼养方式下,蛋鸭生活环境因素改变易使其产生强烈应激,进而引起机体自由基稳态失衡,导致“氧化应激-炎症反应-免疫应激”连锁反应,引发亚健康[1];另外,笼养应激是一种非病理性慢性应激,而肝脏处于应激反应调控的中心地位[2],所以笼养应激会伴随着肝脏损伤、生产潜力下降等一系列问题,因此缓解应激、降低经济损失仍然是笼养蛋鸭产业发展的核心目标。鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid,CA)是从迷迭香、鼠尾草等植物中提取的酚萜类化合物,其具有2个酚羟基,能与自由基反应后产生亲电剂,从而阻断氧化链式反应[3-5],因此CA作为一种天然有效的抗氧化剂被应用于畜禽生产、化妆品和食品加工等。目前,关于CA在畜禽生产上的应用研究较少,而迷迭香提取物的研究较为常见。研究表明,在饲粮中添加迷迭香叶粉(CA为主要成分)可提高肉鸡免疫功能和抗氧化能力[6]。黄慧[7]研究表明,在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加150 mg/kg CA和75 mg/kg桑叶黄酮复合物可显著降低其料重比,提高血清中抗氧化酶活性。汪芹[8]在快大型黄羽肉公鸡饲粮中分别添加20、40和60 mg/kg CA发现,20~60 mg/kg CA均可缓解脂多糖(LPS)应激导致的肉鸡生长性能下降和肠道应激反应,且其适宜的添加水平为40 mg/kg。不过,以上研究结果主要集中在肉鸡生产上,目前关于CA缓解集约化养殖模式下产生的应激尚未见报道。因此,为了筛选出笼养蛋鸭饲粮中CA适宜添加水平,本试验以笼养条件下产蛋高峰期攸县麻鸭为试验对象,探究饲粮添加不同水平CA对其产蛋性能、蛋品质和抗氧化能力的影响以及对笼养应激的缓解作用,旨在为CA作为一种新型饲料添加剂的进一步开发和利用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 动物伦理声明

本试验经湖南省畜牧兽医研究所实验动物科技伦理审查委员会批准,批准编号为HNSYDW20250001。

1.2 试验材料

试验所用CA为市购产品,CA含量为98%。

1.3 试验设计和饲粮

试验选择240羽39周龄攸县麻鸭,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽,各重复之间产蛋率无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组饲喂未添加CA的基础饲粮,各试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加50、100和200 mg/kg CA的饲粮。试验期8周。
各组饲粮参照《攸县麻鸭营养需要》(DB43/T 2970—2024)[9]配制成颗粒料,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018中方法进行测定,其他营养水平参考《动物营养参数与饲养标准》[10]计算。试验鸭采用笼养方式饲养于同一舍内,饲养密度为2只/笼,笼底面积为0.184 m2。试验期间试验鸭自由采食和饮水,舍内保持适宜温度和相对湿度。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)

原料Ingredients 含量Content 营养水平Nutrient levels2) 含量Content
玉米Corn 45.29 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.67
豆粕Soybean meal 19.40 粗蛋白质CP 17.50
稻谷Paddy 4.00 钙Ca 3.50
米糠粕Rice bran meal 4.00 总磷TP 0.62
面粉Flour 10.00 有效磷AP 0.35
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 5.50 精氨酸Arg 1.00
食盐NaCl 0.30 赖氨酸Lys 0.90
石粉Limestone 8.90 蛋氨酸Met 0.42
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.10 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.73
赖氨酸硫酸盐Lys sulfate (70%) 0.42 色氨酸Trp 0.20
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (98%) 0.09
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00

1)预混料为每千克基础饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the basal diet:VA 5 000 IU,VD3 800 IU,VE 20 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 15 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VK3 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 60 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,胆碱 choline 1 500 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 100 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 50 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 80 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.20 mg,I (KI) 0.40 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,其他营养水平为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 样品采集和指标测定

1.4.1 产蛋性能

试验期间,每天以重复为单位记录产蛋数、产蛋重量和合格蛋数,每周记录每个重复采食量,最后统计分析产蛋率、合格蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比。

1.4.2 蛋品质

试验第8周末,每个重复采集2个鸭蛋,用于蛋品质指标检测。采用游标卡尺测量纵径和横径,计算蛋形指数;采用蛋壳厚度仪(ESTG-01,ORKA,以色列)和蛋壳强度测定仪(DP-NR,北京亚欧德鹏科技有限公司)分别测定蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度;采用蛋品质测定仪(EA-01,ORKA,以色列)测定蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位;分离蛋黄和蛋壳并对其称重,计算蛋黄比例和蛋壳比例。

1.4.3 鸭蛋抗氧化成分含量

试验结束时,每个重复收集2个鸭蛋,每个蛋分别分离蛋黄和蛋清并混合均匀后采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定卵清蛋白和卵转铁蛋白含量,采用比色法测定卵磷脂和溶菌酶含量,采用气相色谱法测定三甲胺(trimethylamine,TMA)含量。

1.4.4 肝脏和血清抗氧化指标

试验结束时,每个重复随机挑选2只试验鸭,翅静脉采血,全血置于室温静置1 h,以1 000×g离心10 min,随后收集上清液,用于后续指标测定。试验鸭颈静脉放血致死,采集肝脏组织样品于液氮中冷冻保存备用。按照试剂盒(上海江莱生物科技有限公司)说明,采用ELISA法测定血清和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用分光光度法测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),当P<0.05时,再采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较;结果数据以“平均值±标准差”形式表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P≥0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭产蛋性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮添加不同水平CA对攸县麻鸭产蛋率、合格蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组日产蛋重显著提高(P<0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭产蛋性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary CA supplementation on laying performance of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 CA添加水平CA supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 50 100 200
产蛋率Laying rate/% 87.19±1.02 88.70±1.03 89.21±1.09 88.60±1.84 0.052
合格蛋率Qualified egg rate/% 99.55±0.43 99.40±0.41 99.13±0.22 99.39±0.41 0.376
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 68.50±0.60 68.90±0.62 68.75±0.63 68.76±0.72 0.808
日产蛋重Daily egg yield/g 59.73±0.88b 61.10±0.66a 61.33±0.33a 60.92±0.58a 0.016
平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g 152.74±2.84 151.36±1.27 152.43±1.82 152.00±1.40 0.269
料蛋比Feed/egg 2.56±0.04a 2.48±0.07b 2.49±0.03b 2.50±0.03b 0.006

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,饲粮添加不同水平CA对攸县麻鸭蛋品质各指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary CA supplementation on egg quality of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 CA添加水平CA supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 50 100 200
蛋重Egg weight/g 68.15±0.73 67.59±0.66 68.22±0.56 67.66±0.60 0.759
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 7.74±0.62 7.83±0.64 7.95±0.62 7.96±0.62 0.837
蛋黄颜色Yolk color 7.20±1.49 7.10±1.62 7.70±1.49 7.50±1.35 0.355
哈氏单位Haugh unit 83.10±3.64 85.12±3.24 85.47±3.43 84.94±3.75 0.446
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm 0.37±0.01 0.38±0.01 0.37±0.02 0.38±0.02 0.085
蛋形指数Egg shape index 1.33±0.05 1.34±0.03 1.35±0.02 1.31±0.04 0.122
蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% 33.61±1.58 32.68±2.04 31.75±1.39 33.00±1.72 0.118
蛋壳比例Eggshell weight ratio/% 11.27±1.11 11.68±0.62 11.25±0.57 11.31±0.47 0.529
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N 42.75±7.47 48.85±7.51 47.62±11.60 45.22±7.69 0.425

2.3 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭蛋抗氧化成分含量的影响

由表4可知,饲粮添加不同水平CA对攸县麻鸭蛋溶菌酶和TMA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,50和100 mg/kg CA添加组鸭蛋卵磷脂和卵清蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),200 mg/kg CA添加组鸭蛋卵磷脂和卵清蛋白含量有所提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各CA添加组鸭蛋卵转铁蛋白含量均显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭蛋抗氧化成分含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary CA supplementation on antioxidant component contents in eggs of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 CA添加水平CA supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 50 100 200
卵磷脂Lecithin/(μmol/L) 36.48±5.26b 58.07±6.80a 52.68±8.75a 47.22±3.56ab 0.019
卵清蛋白Ovalbumin/(ng/mL) 30.03±5.00b 36.98±5.89a 34.73±3.24a 32.68±4.11ab 0.003
卵转铁蛋白Ovotransferrin/(g/L) 11.21±2.20b 14.57±1.94a 14.20±1.60a 13.61±2.22a 0.006
溶菌酶Lysozyme/(mg/L) 12.73±1.22 14.23±2.50 13.28±3.09 13.21±1.98 0.087
三甲胺TMA/(μg/mL) 7.67±1.88 9.42±2.45 8.24±1.79 8.75±3.28 0.092

2.4 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,饲粮添加不同水平CA对攸县麻鸭蛋血清和肝脏SOD活性和MDA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,100 mg/kg CA添加组血清CAT、GSH-Px活性及T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05),200 mg/kg CA添加组血清GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05);100和200 mg/kg CA添加组肝脏CAT活性显著提高(P<0.05),100 mg/kg CA添加组肝脏GSH-Px活性和T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary CA supplementation on serum and liver antioxidant indices of Youxian partridge ducks

项目
Items		 CA添加水平CA supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 50 100 200
血清Serum
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 18.13±1.41b 19.95±1.66ab 21.26±1.40a 19.66±1.59ab 0.022
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(ng/mL) 484.5±62.67b 584.59±87.34ab 624.42±75.01a 632.03±77.49a 0.027
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(ng/mL) 46.05±6.25 56.62±2.94 49.05±7.88 56.76±9.31 0.089
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 5.49±0.33 5.09±0.41 5.13±0.56 5.46±0.42 0.156
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/mL) 0.29±0.04b 0.36±0.04ab 0.38±0.04a 0.34±0.05ab 0.002
肝脏Liver
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/g) 323.94±21.70b 357.54±38.03ab 388.25±33.16a 369.82±22.65a 0.023
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(ng/g) 38.79±2.05b 46.21±5.07ab 51.77±5.69a 46.29±7.25ab 0.012
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(ng/g) 116.08±20.97 130.22±12.85 123.46±22.03 124.49±7.92 0.096
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g) 0.68±0.04 0.60±0.04 0.63±0.06 0.62±0.04 0.176
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/mg) 0.26±0.01b 0.30±0.02ab 0.33±0.03a 0.31±0.02ab 0.001

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭产蛋性能的影响

在高密度层叠式笼养模式下,蛋鸭上笼后会产生强烈应激反应,这不仅会导致采食量和生产潜力降低,而且会引起肝脏损伤、死亡率上升等问题。刘水兵等[11]通过非靶代谢组学技术比较分析笼养和平养模式下蛋鸭血浆代谢物差异,结果发现血浆中牛磺酸、胆汁酸以及甘油磷脂等代谢物存在显著差异;与平养模式相比,笼养模式下蛋鸭应激反应更强。应激反应产生的过量活性氧会破坏体内抗氧化防御系统,从而引起生殖系统机能异常[12]。研究发现,在京粉1号蛋鸡饲粮中添加0.3%迷迭香叶粉(富含CA和鼠尾草酚)显著提高其产蛋率和日产蛋重[13]。另有研究发现,在罗曼褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加5.2%的迷迭香干叶粉,可显著提高产蛋率、饲料转化率和蛋重[14]。Abo Ghanima等[15]研究表明,在笼养或平养模式下28~76周龄蛋鸡饲粮中添加300 mg/kg迷迭香精油可提高产蛋重,且采食量和饲料转化率均优于未添加组。因此,将植物提取物应用于蛋鸡生产,对提高其生产性能具有重要作用。本试验结果显示,在笼养蛋鸭饲粮中添加50~200 mg/kg CA均可显著提高日产蛋重,并显著降低料蛋比。这一结果与上述研究结果相似,表明饲粮添加适宜水平CA有改善笼养蛋鸭产蛋性能的作用。

3.2 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭蛋品质和鸭蛋抗氧化成分含量的影响

植物提取物中的百里香酚和CA等抗氧化成分均具备向蛋中转运和沉积的潜力[16],同时蛋中许多化合物如卵清蛋白、卵黏蛋白、卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶等都能调控氧化还原平衡,从而影响抗氧化功能[17]。本试验结果显示,饲粮添加50~200 mg/kg CA对试验鸭蛋品质各指标均无显著影响,但饲粮添加50~100 mg/kg CA可显著提高鸭蛋中卵磷脂、卵清蛋白和卵转铁蛋白含量,从而增强其抗氧化能力。研究表明,饲粮添加300 mg/kg迷迭香精油可改善蛋鸡蛋品质,其哈氏单位显著高于未添加组[18]。Giannenas等[19]研究表明,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加百里香酚、牛至精油和洋甘菊提取物(均含有天然抗氧化成分)能够显著提高蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和蛋壳强度。Wen等[20]研究认为,在海兰褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加100 mg/kg姜提取物能显著提高蛋白高度和哈氏单位,同时能改善蛋黄中抗氧化状态。Hassanpour等[21]报道,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物后,其蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、哈氏单位和蛋壳强度均得到显著改善,而蛋黄或蛋白比例、蛋黄指数等其他指标则无显著变化。在罗曼褐壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加5.2%迷迭香干叶粉,试验组蛋白比例、蛋黄比例和蛋白高度均显著高于未添加组[14]。本试验结果与上述结果不一致,分析其原因可能与试验动物所处阶段、品种等的差异有关。本研究中,试验鸭蛋中抗氧化成分含量提高,表明饲粮添加50~100 mg/kg CA可改善鸭蛋抗氧化状态。

3.3 饲粮添加CA对攸县麻鸭血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

CA是天然的酚型二萜类化合物,已被证明其酚羟基能与自由基反应,从而提高抗氧化酶系统的活性,降低机体活性氧含量[22-23]。Wan等[24]在LPS诱导的肉鸡肝肠应激模型中研究发现,饲粮添加40 mg/kg CA可通过提升肝脏SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,减少脂质过氧化产物如MDA的积累,降低氧化应激对肝细胞的破坏,表明其通过抑制氧化应激缓解肝脏损伤。类似的结果表明,在LPS诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤模型中,预先灌服15和30 mg/kg CA可显著提高肝脏和血清SOD、GSH-Px活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低MDA和活性氧积累,增强机体抗氧化防御功能[25]。本研究结果表明,饲粮添加100 mg/kg CA可显著提高试验鸭血清CAT、GSH-Px活性以及T-AOC,且肝脏与血清抗氧化酶活性变化趋势基本吻合,此结果与前人研究结果基本一致;同时,当CA添加水平为50 mg/kg时,血清和肝脏抗氧化酶活性均有所提高,说明该剂量CA具有提高试验鸭机体抗氧化能力的作用,但100 mg/kg CA添加效果更佳。因此,为了改善笼养应激条件下试验鸭机体氧化应激状况,建议产蛋高峰期攸县麻鸭饲粮CA适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg。另外,结合蛋鸭产蛋性能和蛋中抗氧化成分含量推测,CA可能通过提高机体抗氧化能力改善肝脏健康状况,从而提升其产蛋性能。然而,目前关于CA调控蛋鸭机体应激的分子机制尚未见报道,有待进一步研究。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲粮添加50 mg/kg CA即可改善笼养攸县麻鸭产蛋性能,提高蛋中卵磷脂、卵清蛋白和卵转铁蛋白含量;但为了进一步提升笼养条件下蛋鸭机体抗氧化能力,缓解笼养应激带来的负面影响,建议产蛋高峰期笼养攸县麻鸭饲粮CA适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg。

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